Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024697-5
M. Kirillova
The transcripts of Yuri V. Gauthier’s lectures from the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences can show how the process of including the “most ancient period” in the course of the history of the USSR took place. Gauthier was a historian from the “old professorship”, he tended to study of the history of the USSR as a modificated variant of the history of Russia. Turning to the material of “ancient history of the USSR” made it possible, firstly, to show the multinationality of the USSR, including often the history of the titular nations of some of its republics. Secondly, this topic indicates the presence on its territory the slave-owning formation, which helped to synchronize the historical process in the USSR and Western Europe. “Ancient history of the USSR” was complicated and poorly studied at those times, however its study made it possible both to meet the governmental requirements to historical science, and to maintain the usual structure of the lectures on the history of Russia.
来自俄罗斯科学院档案馆的尤里·高捷(Yuri V. Gauthier)的讲座记录可以展示苏联历史进程中“最古老时期”的过程是如何发生的。戈捷是一位“老教授”出身的历史学家，他倾向于把苏联历史作为俄罗斯历史的修改变体来研究。首先，借助“苏联古代历史”的材料，可以展示苏联的多民族性，包括一些共和国的名义民族的历史。其次，该主题表明其领土上存在奴隶制的形成，这有助于同步苏联和西欧的历史进程。“苏联古代史”在当时是复杂而缺乏研究的，然而，它的研究既可以满足政府对历史科学的要求，又可以保持俄罗斯历史讲座的通常结构。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024495-3
E. Rung
The article deals with the historiographical construct of the “Achaemenid Peace”, referred to by modern researchers as Pax Achaemenica (alternative designation — Pax Achaemenidica) and Pax Persica (alternative designation — Pax Persiana) by analogy with Pax Romana and Pax Augusta. Through consideration of research concepts, it is concluded that there is something in common between the concepts of Pax Achaemenica and Pax Persica, this is the idea that the Persian Empire was based on the cooperation of the Persians with the conquered peoples, however, the discrepancy between the researchers raises the question of whether how the Persians themselves saw relations with other peoples, and also what impact the Persian conquest had on the vision of the conquered peoples of their relationship with the Persians as conquerors. The article also examines the Achaemenid ideology of world domination based on their perception of the “imperial political space” under Cyrus the Great and Darius I. The final parts of the article are devoted to the study of the concept of “peace” in the Achaemenid ideology. Attention is drawn to the fact that Cyrus the Great followed the perception of the Peace in Mesopotamia, according to which the Peace was established by the conquerors after their military victories. However, already Darius I perceived Peace as a consequence of maintaining political stability in the Achaemenid Empire as part of his idea of establishing happiness and prosperity for all his numerous subjects.
{"title":"“Achaemenid Peace”: A Historiographical Construct and Achaemenid Imperial Ideology","authors":"E. Rung","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024495-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024495-3","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the historiographical construct of the “Achaemenid Peace”, referred to by modern researchers as Pax Achaemenica (alternative designation — Pax Achaemenidica) and Pax Persica (alternative designation — Pax Persiana) by analogy with Pax Romana and Pax Augusta. Through consideration of research concepts, it is concluded that there is something in common between the concepts of Pax Achaemenica and Pax Persica, this is the idea that the Persian Empire was based on the cooperation of the Persians with the conquered peoples, however, the discrepancy between the researchers raises the question of whether how the Persians themselves saw relations with other peoples, and also what impact the Persian conquest had on the vision of the conquered peoples of their relationship with the Persians as conquerors. The article also examines the Achaemenid ideology of world domination based on their perception of the “imperial political space” under Cyrus the Great and Darius I. The final parts of the article are devoted to the study of the concept of “peace” in the Achaemenid ideology. Attention is drawn to the fact that Cyrus the Great followed the perception of the Peace in Mesopotamia, according to which the Peace was established by the conquerors after their military victories. However, already Darius I perceived Peace as a consequence of maintaining political stability in the Achaemenid Empire as part of his idea of establishing happiness and prosperity for all his numerous subjects.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74666156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025142-5
Yulia E. Arnautova
