Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840024999-7
M. Neklyudova
The article poses the question who wrote the treatise “Le chrétien honnête home”, which was published in Holland in 1736 as the last work of the Abbé de Bellegarde; in 1743, it was translated into Russian by Sergey Volchkov. The problem of authorship in this case turns out to be directly related to the confessional identity of the text, which should be definitely Catholic, but which was previously characterized by one researcher as Protestant. Given the fact that Russian translation transferred the content of the treatise into an Orthodox context, the choice between Catholic and Protestant bias acquires additional interest. The article suggests that “Le chrétien honnête homme” was written in Holland and reflected a moderate Jansenist point of view, which, precisely because of its moderation, was acceptable to the Russian translator.
{"title":"What Kind of Christian is Honnête Homme? Notes on the Dutch and Russian Abbé de Bellegarde","authors":"M. Neklyudova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840024999-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024999-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article poses the question who wrote the treatise “Le chrétien honnête home”, which was published in Holland in 1736 as the last work of the Abbé de Bellegarde; in 1743, it was translated into Russian by Sergey Volchkov. The problem of authorship in this case turns out to be directly related to the confessional identity of the text, which should be definitely Catholic, but which was previously characterized by one researcher as Protestant. Given the fact that Russian translation transferred the content of the treatise into an Orthodox context, the choice between Catholic and Protestant bias acquires additional interest. The article suggests that “Le chrétien honnête homme” was written in Holland and reflected a moderate Jansenist point of view, which, precisely because of its moderation, was acceptable to the Russian translator.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87864162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840008229-0
V. Frolov
The article discusses the features of building an ethnocratic state in the Republic of Estonia in the post-Soviet period, which sees in Russia, Russians, and the «Russian World» a threat to its integrity and sovereignty. For almost 30 years, the nationalist-minded authorities of Estonia have been implementing in their Republic a policy aimed at infringing on the rights and freedoms of the Russian-speaking population. In this “democratic” Baltic State, Russians are faced with such acute and egregious problems as mass statelessness, anti-Russian language policy, the absence of the main part of political rights among “non-citizens”, and falsification of national history. The author of the work focuses on the fact that in many respects the anti-Russian and anti-Russian policies in the Republic of Estonia are pursued by local authorities in order to please their new “elder brother” and ally — the United States, from which this Baltic Republic has long been in economic and political dependence. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the presence of a neighboring state, in which a deliberate anti-Russian and anti-Russian policy has been pursued for a long period of time, cannot but cause Russia anxiety and concern and not contradict its national interests.
{"title":"Ethnocratic State in Estonia as a Threat to Russian National Interests in the Baltic Region","authors":"V. Frolov","doi":"10.18254/s207987840008229-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840008229-0","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the features of building an ethnocratic state in the Republic of Estonia in the post-Soviet period, which sees in Russia, Russians, and the «Russian World» a threat to its integrity and sovereignty. For almost 30 years, the nationalist-minded authorities of Estonia have been implementing in their Republic a policy aimed at infringing on the rights and freedoms of the Russian-speaking population. In this “democratic” Baltic State, Russians are faced with such acute and egregious problems as mass statelessness, anti-Russian language policy, the absence of the main part of political rights among “non-citizens”, and falsification of national history. The author of the work focuses on the fact that in many respects the anti-Russian and anti-Russian policies in the Republic of Estonia are pursued by local authorities in order to please their new “elder brother” and ally — the United States, from which this Baltic Republic has long been in economic and political dependence. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the presence of a neighboring state, in which a deliberate anti-Russian and anti-Russian policy has been pursued for a long period of time, cannot but cause Russia anxiety and concern and not contradict its national interests.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90239814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840020227-8
T. Gavristova
The article is dedicated to the history of migritude, a phenomenon that arose among the African intellectual emigration at the beginning of the 21st century. Its origin is associated with the name of the Kenyan writer of Indian origin Shailja Patel, the author of poetical show (2006) and the poem under the title “Migritude” (2010). As a result, a literary movement of the same name was formed, the bias of which is connected, on the one hand, with the renewal of the format of post-colonial narratives and their themes, and, on the other hand, with the tectonic changes that have taken place on the world stage in the context of globalization. The author of the article focuses on the ego-story of Shailja Patel and its transformation, primarily due to content, into the history of an entire generation living in the era, which coincided in time with the situations of postcoloniality and postmodernity. Addressing the issues of colonialism and post-colonialism, racism, segregation and migration is not new. Eventually women joined the discussion and set themselves the task of answering the question posed by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in her essay “Can Subaltern Speak?” They radically changed the range of topics proposed for discussion by addressing the ideas of gender equality and the fight against stereotypes, focusing on the problems of social and professional identity without regard to ethnicity and race. The article identifies a number of the most famous authors of migritude (Fatou Diome, Christina Ali Farah, Igiaba Scego, researchers of their works Augusta Irele and Ashna Ali, etc.) and the topics they refer to. Particular emphasis is placed on their interpretation of the problem of identity in the context of the strategy of interculturalism in conjunction with the processes of globalization, liberalization, democratization and digitalization. The author comes to the conclusion that in recent years the discursive field of migritude has been forming with its own borders (within the Diaspora) and practices (primarily adaptative), terminology, intellectual and social communities, activists and sympathizers. In conditions when migration has become a marker of the modern world order migritude has become a norm for them as an opportunity to realize a number of their most important intentions, including self-realization, obtaining a profession, and achieving success.
