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Self-Governance of Rural Community and Performing Public Positions in Palekh in the Second Half of the 18th Century — Early 19th Century 18世纪下半叶- 19世纪初巴列克农村社区自治与公共职务的执行
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025058-2
Anastasia Suslina
This article is dedicated to self-governance and its transformation in Palekh (the large village in Vladimir province) in the context of extending labor migration, increasing of different fees and related socio-economic changes in the community. This work is based on documents of the Buturlins’ patrimonial archive (the Buturlins were landlords of the half of Palekh): account books, lists of tax rates for households, lists of sureties, community verdicts, petitions of peasants to their landlord, letters and decrees of the Buturlins to the community administration. The paper shows economy of Palekh including the scale and dynamics of labor migration in the second half of the XVIII century — the beginning of the XIX century including. The work describes variety of public positions in the rural community in that period, rules of the elections, social and age structure of elected persons. The author draws the conclusions about the main trends in rural self-governance: increase of the percent of payable positions, growth of cash reward for elected persons and the trend of employing by elected persons other peasants instead of themselves.
本文致力于在劳动力迁移扩大、不同费用增加和社区相关社会经济变化的背景下,在Palekh(弗拉基米尔省的大村庄)的自治及其转型。这项工作是基于布图林家族的传世档案文件(布图林家族是巴列赫一半地区的地主):账簿、家庭税率清单、担保清单、社区裁决、农民给地主的请愿书、布图林家族给社区管理部门的信件和法令。本文展示了十八世纪下半叶-十九世纪初的巴列赫经济,包括劳动力迁移的规模和动态。该作品描述了这一时期农村社区的各种公共职位、选举规则、当选人的社会和年龄结构。作者得出了农村自治的主要趋势:应付职位比例的增加,当选人现金奖励的增加以及当选人雇佣其他农民而不是自己的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Children’s Magazine as an Interactive Project, or the Mailbox in Mauritius Wolff’s “Zadushevnoye Slovo” 儿童杂志的互动计划,或毛里求斯的信箱Wolff的“Zadushevnoye Slovo”
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025023-4
E. Romashina
The article provides a thematic, structural and comparative analysis of the section “Mailbox” of the children’s magazine “Zadushevnoye slovo” (Sincere Word) (1876—1918, publisher M. Wolff). The texts reviewed represent an important and informative source on the history of everyday life and the history of childhood. The paper identifies the following forms of interaction between the editorial board and its readers: publication of letters with stories about family, favorite toys, travels, etc.; children’s questions and answers addressed to each other; entertaining tasks and their solutions; “prize” competitions (drawings, opinion essays), followed by sending out prize books and publication of winners’ names; questionnaires; personal appeals. The editorial board declared “developing the ability of children to express their thoughts and feelings correctly and coherently” as the aim of the column. The “answers and advice” section helped children to improve their writing skills; the framework provided a certain canon for communication. Being interactive, “Mailbox” stimulated interest in the magazine, attracted readers and increased the number of regular subscribers. However, its evaluation by literary critics and educators was and often remains negative.
本文对儿童杂志《真诚的话语》(1876-1918,M. Wolff出版社)的“信箱”部分进行了主题、结构和比较分析。所审查的文本代表了日常生活和儿童历史的重要和信息来源。本文确定了编委会与读者之间的以下互动形式:发表关于家庭、最喜欢的玩具、旅行等故事的信件;孩子们互相提问和回答;有趣的任务及其解决方案;“有奖”比赛(绘画、观点文章),随后发送奖品书并公布获奖者姓名;问卷调查;个人的上诉。编委会宣称,该专栏的目标是“培养孩子正确连贯地表达自己思想和情感的能力”。“答案与建议”部分帮助孩子们提高写作技能;这个框架为交流提供了一定的规范。通过互动,“邮箱”激发了人们对杂志的兴趣,吸引了读者,增加了固定订阅者的数量。然而,文学评论家和教育家对它的评价一直是负面的,而且往往仍然是负面的。
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引用次数: 1
Ancient Palestine in Soviet Educational Literature 苏联教育文献中的古巴勒斯坦
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024821-2
Alisa Popova
An important component of the Soviet anti-religious discourse was the atheistic education of the youth. In this regard, the problem of representing the ancient Palestinian society, the development of which cannot be fully studied without referring to the religious context, is extremely interesting, since it allows us to analyze the specifics of embedding this “religious” problem to anti-religious discourse. The study showed that within the framework of school education, it was not possible to reconcile the discourse and the history of ancient Palestine, which is why it was deleted from school textbooks until the end of the Soviet era. In higher education, this process was much more complex and proceeded through the rationalization of biblical history and embedding it into the Marxist canon.