The highest point of spread of leprosy in Western Europe in 12th—14th centuries coincided with the transition of clerical charitable institutions, hospitals for the poor (hospitale pauperum) and leproseries to the jurisdiction of town’s communes. The “communalization of care for the poor” and the rationalization of management and control, however, did not mean that the institution of social assistance itself became secular: it retained its sacred function of sacrifice to the Lord (Matt. 25: 35—36), changing only its administration. This article examines the most important aspects of the economic history of the leproseries of German cities in the late Middle Ages and early Modernity: what were sources of income and main items of expenditure in leproseries, standards of provision for patients, opportunities and consumption structure. Leproseries were funded from various sources and in different proportions, but there were four main channels: funds from funders, donations from philanthropists, “internal sources” (entrance fees of lepers, income from their own household and entrepreneurship) and alms, which should not be ignored. Establishment of the entrance fee, which varied basing on the lepers’ wealth, provided a guaranteed maintenance proportional to the contribution (fnhd. pfründe, prebend) and a share in the income of the leprosery. This differentiated prebend made it possible to maintain the standards of life of a certain estate even after being placed in a charitable institution. The economic activity of large and rich leproseries resembles other socio-economic processes taking place in Medieval cities: capital accumulation in 15th—16th centuries; surplus income investments in the purchases of houses and towns’ lands; money lent primarily to urban communes. In such manner leproseries become not just independent structures of the founder-town, with finances, property, “special rights” (statutes), but also play an important role in its development.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024402-1
Tadeush Kruchkovsky
The article looks into the problem of Poland’s Western civilization choice and its consequences in the assessment of M. O. Koyalovich, a famous Russian conservative historian of Belarusian origin. The research is conducted on the basis of M. O. Koyalovich’s main works and contemporary Russian historiography. The author considers this problem in Russian historiography of the stated period as one of the key problems in the historical Polonistics of Russia. The conclusion is made that M. O. Koyalovich’s assessments of the problem of western civilizational choice of Poland and its consequences were distinguished by conservative-Slavophile position with strongly pronounced features of Polonophobia, anti-Semitism and anti-Western orientation. The problem of civilization choice of the development path of Russia, other Slavic peoples (primarily Poland as a country which chose a different path of development) became one of the key issues in Russian historiography of the 19th — early 20th centuries, often determining through the practice of the past the attitude towards the present. As contemporary Russian reality testifies, the question of Poland’s civilizational identity has remained topical in contemporary Russian historical and socio-political thought.
本文从俄罗斯著名的白俄罗斯裔保守派历史学家M. O. Koyalovich的评价出发，探讨波兰的西方文明选择问题及其后果。本文的研究是在科亚罗维奇主要著作和俄罗斯当代史学的基础上进行的。笔者认为，这一时期俄罗斯史学中的问题是俄罗斯历史政治学的核心问题之一。本文的结论是，科亚罗维奇对波兰的西方文明选择问题及其后果的评价以保守的亲斯拉夫立场为特征，具有强烈的波兰恐惧症、反犹主义和反西方倾向。俄罗斯和其他斯拉夫民族(主要是波兰作为一个选择了不同发展道路的国家)发展道路的文明选择问题成为19世纪至20世纪初俄罗斯史学的关键问题之一，往往通过过去的实践决定对现在的态度。正如当代俄罗斯的现实所证明的那样，波兰的文明身份问题在当代俄罗斯的历史和社会政治思想中仍然是热门话题。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024675-1
Nikita Filimonov
The article examines the official path of the procurators of Dacia Inferior during the reign of Hadrian on the basis of epigraphic materials, specifies the dates of their stay in the province. Also, the epigraphy data on the investigated procurators reflect only part of their direct responsibilities in the province. It is concluded that in the 20—30s of the 2nd century AD the procurators of Dacia Inferior, upon reaching the end of their term of office, held similar posts in other provinces, but by the 60s of the 2nd century AD, due to the personnel crisis in the highest level of the administrative system of the Roman Empire, the career opportunities of equites are expanding up to the most important government posts.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024645-8
V. Chernenko
The fund of Baron G. V. Rosen, which today is included in the collection of the Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum interesting for archaeologists and historians of the antiquity of the Northern Black Sea region, as it contains information about the first archaeological research in the vicinity of the city of Anapa. In 1837 were carried out excavations of the mounds under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Boguslav Greenfield. Information about this excavations was preserved in his letters and reports to G. V. Rosen. Despite the unprofessional nature of the excavations, the lieutenant colonel tried to preserve and transmit information about the structure of burial mounds and the context of the finds. In some cases descriptions of items are given.Thus, the documents not only contain extremely important information for studying the history of archaeological research, but also provide an opportunity to partially study those finds that have been lost over time. So, in the burial mound 7, among other items of grave goods were found two gold rings with images of Cupids on red inserts. The location of glyptic items is currently unknown, however, in our opinion, the lack of the possibility of a detailed description of objects should not become an obstacle to introducing them into scientific circulation.
