Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1791681
H. Hodge, P. Hayes, W. Hawker, J. Vaughan
ABSTRACT The novel Sandy DSP Sinter-Leach process provides a lower energy intensity method for the recovery of sodium and aluminium lost to bauxite residue. The present study is an investigation into the leaching unit of this process. Two different sinter products designed to simulate major sintering process options were leached. Leaching temperature and time were varied for both feed materials and it was found that reductive sintering yielded a product with the highest leachability under all conditions. Higher concentrations of Ca2Fe2O5 in the sinter product was linked to deleterious side reactions in leaching, which significantly reduced the aluminium recovery. A set of chemical reactions are proposed to describe the leaching step and strategies to mitigate the side reactions are discussed.
{"title":"The DSP concentrate sinter-leach process for aluminium and sodium recovery 2: leaching behaviour","authors":"H. Hodge, P. Hayes, W. Hawker, J. Vaughan","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2020.1791681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2020.1791681","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The novel Sandy DSP Sinter-Leach process provides a lower energy intensity method for the recovery of sodium and aluminium lost to bauxite residue. The present study is an investigation into the leaching unit of this process. Two different sinter products designed to simulate major sintering process options were leached. Leaching temperature and time were varied for both feed materials and it was found that reductive sintering yielded a product with the highest leachability under all conditions. Higher concentrations of Ca2Fe2O5 in the sinter product was linked to deleterious side reactions in leaching, which significantly reduced the aluminium recovery. A set of chemical reactions are proposed to describe the leaching step and strategies to mitigate the side reactions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"131 1","pages":"69 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2020.1791681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47873803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1786658
A. Fallah-Mehrjardi, T. Hidayat, P. Hayes, E. Jak
ABSTRACT The gas-slag-matte-tridymite equilibria in the Cu–Fe–O–S–Si system at 1200°C have been experimentally studied. An improved experimental technique was used, which includes high temperature equilibration of sulfide-oxide mixtures on silica substrates at p(SO2) = 0.6 atm, preservation of the equilibrium phases by rapid quenching, and direct compositional analysis of the phases using microanalysis techniques. The new data have enabled the effects of sulfur dioxide partial pressure between 0.1 and 0.6 atm on the equilibria to be accurately determined. Whilst, for a given matte grade, the dissolved copper in slag is not sensitive to sulfur dioxide partial pressure, the Fe/SiO2 in slag in equilibrium with tridymite was found to increase with increasing p(SO2). This latter observation has implications for fluxing practice in industrial copper smelting operations.
{"title":"The effect of sulfur dioxide partial pressure on gas-slag-matte-tridymite equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at 1200°C","authors":"A. Fallah-Mehrjardi, T. Hidayat, P. Hayes, E. Jak","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2020.1786658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2020.1786658","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The gas-slag-matte-tridymite equilibria in the Cu–Fe–O–S–Si system at 1200°C have been experimentally studied. An improved experimental technique was used, which includes high temperature equilibration of sulfide-oxide mixtures on silica substrates at p(SO2) = 0.6 atm, preservation of the equilibrium phases by rapid quenching, and direct compositional analysis of the phases using microanalysis techniques. The new data have enabled the effects of sulfur dioxide partial pressure between 0.1 and 0.6 atm on the equilibria to be accurately determined. Whilst, for a given matte grade, the dissolved copper in slag is not sensitive to sulfur dioxide partial pressure, the Fe/SiO2 in slag in equilibrium with tridymite was found to increase with increasing p(SO2). This latter observation has implications for fluxing practice in industrial copper smelting operations.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"131 1","pages":"61 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2020.1786658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43453163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1786657
A. Fallah-Mehrjardi, T. Hidayat, P. Hayes, E. Jak
ABSTRACT Experimental measurements have been made of the compositions of slag, matte and tridymite phases in chemical equilibrium in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at 1300°C, p(SO2) = 0.25 atm and selected oxygen partial pressures. The high temperature equilibration experiments were conducted using silica substrates under controlled CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmospheres. The resulting phases obtained from the equilibrations were retained at room temperature through rapid quenching of the samples. The condensed phase compositions from the equilibrium experiments were measured by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPMA). The data obtained in the present study, combined with those from previous studies, have enabled the liquidus slag temperature to be accurately described as a function of Fe/SiO2 ratio at p(SO2) = 0.25 atm for temperatures between 1200 and 1300oC and mattes containing from ∼44 to ∼ 78 wt pct Cu.
