Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024976-2
Sergey Ryabov
The article studies itineraries of François de Valois, younger son of Henry II of Valois and Catherine de Medici, Duke of Alançon, Anjou and Brabant based on his letters, acts and letters, mainly from Russian repositories, in the context of military and political situation of the French Kingdom during the Civil wars of the second half of the 16th century. There is noted an obvious historiographical underestimation of the significance of this figure, which prompts to re-examine his biography and related sources. Based on the study of the duke's autographs, the author raises the question of revising the “black legend” and the myth that had developed around this historical figure. The paper provides a chronological classification of the documents kept in the archival collections of Russia and France.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024673-9
A. Smorchkov
The article examines the ideas about the republic in the work of the Roman author Valerius Maximus, who lived at the beginning of the principate. The most revealing elements of the republican structure are taken for analysis: the People's Assembly, the Senate, the Tribunes of the Plebs, freedom, the enemies of freedom, as well as the image of Cato the Younger as the embodiment of the moral spirit of the republic. Valerius's narrative is dominated by outstanding personalities and the Senate, which fully corresponds to the current political situation. Such attention to the individual reflects a certain departure from polis collectivism. "Freedom" is perceived by Valerius undoubtedly as the antipode of the sole power, although the special position of the princeps in the new political system was also realized by our author. However, the contradiction here is only external, since already under Augustus an understanding of freedom as “security” (securitas) was formed, which linked freedom with authoritarian power. The views of Valerius Maximus basically correspond to the optimate’ worldview, i.e. the res publica of the past for him is primarily associated with the leadership of the Senate. But this optimate’ view reflects the opposition of the “best citizens” not only to the unreasonable people, but also to the claims of an outstanding personality to sole rule. In this respect, this “program” has come into clear contradiction with the new political situation, changing and adapting as the monarchical principle strengthens. The transformation of optimate’ views is shown by the example of an ardent supporter of the republic Cato the Younger, whose image in Valerius Maximus’ work reflects the transformation of past events into textbook examples outside the historical context.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840023841-4
T. Kosykh
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the perception of enemies and allies by the British combatants who found themselves in French captivity during the war on the Iberian Peninsula in 1808—1814. The undertaken analysis of sources, including both British officers’ published memoirs, letters and diaries and the manuscript of the British soldier’s memoirs, demonstrated the multidimensionality of the images of the Spaniards and the French in the British “captivity narratives”. The authors of such narratives tended to dwell not only on the positive characteristics of the French, such their politeness or gallantry, but also on their cruelty towards the locals, as well as the tendency of French soldiers to theft and looting. The image of the Spaniards in the British “captivity narratives” on the contrary turns out to be more complimentary than in other sources left by British soldiers who were not captured. In the POWs’ texts the Spaniards are presented as good-natured and hospitable, but their two qualities — cruelty and religious fanaticism — reduce the locals from the British point of view to semi-civilized people.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024676-2
S. Smirnov
The paper analyses two foundation myths of Antioch on the Orontes and Apamea in Syria in context of both: the late roman literature and recently discovered mosaics. Comparative study of John Malalas and Libanius accounts with the mosaics reveals a strong typological and structure affinity of the literary and visual narratives, at the same time stressing a significant difference in details. Such differences may be result of the co-existence of various versions of the foundation legends, which were influenced by local folklore tradition, as well as official state ideology.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840023946-9
P. Uvarov