Baron G. V. Rosen的基金，今天被包括在国家历史博物馆书面资料部的收藏中，对研究黑海北部地区古代的考古学家和历史学家来说很有趣，因为它包含了阿纳帕市附近第一次考古研究的信息。1837年，在Boguslav Greenfield中校的领导下，对这些土丘进行了挖掘。有关这次发掘的信息保存在他写给g.v.罗森的信件和报告中。尽管挖掘工作不专业，但中校试图保存和传递有关墓葬结构和发现背景的信息。在某些情况下，给出了项目的描述。因此，这些文件不仅包含了研究考古研究历史的极其重要的信息，而且还提供了一个机会来部分研究那些随着时间的推移而丢失的发现。因此，在墓葬堆中，除了其他陪葬品外，还发现了两个金戒指，戒指上的红色镶件上有丘比特的图像。象形文字物品的位置目前尚不清楚，然而，在我们看来，缺乏对物体进行详细描述的可能性不应成为将它们引入科学流通的障碍。
{"title":"About Two Gems from the Excavations of 1837 near Anapa","authors":"V. Chernenko","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024645-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024645-8","url":null,"abstract":"The fund of Baron G. V. Rosen, which today is included in the collection of the Department of Written Sources of the State Historical Museum interesting for archaeologists and historians of the antiquity of the Northern Black Sea region, as it contains information about the first archaeological research in the vicinity of the city of Anapa. In 1837 were carried out excavations of the mounds under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Boguslav Greenfield. Information about this excavations was preserved in his letters and reports to G. V. Rosen. Despite the unprofessional nature of the excavations, the lieutenant colonel tried to preserve and transmit information about the structure of burial mounds and the context of the finds. In some cases descriptions of items are given.Thus, the documents not only contain extremely important information for studying the history of archaeological research, but also provide an opportunity to partially study those finds that have been lost over time. So, in the burial mound 7, among other items of grave goods were found two gold rings with images of Cupids on red inserts. The location of glyptic items is currently unknown, however, in our opinion, the lack of the possibility of a detailed description of objects should not become an obstacle to introducing them into scientific circulation.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81795451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024419-9
A. Vatlin
The article attempts to analyze one of the most difficult historiographical problems of the recent history of Germany — the transition of the first German democracy to the National Socialist dictatorship. Its necessity is dictated by the fact that in recent years new assessments and judgments of historians have appeared in historiography, which significantly supplemented traditional approaches. The authors of the article are of the opinion that due to the relatively late political unification of Germany and the preservation of medieval monarchical traditions and structures of domination, the subjects of modernization changes that began at the turn of the 19—20th centuries were social groups, associations, unions, political movements and parties. The war unleashed by the German monarchy and its subsequent tragedy clearly showed the reverse side of national unity under the influence of the euphoria of the “spirit of 1914”. The confusion and fears of the uncertainty of the future that followed the defeat in the war again forced the nation to unite, however, no longer on the basis of a common conviction that war was inevitable, as a means of overcoming land hunger, but in connection with the vision of political prospects and the intention to achieve them through parliamentary compromise. However, the fragile foundations of the first German democracy were again shaken by the upheavals of two world economic crises in the early and late 1920s. The fear of social and economic disasters was exacerbated by the lack of discussion about Germany's guilt in starting the war, which contributed to the emergence of a completely different belief in the form of a legend about the innocence of the Germans (“the stab-in-the-back myth”). Its dangerous potential, legitimizing the mass consciousness, could at any moment undermine the foundations of the fragile German democracy. The conviction that the defeat of Germany could be explained by circumstances not of a military nature, but of a domestic political nature, became part of the so-called “conservative revolution”, which arose as an opposition to the Weimar Republic and contributed to the radicalization of the right forces along with the subsequent rise of National Socialism.