{"title":"The influence of temperature and matte grade on gas-slag-matte-tridymite equilibria in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at p (SO2) = 0.25 atm","authors":"A. Fallah-Mehrjardi, T. Hidayat, P. Hayes, E. Jak","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2020.1786657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2020.1786657","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Experimental measurements have been made of the compositions of slag, matte and tridymite phases in chemical equilibrium in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si system at 1300°C, p(SO2) = 0.25 atm and selected oxygen partial pressures. The high temperature equilibration experiments were conducted using silica substrates under controlled CO-CO2-SO2-Ar gas atmospheres. The resulting phases obtained from the equilibrations were retained at room temperature through rapid quenching of the samples. The condensed phase compositions from the equilibrium experiments were measured by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPMA). The data obtained in the present study, combined with those from previous studies, have enabled the liquidus slag temperature to be accurately described as a function of Fe/SiO2 ratio at p(SO2) = 0.25 atm for temperatures between 1200 and 1300oC and mattes containing from ∼44 to ∼ 78 wt pct Cu.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"131 1","pages":"53 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2020.1786657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47197240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200502.11
G. Ofori-Sarpong, A. Adam, Richard Komla Asamoah, R. Amankwah
This paper presents a study on characterisation of refractory ore, biooxidation feed and product, and cyanidation tailings with the aim of understanding the causes of excessive continuous frothing, incomplete sulphide oxidation, high reagent consumption, high cyanidation residues and low overall recovery as encountered in biooxidation of refractory ores. Techniques involving carbon and sulphur speciation, Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (QXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM) were used to characterise the ore samples, flotation concentrate (BIOX® feed), biooxidised product (BIOX® CIL Feed) and cyanidation tailings (BIOX® CIL Tails) from a biooxidation plant. The main minerals present in the ore were quartz (45%), chlorites (21%), plagioclase feldspar (13%), dolomite (5%), pyrite (2%) and mica group (2%). The flotation concentrate recorded 18% mica, and this was responsible for excessive frothing in the biooxidation circuit as confirmed by the QXRD analysis. The carry-over froth to the CIL circuit led to short-circuiting of poorly leached material into the cyanidation tailings, resulting in high cyanidation residues. Secondary refractory minerals; gypsum and jarosite, which were observed in the biooxidation product by the QXRD, have the potential to coat unreacted sulphide particles, leading to incomplete sulphide oxidation as observed here. Partially oxidised sulphides led to high consumption of reagents such as oxygen and cyanide during cyanidation. Gypsum and jarosite also encapsulated gold particles as observed in the BSED analysis. Coated gold particles had reduced access to lixiviants during the subsequent cyanidation process, leading to high leach residues. The biooxidised product (BIOX® CIL Feed) also recorded a high organic carbon content of 6.67, while analysis by BSED revealed the presence of graphitic carbon and coatings on gold surfaces; an indicator for high preg-robbing activities during cyanidation of the concentrate. Preg-robbing indices of 64.4% and 72.7% were recorded for the flotation concentrate (BIOX® feed) and BIOX® CIL feed respectively. The overarching effect of all the observations is a decrease in overall gold recovery.