At the last stage of the Italian Wars (1494—1559), the military, political and, most importantly, financial superiority of the Habsburgs over the Valois became quite obvious. The Spanish king could make use of silver which was already coming quite regularly and in large quantities from the mines of the New World. He controlled the old (Augsburg — Ulm) and new (Besançon — Piacenza) centres of banking capital, as well as the commercial and financial heart of the emerging world economic system — Antwerp. But King Henry II of France (1547—1559) launched a series of daring reforms, sometimes far ahead of his time. The king could rely on a more developed bureaucracy than in other countries, on a state system that had reached an advanced level of centralization, and on the economy that was still on the rise, the ‘heart’ of which were the Lyon fairs that acquired international significance. In order to continue an active foreign policy, an unprecedented step was taken — not a royal official, but a Lyon banker of Italian origin, Albizzi Del Bene (Albisse Delbeyne), was appointed to the post of surintendent des finances. Thus, the government was able to use the experience and capability of the banking world for its own purposes. Under the conditions of the war, which was fought at a great distance from the borders of the kingdom, the circulation of money was greatly simplified and became more predictable. The surintendent, closely associated with the most powerful trading and banking house Gadagni (Gadagne) of Lyon, had great weight among Italian bankers who operated not only in Lyon, but also in Venice, Rome, and Tuscany. The reformers’ plans and the progress of reform can be fully appreciated by studying documents from the Lamoignon Collection (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Moscow). Providing fairly clear guarantees based on the income from the Lyon fairs, the king, with the help of his surintendent and people from his entourage who were responsible for financing French policy in Italy (Constable Anne de Montmorency, royal secretary Jean Duthier), managed to attract huge sums (about 12 million Tours livres) which made it possible to resist a powerful enemy. A flexible combination of bills of exchange, clearing and other mechanisms allowed to transfer this amount of money to Italy. The crowning success of Del Bene was the creation of the Grand Parti de Lyon — a consortium of creditors to the French king. Some researchers claimed that its principles were quite comparable to the achievements of the 19th-century banking system. If there had been peace, the Grand Parti de Lyon could well have contributed to the repayment of the principal amount of borrowings and the dissolution of the accumulated interest debt. But politics had once again interfered with the economy. A new war, in which France was drawn against the will of the royal entourage, a chain of military defeats (the capture of Montmorency, the main patron of Del Bene, in 1557) and, finally,
在意大利战争(1494-1559)的最后阶段，哈布斯堡王朝在军事、政治、最重要的是财政上对瓦卢瓦王朝的优势变得相当明显。西班牙国王可以利用已经从新大陆的矿山中定期大量开采出来的白银。他控制着旧的(奥格斯堡-乌尔姆)和新的(贝桑佩尔顿-皮亚琴察)银行资本中心，以及新兴世界经济体系的商业和金融中心——安特卫普。但法国国王亨利二世(1547-1559)发起了一系列大胆的改革，有时远远领先于他的时代。国王可以依靠一个比其他国家更发达的官僚体系，一个已经达到先进集权水平的国家体系，以及仍在上升的经济，其“核心”是具有国际意义的里昂博览会。为了继续积极的外交政策，采取了一项前所未有的措施——任命里昂的意大利裔银行家阿尔比齐·德尔贝内(阿尔比塞·德尔贝内饰)而不是王室官员担任财政总监一职。因此，政府能够利用银行业的经验和能力来达到自己的目的。在战争的条件下，战争发生在远离王国边界的地方，货币的流通大大简化，变得更容易预测。这位主管与里昂最强大的贸易和银行公司Gadagni (Gadagne)关系密切，在不仅在里昂，而且在威尼斯、罗马和托斯卡纳都有业务的意大利银行家中有着举足轻重的地位。改革者的计划和改革的进展可以通过研究拉莫尼翁收藏(俄罗斯国家古代行为档案馆，莫斯科)的文件来充分了解。根据里昂集市的收入，国王提供了相当明确的保证，在他的监护人和他的随行人员的帮助下，他们负责资助法国在意大利的政策(Constable Anne de Montmorency，皇家秘书Jean Duthier)，设法吸引了巨额资金(大约1200万图尔里弗尔)，这使得抵抗强大的敌人成为可能。一种灵活的汇票、清算和其他机制的组合，允许将这笔钱转移到意大利。德尔·贝内最大的成功是创建了里昂大财团——一个法国国王的债权人财团。一些研究人员声称，其原理与19世纪银行体系的成就相当。如果有和平，里昂大党很可能对偿还借款的本金和解除累积的利息债务作出贡献。但是政治又一次干扰了经济。在一场新的战争中，法国违背了王室随行人员的意愿而被拖入战争，接着是一连串的军事失败(1557年占领德尔·贝内的主要赞助人蒙莫朗西)，最后是亨利二世在卡托-坎布雷希斯和平(1559年)后不久意外去世，大胆的经济改革宣告结束。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024226-7
V. Budanova
The article considers the peculiarities of the ethno-social model of human behavior in the historical context of transition from one state to another. Based on the Greek and Roman and early medieval narrative tradition, the frontier is interpreted as a mental phenomenon, as a boundary of the exit from the state of barbarism. It is shown how homo barbaricus, being in a borderline situation, in frontier conditions, marks the limit of barbarism and the beginning of civilization. It is noted that the barbaric existence of man is in the state between paradoxical and contradictory. The article presents the dynamics of transformation of barbaric “frontier status” of Alarich and Stilicho in their struggle for recognition and claim to significance in the civilized Greek and Roman Mediterranean world.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024212-2
N. Zhigalova
