To reduce air pollution and avoid petroleum exhaustion problem, many advanced countries, especially Japan installed Hybrid Vehicles (HV). As the use of HV popularizes around the world, there will be a huge amount of End-of-Life HV in the near future, and the proper treatment of these End-of-Life HVs, especially the waste NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) batteries, will become a serious problem. Currently, the recycling of NiMH battery is gaining substantial attention. However, instead of recycling waste NiMH batteries directly, regenerating and reusing a used NiMH battery for a secondhand HV will largely reduce waste battery generation and demand for new NiMH battery. However, the environmental impact of regenerating and reusing a waste NiMH battery was not clear and has not been compared with the situation when using a brand-new NiMH battery. The purpose of this research is to compare the environmental performance (CO2 emission) of regenerated NiMH battery and brand-new NiMH battery in an HV from their production to usage stage and to discuss the validity of using a regenerated NiMH in Japan and in other countries using the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. This research analyzed the composition of a NiMH battery and the CO2 emission during the manufacture, transportation, regeneration and usage process of a NiMH battery. The data used in this research was collected from reports and data published by the government of Japan, vehicle makers and previous studies. Original field survey and interview research on battery regeneration operators were also performed. The result showed that there is not a big difference in environmental effect. Moreover, by doing so, a huge amount of resource will be saved from battery manufacturing process while reducing waste generation. It is recommended that waste NiMH battery should be regenerated and reused in HV instead of being recycled directly in the future.
{"title":"Life-Cycle Assessment on Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery in Hybrid Vehicles: Comparison between Regenerated and New Battery","authors":"Shuoyao Wang, Jeongsoo Yu","doi":"10.14746/il.2019.43.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2019.43.5","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce air pollution and avoid petroleum exhaustion problem, many advanced countries, especially Japan installed Hybrid Vehicles (HV). As the use of HV popularizes around the world, there will be a huge amount of End-of-Life HV in the near future, and the proper treatment of these End-of-Life HVs, especially the waste NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) batteries, will become a serious problem. Currently, the recycling of NiMH battery is gaining substantial attention. However, instead of recycling waste NiMH batteries directly, regenerating and reusing a used NiMH battery for a secondhand HV will largely reduce waste battery generation and demand for new NiMH battery. However, the environmental impact of regenerating and reusing a waste NiMH battery was not clear and has not been compared with the situation when using a brand-new NiMH battery. The purpose of this research is to compare the environmental performance (CO2 emission) of regenerated NiMH battery and brand-new NiMH battery in an HV from their production to usage stage and to discuss the validity of using a regenerated NiMH in Japan and in other countries using the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. This research analyzed the composition of a NiMH battery and the CO2 emission during the manufacture, transportation, regeneration and usage process of a NiMH battery. The data used in this research was collected from reports and data published by the government of Japan, vehicle makers and previous studies. Original field survey and interview research on battery regeneration operators were also performed. The result showed that there is not a big difference in environmental effect. Moreover, by doing so, a huge amount of resource will be saved from battery manufacturing process while reducing waste generation. It is recommended that waste NiMH battery should be regenerated and reused in HV instead of being recycled directly in the future.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"27 16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88174683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract I provide a critical survey of the role that semantics took in the several models of generative grammar, since the 1950s until the Minimalist Program. I distinguish four different periods. In the first section, I focus on the role of formal semantics in generative grammar until the 1970s. In Section 2 I present the period of linguistic wars, when the role of semantics in linguistic theory became a crucial topic of debate. In Section 3 I focus on the formulation of conditions on transformations and Binding Theory in the 1970s and 1980s, while in the last Section I discuss the role of semantics in the minimalist approach. In this section, I also propose a semantically-based model of generative grammar, which fully endorses minimalism and Chomsky’s later position concerning the primary role of the semantic interface in the Universal Grammar modelization (Strong Minimalist Thesis). In the Discussion, I point out some theoretical problems deriving from Chomsky’s internalist interpretation of model-theoretic semantics.