{"title":"Characterisation of Biooxidation Feed and Products for Improved Understanding of Biooxidation and Gold Extraction Performance","authors":"G. Ofori-Sarpong, A. Adam, Richard Komla Asamoah, R. Amankwah","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200502.11","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study on characterisation of refractory ore, biooxidation feed and product, and cyanidation tailings with the aim of understanding the causes of excessive continuous frothing, incomplete sulphide oxidation, high reagent consumption, high cyanidation residues and low overall recovery as encountered in biooxidation of refractory ores. Techniques involving carbon and sulphur speciation, Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction (QXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM) were used to characterise the ore samples, flotation concentrate (BIOX® feed), biooxidised product (BIOX® CIL Feed) and cyanidation tailings (BIOX® CIL Tails) from a biooxidation plant. The main minerals present in the ore were quartz (45%), chlorites (21%), plagioclase feldspar (13%), dolomite (5%), pyrite (2%) and mica group (2%). The flotation concentrate recorded 18% mica, and this was responsible for excessive frothing in the biooxidation circuit as confirmed by the QXRD analysis. The carry-over froth to the CIL circuit led to short-circuiting of poorly leached material into the cyanidation tailings, resulting in high cyanidation residues. Secondary refractory minerals; gypsum and jarosite, which were observed in the biooxidation product by the QXRD, have the potential to coat unreacted sulphide particles, leading to incomplete sulphide oxidation as observed here. Partially oxidised sulphides led to high consumption of reagents such as oxygen and cyanide during cyanidation. Gypsum and jarosite also encapsulated gold particles as observed in the BSED analysis. Coated gold particles had reduced access to lixiviants during the subsequent cyanidation process, leading to high leach residues. The biooxidised product (BIOX® CIL Feed) also recorded a high organic carbon content of 6.67, while analysis by BSED revealed the presence of graphitic carbon and coatings on gold surfaces; an indicator for high preg-robbing activities during cyanidation of the concentrate. Preg-robbing indices of 64.4% and 72.7% were recorded for the flotation concentrate (BIOX® feed) and BIOX® CIL feed respectively. The overarching effect of all the observations is a decrease in overall gold recovery.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"5 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46252407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-08DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200501.12
Pi Qiaohui, Wei Chaowen, Yu Huidong, Lu Di Lu Di
The relationship between mafic intrusion and gold deposits has always received substantial attention. Based on the petrography, mineralogy, and chronology of two mafic intrusion suites exposed in the Funing area, we found that the mafic intrusion suites have closely relationship with gold mineralization. The 255±4.9-Ma U-Pb age of the early mafic intrusion suite is much older than the 218.9±6.4-Ma (MSWD=1.2) U-Pb age of the late mafic intrusion suite. Based on previous studies on former gold mines in the area, it is believed that early mafic intrusion suite appears to have contributed to the early hydrothermal enrichment of gold deposits through the action of water-rock, together with atmospheric precipitation and stratigraphic water. Due to favorable structural conditions during the Indosinian tectonic period, the late basic rock not only extracted metallogenic materials from the stratum but also acted as an important heat source for the metallogenic fluid circulation and mineralization, together with superposed mineralization of frequent tectonic activities on early deposits, finally forming into ore deposits in favorable structures. Therefore, we believe that the mafic intrusion suite in the late period of the region are closely related to the gold mineralization in the region, and it can be used as a prospecting mark for gold deposits in the area.
{"title":"Geochronology of Two Mafic Intrusions in Funing, Yunnan: Implications for Its Relationships with Carlin-like Gold Mineralization","authors":"Pi Qiaohui, Wei Chaowen, Yu Huidong, Lu Di Lu Di","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200501.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200501.12","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between mafic intrusion and gold deposits has always received substantial attention. Based on the petrography, mineralogy, and chronology of two mafic intrusion suites exposed in the Funing area, we found that the mafic intrusion suites have closely relationship with gold mineralization. The 255±4.9-Ma U-Pb age of the early mafic intrusion suite is much older than the 218.9±6.4-Ma (MSWD=1.2) U-Pb age of the late mafic intrusion suite. Based on previous studies on former gold mines in the area, it is believed that early mafic intrusion suite appears to have contributed to the early hydrothermal enrichment of gold deposits through the action of water-rock, together with atmospheric precipitation and stratigraphic water. Due to favorable structural conditions during the Indosinian tectonic period, the late basic rock not only extracted metallogenic materials from the stratum but also acted as an important heat source for the metallogenic fluid circulation and mineralization, together with superposed mineralization of frequent tectonic activities on early deposits, finally forming into ore deposits in favorable structures. Therefore, we believe that the mafic intrusion suite in the late period of the region are closely related to the gold mineralization in the region, and it can be used as a prospecting mark for gold deposits in the area.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"5 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48053823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-06DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1734379
R. Holmes
It was a pleasure to review the book Agglomeration of Iron Ores written by Dr Ram Pravesh Bhagat. He has over 38 years research experience in iron ore beneficiation and agglomeration in India, work...