苏联反宗教话语的一个重要组成部分是对青年的无神论教育。在这方面,表现古代巴勒斯坦社会的问题是非常有趣的,因为它的发展不能在不涉及宗教背景的情况下得到充分研究,因为它使我们能够分析将这个“宗教”问题嵌入反宗教话语的具体情况。研究表明,在学校教育的框架内,古代巴勒斯坦的话语和历史是不可能调和的,这就是为什么直到苏联时代结束,它才从学校教科书中删除。在高等教育中,这一过程要复杂得多,需要对圣经历史进行合理化,并将其纳入马克思主义经典。
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引用次数: 0
The Case of Captain’s Wife Voeikova 上尉的妻子沃伊科娃的案子
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025056-0
A. Kamenskii
The article is devoted to the analysis of archival materials related to the conflict in the landowner family of Fyodor and Alexandra Voeikov, which acquired the character of a secret state affair, in which top officials were involved and in which the final decision was made by Empress Catherine II. The documents in question are a valuable source on gender history, contain interesting information on the history of everyday life, patron-client and family relations, customs and worldview of the Russian nobility in the last quarter of the 18th century. The article also raises the question of the nature of the royal disgrace in Catherinian Russia.
本文致力于分析与费奥多尔和亚历山德拉沃伊科夫地主家庭冲突有关的档案材料,该冲突具有秘密国家事务的特征,其中高级官员参与其中,并由凯瑟琳二世皇后做出最终决定。这些有争议的文件是研究性别历史的宝贵资料,包含了18世纪最后25年俄罗斯贵族日常生活、主仆关系、家庭关系、习俗和世界观的有趣信息。这篇文章还提出了一个问题,即在凯瑟琳时期的俄罗斯,王室耻辱的性质是什么。
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引用次数: 0
Everyday Leisure of the Dmitrov’ Town Merchant I. A. Tolchenov 德米特里罗夫镇商人i·a·托尔切诺夫的日常休闲
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025172-8
V. Lyubkov
This article analyzes the leisure preferences of the Dmitrov merchant I. A. Tolchenov on the basis of his autobiographical text “Journal or note of the life and adventures” of I. A. Tolchenov. As a result of the study, it was revealed how different life practices changed or still prevail during the course of the Dmitrov merchant, based on his family, financial and social status, as well as changes and continuity of leisure practices at different age levels of I. A. Tolchenov. It was demonstrated that the representatives of the wealthy merchants of the second half of the 18th century had no less opportunities for leisure than the nobles.