{"title":"Semantics in generative grammar","authors":"E. Cipriani","doi":"10.1075/li.00033.cip","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00033.cip","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract I provide a critical survey of the role that semantics took in the several models of generative grammar, since the 1950s until the Minimalist Program. I distinguish four different periods. In the first section, I focus on the role of formal semantics in generative grammar until the 1970s. In Section 2 I present the period of linguistic wars, when the role of semantics in linguistic theory became a crucial topic of debate. In Section 3 I focus on the formulation of conditions on transformations and Binding Theory in the 1970s and 1980s, while in the last Section I discuss the role of semantics in the minimalist approach. In this section, I also propose a semantically-based model of generative grammar, which fully endorses minimalism and Chomsky’s later position concerning the primary role of the semantic interface in the Universal Grammar modelization (Strong Minimalist Thesis). In the Discussion, I point out some theoretical problems deriving from Chomsky’s internalist interpretation of model-theoretic semantics.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"42 1","pages":"134-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42049341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to classify Italian adjectives that have the predicative function and accept a complement clause (Ch F) or an infinitive (V-inf) in N0 or N1. For the formation of the word list, we have used electronic dictionaries from the “DELA” system in use in the Department of Communication Sciences at the University of Salerno (now Department of Political and Communication Sciences) and De Mauro Dictionaries (2000a and 2000b). 34,132 adjectives of the Nooj list have been examined. The acquired data have been subjected to further verifications in order to obtain the adjectives responding to the basic theoretical hypothesis. The adjectives have been classified according to the principles of Lexicon-Grammar methodology as developed by Maurice Gross (1975, 1981 and further). The result was a list of 1,732 entries relating to 1,619 adjectives classified in 10 classes.
{"title":"The predicative adjectiveand its propositional arguments","authors":"Simona Messina","doi":"10.1075/li.00035.mes","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00035.mes","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this paper is to classify Italian adjectives that have the predicative function and accept a complement clause (Ch F) or an infinitive (V-inf) in N0 or N1. For the formation of the word list, we have used electronic dictionaries from the “DELA” system in use in the Department of Communication Sciences at the University of Salerno (now Department of Political and Communication Sciences) and De Mauro Dictionaries (2000a and 2000b). 34,132 adjectives of the Nooj list have been examined. The acquired data have been subjected to further verifications in order to obtain the adjectives responding to the basic theoretical hypothesis. The adjectives have been classified according to the principles of Lexicon-Grammar methodology as developed by Maurice Gross (1975, 1981 and further). The result was a list of 1,732 entries relating to 1,619 adjectives classified in 10 classes.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"42 1","pages":"234-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42003926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resume En nous inspirant des travaux de Haegeman (2004), nous montrons que les conjonctions de subordination du francais ecrit se partitionnent en deux classes, les conjonctions centrales et peripheriques, et que cette partition depend du sens des conjonctions. Ainsi, quand dans son sens temporel est centrale comme toute conjonction temporelle, et peripherique dans son sens contrastif comme toute conjonction contrastive. Cette partition s’appuie sur differents criteres syntaxiques et semantiques deja etudies dans la litterature, faisant intervenir la notion de contenu (semantique) en jeu ou projectif, ainsi que sur un critere semantico-discursif original qui met en jeu la distinction entre l’usage intensionnel et evidentiel d’un verbe d’attitude propositionnelle ou d’un verbe de dire Hunter (2016). Ensuite, nous montrons que cette partition s’etend aux autres connecteurs de discours du francais ecrit, d’ou la notion de connecteurs centraux et peripheriques. Cette partition respecte la regle suivante: si deux connecteurs, quelle que soit leur categorie, ont le meme sens, alors ils sont tous deux centraux ou tous deux peripheriques. Nous pouvons par la-meme introduire une nouvelle partition des relations de discours, qui s’accorde relativement bien (mais non entierement) avec la classification semantique du PDTB (Prasad et al., 2007) et qui est orthogonale aux autres partitions proposees dans la litterature.