{"title":"Agglomeration of Iron Ores","authors":"R. Holmes","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2020.1734379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2020.1734379","url":null,"abstract":"It was a pleasure to review the book Agglomeration of Iron Ores written by Dr Ram Pravesh Bhagat. He has over 38 years research experience in iron ore beneficiation and agglomeration in India, work...","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"131 1","pages":"85 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2020.1734379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44976847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2019.1685243
N. Bartie, A. Abadías Llamas, M. Heibeck, M. Fröhling, O. Volkova, M. Reuter
ABSTRACT Process metallurgy is a key enabler and the heart of the Circular Economy (CE). This paper shows the state-of-the-art approach to understanding the resource efficiency of very large-scale CE systems. Process simulation permits system-wide exergy analysis also linked to environmental footprinting. It is shown that digital twins of large CE systems can be created and their resource efficiencies quantified. This approach provides the basis for detailed estimation of financial expenditures as well as high-impact CE system innovation. The cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic technology life cycle, which brings several metal infrastructures into play, is studied. The results show that considerable work remains to optimise the CdTe system. Low exergy efficiencies resulting specifically from energy-intensive processes highlight areas with the greatest renewables-based improvement potential. This detail sheds light on the true performance of the CE and the inconvenient truth that it cannot be fully realised but only driven to its thermodynamic limits.
{"title":"The simulation-based analysis of the resource efficiency of the circular economy – the enabling role of metallurgical infrastructure","authors":"N. Bartie, A. Abadías Llamas, M. Heibeck, M. Fröhling, O. Volkova, M. Reuter","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2019.1685243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2019.1685243","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Process metallurgy is a key enabler and the heart of the Circular Economy (CE). This paper shows the state-of-the-art approach to understanding the resource efficiency of very large-scale CE systems. Process simulation permits system-wide exergy analysis also linked to environmental footprinting. It is shown that digital twins of large CE systems can be created and their resource efficiencies quantified. This approach provides the basis for detailed estimation of financial expenditures as well as high-impact CE system innovation. The cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic technology life cycle, which brings several metal infrastructures into play, is studied. The results show that considerable work remains to optimise the CdTe system. Low exergy efficiencies resulting specifically from energy-intensive processes highlight areas with the greatest renewables-based improvement potential. This detail sheds light on the true performance of the CE and the inconvenient truth that it cannot be fully realised but only driven to its thermodynamic limits.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"129 1","pages":"229 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2019.1685243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46478827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1721964
S. Seetharaman
Wikipedia defines scientific modelling as ‘a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualise or simulate...
{"title":"Themed issue on ‘Modelling of mineral beneficiation and metallurgical processes’","authors":"S. Seetharaman","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2020.1721964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2020.1721964","url":null,"abstract":"Wikipedia defines scientific modelling as ‘a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualise or simulate...","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"129 1","pages":"115 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2020.1721964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43705750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200501.11
I. Purawiardi, C. Ratri
Solid-state reaction is one of some methods to synthesize LiFePO4 powder. However, the post-synthesis crystal structure was found to be imperfect, probably caused by the imperfection of the phospho-olivine structure. This study aimed to investigate the cause of its imperfection. A LiFePO4 powder synthesized via solid-state reaction path was used as a case study sample for this study. XRD characterization was done to investigate it. Orthorhombic crystal structure was found to be a perfect fit for this sample using precise lattice parameter analysis, as shown by the linear regression equation result. Further analysis was performed using Rietveld refinement method to pinpoint the actual coordinates of Li, Fe, P, and O atoms. The result shows that solid-state reaction can produce an order of orthorhombic crystal structure which constructed by ordered Li atoms arrangement. On the other hands, there is a disordered phospho-olivine structure due to the imperfection of the occupation of Fe, P, and O atoms. These disorders were found through analysis of anomalous peaks on the Rietveld refinement result when compared with PDF database. Loss of (200) plane was caused by imperfect occupation of O atoms, while imperfect occupation of Fe and P atoms leads to new (200) plane of FeP4 phase which has a monoclinic crystal structure.