本文以托尔切诺夫的自传体文本《生活与冒险日记或笔记》为基础,分析了德米特里罗夫商人托尔切诺夫的休闲偏好。研究结果揭示了在德米特里罗夫商人的一生中,不同的生活方式是如何改变或仍然盛行的,这取决于他的家庭、经济和社会地位,以及I. a .托尔切诺夫不同年龄层次的休闲方式的变化和连续性。事实证明,18世纪下半叶的富商代表享有的休闲机会并不比贵族少。
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引用次数: 0
“The Little Nothings Make Life as It Is” (Soviet Everyday Life in the Zinaida Lyikovi’s Diaries 1962—1963) “琐碎的小事造就了现在的生活”(《季娜伊达·利科维日记》中的苏联日常生活,1962-1963)
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024945-8
Irina Savkina
The paper is devoted to the study of the different aspects of Soviet everyday life represented in diary notes (1962—1963) of ordinary student Zinaida Lykova. She was born in 1945, lived in the suburbs of Cherepovetz, and during the mentioned period studied in the School of the Working Youth (Shkola Rabochey Molodezhi). The author approaches diary notes as a source for microhistory because of their capacity to unintentionally capture the moment of everyday life. Moreover, the person who writes the diary becomes a subject of everyday life history themselves. They not only capture the everyday reality, but also create and maintain it through the practices of writing. Descriptions of the Soviet ideology, relations with people, spare time practices, and everyday life are presented in Zinaida’s diaries. In there the strategies of the “weak” which becomes the source of the power could be observed: to hide which is not allowed, to improve yourself, to adapt, to search for hidden sources, to believe in yourself, and to hope for friends, relatives, and communal support but not for the government.
本文致力于研究普通学生Zinaida Lykova的日记(1962-1963)所代表的苏联日常生活的不同方面。她出生于1945年,住在切列波韦茨郊区,并在上述时期在劳动青年学校(Shkola Rabochey Molodezhi)学习。作者将日记作为微观历史的来源,因为它们能够无意中捕捉到日常生活的瞬间。此外,写日记的人自己也成为了日常生活史的主题。他们不仅捕捉日常现实,还通过写作实践创造和维护现实。Zinaida的日记中描述了苏联的意识形态、与人民的关系、业余活动和日常生活。在那里,可以观察到成为权力源泉的“弱者”的策略:隐藏不被允许的东西,提高自己,适应,寻找隐藏的来源,相信自己,希望朋友、亲戚和社区的支持,而不是政府。
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引用次数: 0
The Abyss of the Moscow Everyday Life of Peter the Great’s Time: “Notebooks for Driven People” of the Funny Yard (Poteshny Dvor) of 1697—1715 as a Historical Source 彼得大帝时代莫斯科日常生活的深渊:1697-1715年的滑稽院子(Poteshny Dvor)的“被驱赶的人的笔记本”作为一个历史来源
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025165-0
Evgenii Akelev
The documents of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, the first Russian specialized institution of political investigation, have repeatedly attracted the attention of the researchers. However, few scholars know that one of the departments of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, such as the Funny Yard (Poteshny Dvor), also performed police functions in Moscow. This article, based on a study of the materials of the Funny Yard’s office work, aims to reveal the opportunities that the “notebooks of driven people” of the Funny Yard (1697—1715) provide for studying Moscow’s everyday life. Meanwhile, the authors rely on the theory of everyday life of the French historian and philosopher Michel de Certeau.
俄罗斯第一个专门的政治调查机构普列奥布拉任斯基调查委员会的文件多次引起研究人员的注意。然而,很少有学者知道,普列奥布拉任斯基省的一个部门,如滑稽场(Poteshny Dvor),也在莫斯科执行警察职能。本文通过对滑稽场办公室工作材料的研究,旨在揭示滑稽场(1697-1715)“被驱赶者的笔记本”为研究莫斯科的日常生活提供的机会。同时,作者依靠法国历史学家和哲学家米歇尔·德·塞托的日常生活理论。
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引用次数: 0
The Concept of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Historical Politics of the Republic of Belarus: Stages of Formation and Current State 白俄罗斯共和国历史政治中的立陶宛大公国概念:形成阶段与现状
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024134-6
Elena Obukhova
The article considers the formation of the concept of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the post-Soviet Belarusian historiography. The author singles out the main stages of this process, shows the evolution of scientific comprehension of the place of the Belarusian people in this state formation. A special attention is paid to the mechanisms of translating conceptual provisions of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the society, in particular, through the system of state education. The peculiarities of interpretation of the process of formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian historiography, the role of the Belarusian ethnos and its culture in the textbooks for secondary and higher schools of 1990—2020s are analyzed. The author came to the conclusion that Belarusian historiography by now has formed the position about the leading role of Belarusian lands in the economic and cultural development of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 13th — early 17th centuries.