{"title":"From Democracy to Dictatorship: Historiographic Problems of the Sociopolitical Development of Germany in 1918—1933","authors":"A. Vatlin","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024419-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024419-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article attempts to analyze one of the most difficult historiographical problems of the recent history of Germany — the transition of the first German democracy to the National Socialist dictatorship. Its necessity is dictated by the fact that in recent years new assessments and judgments of historians have appeared in historiography, which significantly supplemented traditional approaches. The authors of the article are of the opinion that due to the relatively late political unification of Germany and the preservation of medieval monarchical traditions and structures of domination, the subjects of modernization changes that began at the turn of the 19—20th centuries were social groups, associations, unions, political movements and parties. The war unleashed by the German monarchy and its subsequent tragedy clearly showed the reverse side of national unity under the influence of the euphoria of the “spirit of 1914”. The confusion and fears of the uncertainty of the future that followed the defeat in the war again forced the nation to unite, however, no longer on the basis of a common conviction that war was inevitable, as a means of overcoming land hunger, but in connection with the vision of political prospects and the intention to achieve them through parliamentary compromise. However, the fragile foundations of the first German democracy were again shaken by the upheavals of two world economic crises in the early and late 1920s. The fear of social and economic disasters was exacerbated by the lack of discussion about Germany's guilt in starting the war, which contributed to the emergence of a completely different belief in the form of a legend about the innocence of the Germans (“the stab-in-the-back myth”). Its dangerous potential, legitimizing the mass consciousness, could at any moment undermine the foundations of the fragile German democracy. The conviction that the defeat of Germany could be explained by circumstances not of a military nature, but of a domestic political nature, became part of the so-called “conservative revolution”, which arose as an opposition to the Weimar Republic and contributed to the radicalization of the right forces along with the subsequent rise of National Socialism.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"692 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77813295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025025-6
Y. Krylova
The article examines the most recent scholarly work on the history of French medieval courts. Not so long ago, scholars stated that this field was on the deep periphery of current research. The last two decades in French and French-language historiography, however, have been marked by an active increase in interest in the history of the courts, court life and aristocracy of the Middle Ages. The study of recent French-language historiography gives one a sense of catching up with lost time. Being out of the interests of advanced scientific trends for a long time, the court and the aristocracy are now being explored from all possible angles. The paper analyzes the main topics and problems of interest to researchers today: biographies of kings and nobles, ruling practices, gender studies, traditional “études bourguignonnes” and others; notes work on electronic projects and databases on court studies; outlines prospects for further research.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024644-7
V. Dementyeva
The article analyzes information from sources about the quaestorship and proquaestorship of Lucius Antonius, during which he was empowered with pro praetore, namely, epigraphic texts (inscriptions from Ephesus, Magnesia on the Sipylos and Pergamun) and narrative texts — letters of Cicero and the writings of Josephus Flavius “Antiquities of the Jews”. The author considers points of view on the issue under study by R. Merkelbach, K. Eilers, E. Kondratieff, F. Pina Polo and A. Diez Fernandez and other researchers, does not agree with the dating of Lucius Antonius quaestorship of 49 BC, attributing it to 50 BC, consequently, recognizing that Lucius Antonius received an imperium in the rank of quaestor pro praetore, and then retained it for some period of 49 BC in the rank of proquaestor pro praetore. It is concluded that the sources consistently reflect the official status of Lucius Antonius during his stay in the province of Asia, his actions as the bearer of imperium and his observance of the one-year term of the magistracy of the quaestor.