根据Haegeman(2004)的研究，我们表明书面法语的从属连词分为两类，中心连词和外围连词，这种划分取决于连词的意义。因此，在时间意义上，它是中心的，就像任何时间连词一样，而在对比意义上，它是外围的，就像任何对比连词一样。是以不同的句法和语义标准该分区中的研究已经涉及理念、文学(文件)作为游戏内容或投射性,以及关于2.1.1 . semantico-discursif原创了一个游戏区分intensionnel evidentiel并使用一个命题态度的动词或动词Hunter(2016)说。然后，我们展示了这个分区扩展到其他书面法语语音连接器，因此中心和外围连接器的概念。这个分区遵循以下规则:如果两个连接器，无论它们的类别是什么，都有相同的含义，那么它们都是中心或外围的。因此，我们可以引入一种新的话语关系划分，它与PDTB的语义分类(Prasad et al.， 2007)相对(但不是完全)一致，并且与文献中提出的其他划分是正交的。
{"title":"Connecteurs de discours centraux et périphériques","authors":"Timothée Bernard, L. Danlos","doi":"10.1075/li.00037.ber","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00037.ber","url":null,"abstract":"Resume En nous inspirant des travaux de Haegeman (2004), nous montrons que les conjonctions de subordination du francais ecrit se partitionnent en deux classes, les conjonctions centrales et peripheriques, et que cette partition depend du sens des conjonctions. Ainsi, quand dans son sens temporel est centrale comme toute conjonction temporelle, et peripherique dans son sens contrastif comme toute conjonction contrastive. Cette partition s’appuie sur differents criteres syntaxiques et semantiques deja etudies dans la litterature, faisant intervenir la notion de contenu (semantique) en jeu ou projectif, ainsi que sur un critere semantico-discursif original qui met en jeu la distinction entre l’usage intensionnel et evidentiel d’un verbe d’attitude propositionnelle ou d’un verbe de dire Hunter (2016). Ensuite, nous montrons que cette partition s’etend aux autres connecteurs de discours du francais ecrit, d’ou la notion de connecteurs centraux et peripheriques. Cette partition respecte la regle suivante: si deux connecteurs, quelle que soit leur categorie, ont le meme sens, alors ils sont tous deux centraux ou tous deux peripheriques. Nous pouvons par la-meme introduire une nouvelle partition des relations de discours, qui s’accorde relativement bien (mais non entierement) avec la classification semantique du PDTB (Prasad et al., 2007) et qui est orthogonale aux autres partitions proposees dans la litterature.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"42 1","pages":"262-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41415620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resume Nous proposons dans cet article une analyse multifactorielle et contrastive de la notion de saillance, telle qu’elle s’applique aux entites du discours et determine l’interpretation referentielle d’une anaphore. En observant les phenomenes de saillance en francais et en chinois, notre but est de montrer que la saillance est influencee par une multitude de facteurs, de maniere plus ou moins comparable dans les deux langues. Nous classons ces facteurs selon leur nature syntaxique, semantique, textuelle ou pragmatique. Notre approche contrastive permet d’illustrer que, si plusieurs divergences – qui sont souvent correlees avec les differences typologiques des deux langues – s’observent au niveau syntaxique, de nombreux facteurs de saillance derivent plutot de principes cognitifs generaux.
{"title":"La saillance en français et en chinois","authors":"Jiaqi Hou, Frédéric Landragin","doi":"10.1075/li.00034.hou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/li.00034.hou","url":null,"abstract":"Resume Nous proposons dans cet article une analyse multifactorielle et contrastive de la notion de saillance, telle qu’elle s’applique aux entites du discours et determine l’interpretation referentielle d’une anaphore. En observant les phenomenes de saillance en francais et en chinois, notre but est de montrer que la saillance est influencee par une multitude de facteurs, de maniere plus ou moins comparable dans les deux langues. Nous classons ces facteurs selon leur nature syntaxique, semantique, textuelle ou pragmatique. Notre approche contrastive permet d’illustrer que, si plusieurs divergences – qui sont souvent correlees avec les differences typologiques des deux langues – s’observent au niveau syntaxique, de nombreux facteurs de saillance derivent plutot de principes cognitifs generaux.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"42 1","pages":"186-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46767621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a compositional analysis of the meaning of Japanese daroo-utterances with declarative and interrogative force, and final rising and falling intonation. Daroo is analyzed in a framework for speech act felicity as an operator lowering the quality threshold for felicitous assertion. The conveyed meanings of conjecture, confirmation, and doubt uses of darooutterances are predicted from modification of the respective speech act types’ felicity conditions by daroo.
{"title":"Quality of commitment: Japanese daroo as a speech act operator","authors":"Lukas Rieser","doi":"10.14746/il.2018.41.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.41.10","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a compositional analysis of the meaning of Japanese daroo-utterances with declarative and interrogative force, and final rising and falling intonation. Daroo is analyzed in a framework for speech act felicity as an operator lowering the quality threshold for felicitous assertion. The conveyed meanings of conjecture, confirmation, and doubt uses of darooutterances are predicted from modification of the respective speech act types’ felicity conditions by daroo.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90886516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article concerns the least-described period in the literature on the subject of the history of Latvian Poles - the time after Latvia regained its independence. The national movement strangled after the incorporation of the Republic of Latvia into the USSR for fifty years was cultivated illegally most often in the so-called Polish houses. The nucleus of Polish organizations established with the consent of the authorities in the end of the 1970s laid the foundations of the Association of Poles in Latvia ZPŁ) on the turn of independence at the turn of 1980s. Soon, a dozen of his branches were created. The ZPŁ is actively working to cultivate Polishness and propagate Polish culture. Thanks to his activities, a Polish school network was established in Latvia. Problems included in the work are presented in the historical and cultural perspective. A large part of the information presented is the result of a record of interviews with representatives of the Polish community and the result of the use of rich online resources illustrating the dynamic process of life of contemporary Poles in Latvia.