本文考察了后苏联时期白俄罗斯史学中立陶宛大公国历史概念的形成。作者挑出了这一过程的主要阶段,展示了对白俄罗斯人民在这一国家形成中的地位的科学理解的演变。特别关注立陶宛大公国历史概念性条款在社会中的翻译机制,特别是通过国家教育系统。本文分析了白俄罗斯、波兰和立陶宛史学中对立陶宛大公国形成过程的解释的特殊性,以及1990 - 2020年代中学和高等学校教科书中白俄罗斯民族及其文化的作用。作者的结论是,到目前为止,白俄罗斯史学已经形成了关于白俄罗斯土地在13世纪下半叶至17世纪初立陶宛大公国经济和文化发展中的主导作用的立场。
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引用次数: 0
Organization of Customs Procedures in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Half of the 18th Century 18世纪下半叶立陶宛大公国海关程序的组织
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024168-3
Irina Kiturko
The article analyzes the process of developing and improving the customs procedure in the second half of the 18th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author notes that during this period the customs service of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the framework of the general reform of the state apparatus was built on the principles of bureaucracy and became one of the most perfect state structures, a special institute in the system of the executive power. This contributed to the improvement, expansion and development of customs documentation and the entire customs administration in the GDL. The article describes different types of customs documents, highlights the process of their unification through the introduction of common rules for registering customs procedures in the second half of the 18th century. It also emphasizes the importance of customs documents as a source for studying the economic history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
本文分析了18世纪下半叶立陶宛大公国海关程序的发展和完善过程。作者指出,在这一时期,立陶宛大公国的海关在国家机器全面改革的框架内建立在官僚主义原则的基础上,成为最完善的国家结构之一,是行政权力体系中的一个特殊机构。这有助于改进、扩大和发展海关文件和GDL的整个海关管理。本文描述了不同类型的海关单证,重点介绍了18世纪下半叶通过引入海关登记程序的共同规则将其统一的过程。它还强调了海关文件作为研究立陶宛大公国经济史的来源的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
“Mission of Serving the Homeland”: Review of the Monograph “At the Crossroads of Times and Destinies” “报效祖国的使命”——《站在时代与命运的十字路口》专著述评
IF 0.3 3区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024420-1
T. Ivanova
The article analyzes a new monograph about Moscow Pedagogical State University, which celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2022. The authors state the uniqueness of this university, which initiated higher education for women in Russia, became the first pedagogical university in the USSR, the flagship of pedagogical science development and alma mater for prominent representatives of national science and culture. The creative goal set by the team of authors in the book is to compose a collective biography of the University as a social institution and as a living academic community, examining its history at several levels (sociopolitical, discursive, institutional, material, sociocultural and spatial) has been quite successfully realized. The fundamentality of the analyzed sources and literature, the thoroughness of the chronologically problematic method of presentation, the multilateral coverage of the history of the university make it possible to refer the new monograph to the best examples of university studies in our country.
本文分析了一本关于莫斯科国立师范大学的新专著,该大学于2022年庆祝了150周年校庆。作者指出这所大学的独特性,它开创了俄罗斯妇女高等教育,成为苏联第一所师范大学,是教育科学发展的旗舰,也是国家科学和文化杰出代表的母校。作者团队在书中设定的创造性目标是撰写大学作为社会机构和生活学术团体的集体传记,从几个层面(社会政治,话语,制度,材料,社会文化和空间)研究其历史,这已经相当成功地实现了。所分析的来源和文献的基础性,按时间顺序有问题的呈现方法的彻底性,对大学历史的多边覆盖,使这本新专著有可能成为我国大学研究的最佳范例。
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引用次数: 0
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Rossiiskaya Istoriya
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