{"title":"Roman Quaestors/Proquaestors in Pro Praetore Status: Lucius Antonius (50—49 BC)","authors":"V. Dementyeva","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024644-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024644-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes information from sources about the quaestorship and proquaestorship of Lucius Antonius, during which he was empowered with pro praetore, namely, epigraphic texts (inscriptions from Ephesus, Magnesia on the Sipylos and Pergamun) and narrative texts — letters of Cicero and the writings of Josephus Flavius “Antiquities of the Jews”. The author considers points of view on the issue under study by R. Merkelbach, K. Eilers, E. Kondratieff, F. Pina Polo and A. Diez Fernandez and other researchers, does not agree with the dating of Lucius Antonius quaestorship of 49 BC, attributing it to 50 BC, consequently, recognizing that Lucius Antonius received an imperium in the rank of quaestor pro praetore, and then retained it for some period of 49 BC in the rank of proquaestor pro praetore. It is concluded that the sources consistently reflect the official status of Lucius Antonius during his stay in the province of Asia, his actions as the bearer of imperium and his observance of the one-year term of the magistracy of the quaestor.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"PP 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84286967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024836-8
A. Skvortzov
The dissertation files of the postgraduate students in classics of the Leningrad State University and State Academy of the History of Material Culture who had defended their PhD theses in 1938—1941 were taken. These were the files of V. P. Kallistov, E. A. Millior, S. L. Utchenko, G. A. Stratanovsky, K. P. Lampsakov. The author concludes that the patronage of the professor — supervisor, which was based on the assessment of the candidate’s research abilities and knowledge of ancient languages, was the most important for admission to graduate school. Social origin and unseemly facts of biography were not of decisive importance. Scientific supervisors were mainly scientists of the old school — S. A. Zhebelev, S. Ya. Lurie, who independently determined the structure of graduate students’ training, focusing on the historical and philological approach, the use of different types of sources and appropriate critical analysis of the achievements of pre-revolutionary and foreign historiography. The topics of theses shows the desire to include Soviet science in the world, and the high demands — to produce a high-level scientists for teaching ancient history and ancient languages (at the time there was a severe shortage of specialists in these fields of knowledge), as well as to prepare summarizing multi-volume works on history.
{"title":"The First PhD Theses on Ancient History at the Leningrad State University (1938—1941): on the Formation of Soviet Dissertation Culture","authors":"A. Skvortzov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024836-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024836-8","url":null,"abstract":"The dissertation files of the postgraduate students in classics of the Leningrad State University and State Academy of the History of Material Culture who had defended their PhD theses in 1938—1941 were taken. These were the files of V. P. Kallistov, E. A. Millior, S. L. Utchenko, G. A. Stratanovsky, K. P. Lampsakov. The author concludes that the patronage of the professor — supervisor, which was based on the assessment of the candidate’s research abilities and knowledge of ancient languages, was the most important for admission to graduate school. Social origin and unseemly facts of biography were not of decisive importance. Scientific supervisors were mainly scientists of the old school — S. A. Zhebelev, S. Ya. Lurie, who independently determined the structure of graduate students’ training, focusing on the historical and philological approach, the use of different types of sources and appropriate critical analysis of the achievements of pre-revolutionary and foreign historiography. The topics of theses shows the desire to include Soviet science in the world, and the high demands — to produce a high-level scientists for teaching ancient history and ancient languages (at the time there was a severe shortage of specialists in these fields of knowledge), as well as to prepare summarizing multi-volume works on history.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83189877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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