{"title":"Mniejszość polska w odrodzonej Łotwie","authors":"Monika Michaliszyn","doi":"10.14746/il.2018.42.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.42.4","url":null,"abstract":"This article concerns the least-described period in the literature on the subject of the history of Latvian Poles - the time after Latvia regained its independence. The national movement strangled after the incorporation of the Republic of Latvia into the USSR for fifty years was cultivated illegally most often in the so-called Polish houses. The nucleus of Polish organizations established with the consent of the authorities in the end of the 1970s laid the foundations of the Association of Poles in Latvia ZPŁ) on the turn of independence at the turn of 1980s. Soon, a dozen of his branches were created. The ZPŁ is actively working to cultivate Polishness and propagate Polish culture. Thanks to his activities, a Polish school network was established in Latvia. Problems included in the work are presented in the historical and cultural perspective. A large part of the information presented is the result of a record of interviews with representatives of the Polish community and the result of the use of rich online resources illustrating the dynamic process of life of contemporary Poles in Latvia.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80668963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Problematyka korespondencji dyplomatycznej, której przejawem są noty dyplomatyczne wpisuje się w nurt badań typologicznych, genologicznych (genologia lingwistyczna), pragmatycznych/pragmalingwistycznych (i strukturalnych nad językiem) oraz socjolingwistycznych. Noty dyplomatyczne to ważny element współczesnej dyplomacji, definiowany przez Juliana Sutora jako: (…) główny instrument komunikacji urzędowej między rządami państw. [Sutor, 2008: 19]. W zależności od charakteru i cech formalnych oraz osób nadawcy i odbiorcy możemy wyróżnić kilka rodzajów not dyplomatycznych. Przedmiotem analizy jest nota werbalna jako najbardziej powszechna forma not dyplomatycznych.
{"title":"Pragmalingwistyczne aspekty not dyplomatycznych. Przyczynek","authors":"Agata Wolarska-Sobocińska","doi":"10.14746/il.2018.42.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.42.7","url":null,"abstract":"Problematyka korespondencji dyplomatycznej, której przejawem są noty dyplomatyczne wpisuje się w nurt badań typologicznych, genologicznych (genologia lingwistyczna), pragmatycznych/pragmalingwistycznych (i strukturalnych nad językiem) oraz socjolingwistycznych. Noty dyplomatyczne to ważny element współczesnej dyplomacji, definiowany przez Juliana Sutora jako: (…) główny instrument komunikacji urzędowej między rządami państw. [Sutor, 2008: 19]. W zależności od charakteru i cech formalnych oraz osób nadawcy i odbiorcy możemy wyróżnić kilka rodzajów not dyplomatycznych. Przedmiotem analizy jest nota werbalna jako najbardziej powszechna forma not dyplomatycznych.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82049624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reconstructing the specific linguistic image of the world embedded in the social varieties of language is one of the major concerns of sociolinguistics. This paper shows that in Polish cycling sociolect two common verbs iść (walk) and chodzić (walk) are used with the meaning of jechać (ride). A huge number of word complexes and phraseological units with these verb analysed by the author justify the opinion reflected in the conceptual metaphor that RIDING A BIKE IS WALKING.
{"title":"Iść, czyli jechać. Językowy obraz świata w cyklolekcie","authors":"S. Wiertlewski","doi":"10.14746/il.2018.42.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.42.6","url":null,"abstract":"Reconstructing the specific linguistic image of the world embedded in the social varieties of language is one of the major concerns of sociolinguistics. This paper shows that in Polish cycling sociolect two common verbs iść (walk) and chodzić (walk) are used with the meaning of jechać (ride). A huge number of word complexes and phraseological units with these verb analysed by the author justify the opinion reflected in the conceptual metaphor that RIDING A BIKE IS WALKING.","PeriodicalId":43668,"journal":{"name":"Linguisticae Investigationes","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77118082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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