In this article, the author examines the causes, course and results of the Ottoman military campaigns in the Peloponnese in the second quarter of the 15th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the raids of the Ottoman commander Turahan Bey in 1423, 1431 and 1435 were rather local acts of aggression aimed at intimidating the Morean despots and were intended to prevent the expansion of Byzantine influence in Greece and in the north of the Peloponnese. At the same time, the Ottoman campaign against the Peloponnese in 1446 had the character of a punitive expedition. Sultan Murad II personally led the invasion of the Morea, which speaks of the desire of the Ottomans to eliminate the center of resistance in this region once and for all. The shameful vassalage, which the Despotate of Morea fell into after the sack of the Peloponnese by the Ottomans, actually put an end to the attempts of the despot Constantine Palaiologos to create a strong, independent and self-sufficient state in the place of the Morea.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025227-8
Tatiana Yakovleva
This publication contains a complete list of scientific works by Olga Evgenievna Kosheleva, Doctor of Historical Sciences, a leading researcher at the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Like the first block of articles presented in this issue of the E-journal «History», it is timed to the anniversary of O. E. Kosheleva and fully reflects the versatility of her research talent — her interest in the history of cities, the history of childhood, the history of reading and translation, the history of everyday life and private life. No less important are the works of O. E. Kosheleva, devoted exclusively to archival research and to the methodology of history, primarily to the microhistoric approach to the study of the past.
本出版物包含Olga Evgenievna Kosheleva，历史科学博士，俄罗斯科学院通史研究所首席研究员的科学著作的完整列表。就像这期电子杂志«历史»的第一篇文章一样，这篇文章是在O. E. Kosheleva的周年纪念日发表的，充分反映了她研究才能的多样性-她对城市历史，儿童历史，阅读和翻译历史，日常生活和私人生活的历史感兴趣。同样重要的还有O. E.科舍列娃的著作，这些著作专门致力于档案研究和历史方法论，主要是研究过去的微观历史方法。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024695-3
S. Karpyuk
By the mid-1950s, the theme of the “slave revolution” in antiquity had lost relevance, ceased to be considered the “main” topic for Soviet historians of the ancient world. This was evidenced by the disappearance of works on this subject from the capital’s publications, and quite critical responses to the works of A. V. Mishulin. It was necessary to choose a new “main” theme. The importance of the topic of slavery in antiquity for Soviet science was due to the “socio-economic basis” of the study of the history of the ancient world (i.e. “slave-owning formation”), and opposition to “bourgeois science”, which, according to Soviet scientists, underestimated the importance of slavery in antiquity. A series of monographs “Studies on the history of slavery in the ancient world” and the publication of articles in the “Journal of Ancient History” in the section “Materials and research on the history of slavery” showed the potential of Soviet historical science, provoked a response abroad. However, interest in research on slavery in the USSR has been steadily declining since the second half of the 1960s, and in the 1980s it almost died out. Studies on the history of slavery in the ancient world were too “ideological” and therefore ceased to be of interest, especially for young Soviet historians.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840025081-8
Pavel Bychkov
Due to the local cult of the miraculous statue of Virgin Mary that emerged in the 14th century religious fraternities began to play a leading role in the daily life of citizens, attracting to the town famous architects, artisans, composers and artists (among them was Hieronymus Bosch). But besides religious communities, professional corporations were also important actors in the urban commune, uniting artisans of various specialties around one patron. The most significant guilds in Hertogenbosch were the communities of clothiers and blacksmiths, which formed the main articles of the town’s exports. Areas, in which those craftsmen settled, formed a specific topography of the inner-city space. The core of it was the market square with the houses of the richest members of commercial and administrative elite. Apart from the two main sites — the market and St. John’s cathedral, erected much later — in the urban landscape were present important monasteries and cloisters; belonging to fraternities of beguines and Brotherhood of Common Life. The economic, socio-political, religious and cultural activities of these numerous urban communities formed the environment in which the everyday activities of the inhabitants of Hertogenbosch took place during the 14—15th centuries.
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