{"title":"Crystal Structure Imperfection of LiFePO4 Synthesized Through Solid-state Reaction: An XRD Overview","authors":"I. Purawiardi, C. Ratri","doi":"10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200501.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJMPEM.20200501.11","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state reaction is one of some methods to synthesize LiFePO4 powder. However, the post-synthesis crystal structure was found to be imperfect, probably caused by the imperfection of the phospho-olivine structure. This study aimed to investigate the cause of its imperfection. A LiFePO4 powder synthesized via solid-state reaction path was used as a case study sample for this study. XRD characterization was done to investigate it. Orthorhombic crystal structure was found to be a perfect fit for this sample using precise lattice parameter analysis, as shown by the linear regression equation result. Further analysis was performed using Rietveld refinement method to pinpoint the actual coordinates of Li, Fe, P, and O atoms. The result shows that solid-state reaction can produce an order of orthorhombic crystal structure which constructed by ordered Li atoms arrangement. On the other hands, there is a disordered phospho-olivine structure due to the imperfection of the occupation of Fe, P, and O atoms. These disorders were found through analysis of anomalous peaks on the Rietveld refinement result when compared with PDF database. Loss of (200) plane was caused by imperfect occupation of O atoms, while imperfect occupation of Fe and P atoms leads to new (200) plane of FeP4 phase which has a monoclinic crystal structure.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"5 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47875747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1733357
P. Abhale, N. Viswanathan, H. Saxén
ABSTRACT In a journey of centuries, the ironmaking blast furnace has gone through many technological changes, which made it a fit-for-purpose till today. However, for the first time in history, its existence is being challenged by other iron making processes, due to its high carbon footprint compared to others. Many researchers are working on adapting the existing blast furnace process to meet the new challenges. Modelling has played a crucial role in new adaptations of the process. The present review has been dedicated to historical developments of blast furnace modelling. The models are broadly classified into comprehensive, zone-specific, and data-driven models. The comprehensive models are further classified into lumped models, 1-D, 2-D and 3-D steady state and transient models, and CFD-DEM models. For the purpose of brevity, the zone-specific models are exemplified by burden distribution models only. Finally, developments in data-driven models are discussed, before some general conclusions are presented.
{"title":"Numerical modelling of blast furnace – Evolution and recent trends","authors":"P. Abhale, N. Viswanathan, H. Saxén","doi":"10.1080/25726641.2020.1733357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/25726641.2020.1733357","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In a journey of centuries, the ironmaking blast furnace has gone through many technological changes, which made it a fit-for-purpose till today. However, for the first time in history, its existence is being challenged by other iron making processes, due to its high carbon footprint compared to others. Many researchers are working on adapting the existing blast furnace process to meet the new challenges. Modelling has played a crucial role in new adaptations of the process. The present review has been dedicated to historical developments of blast furnace modelling. The models are broadly classified into comprehensive, zone-specific, and data-driven models. The comprehensive models are further classified into lumped models, 1-D, 2-D and 3-D steady state and transient models, and CFD-DEM models. For the purpose of brevity, the zone-specific models are exemplified by burden distribution models only. Finally, developments in data-driven models are discussed, before some general conclusions are presented.","PeriodicalId":43710,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy-Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy","volume":"129 1","pages":"166 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/25726641.2020.1733357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45111662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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