这篇文章致力于研究21世纪初非洲知识分子移民中出现的一种现象——移民史。它的起源与印度裔肯尼亚作家Shailja Patel的名字有关，他是诗歌表演(2006年)和题为“Migritude”(2010年)的诗歌的作者。因此，形成了一场同名的文学运动，其偏见一方面与后殖民叙事形式及其主题的更新有关，另一方面与全球化背景下世界舞台上发生的结构性变化有关。这篇文章的作者关注的是Shailja Patel的自我故事，以及它的转变，主要是由于其内容，进入了生活在这个时代的整整一代人的历史，这与后殖民主义和后现代性的情况相吻合。解决殖民主义和后殖民主义、种族主义、种族隔离和移民问题并不新鲜。最终，女性加入了讨论，并为自己设定了回答Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak在她的文章《次等人能说话吗?》中提出的问题的任务。它们从根本上改变了提议讨论的主题范围，讨论了性别平等和反对陈规定型观念的想法，重点是社会和职业认同问题，而不考虑族裔和种族。这篇文章列出了一些最著名的移民作家(Fatou Diome, Christina Ali Farah, Igiaba Scego，以及他们作品的研究者Augusta irelle和Ashna Ali等)和他们所涉及的主题。特别强调的是他们在全球化、自由化、民主化和数字化进程的跨文化主义战略背景下对身份问题的解释。作者得出的结论是，近年来，移民的话语领域已经形成了自己的边界(在侨民内部)和实践(主要是适应性的)，术语，知识分子和社会社区，活动家和同情者。在移民已成为现代世界秩序的一个标志的情况下，移民已成为他们的一种常态，作为实现他们一些最重要的意图的机会，包括自我实现、获得职业和取得成功。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840021199-7
Irina Melik-Gajkazyan
All areas of humanitarian and social knowledge include the study of the interactions between the individual, society and culture. Such an interaction is considered in the article through the prism of the phenomenon of a dream. In society, among the forces are acting there, a collective dream has a special power. In culture, the collective dream creates two forms: myth (dream of the past) and utopia (dream of the future). The measure of adherence to the forms of the collective dream and/or the degree of independent interpretation of the symbolism of myth and utopia becomes a characteristic of the individual. The proposed perspective is justified by the fact that the trajectories of the collective dream symbolism translation are visualised by the sociocultural dynamics model. The model combines ideas of the semiotic mechanism of culture (Ju. Lotman, B. Uspensky) and the basic stages of information processes. The distribution of information characteristics across the stages of sociocultural dynamics, firstly, reveals the trajectories of a dream transformation. Secondly, it opens up methodological possibilities of verifying the study results for the role and place of the “dreaming subject” obscured by the “big processes” of the history of culture.
人道主义和社会知识的所有领域都包括对个人、社会和文化之间相互作用的研究。这种相互作用在文章中是通过梦现象的棱镜来考虑的。在社会中，在起作用的各种力量中，集体的梦想具有一种特殊的力量。在文化中，集体梦想创造了两种形式:神话(对过去的梦想)和乌托邦(对未来的梦想)。对集体梦想形式的坚持和/或对神话和乌托邦象征主义的独立解释程度的衡量成为个人的特征。社会文化动力学模型将集体梦象征主义翻译的轨迹可视化，证明了这一观点是正确的。该模型结合了文化符号学机制的思想。Lotman, B. Uspensky)和信息处理的基本阶段。跨社会文化动态阶段的信息特征分布，首先揭示了梦的转变轨迹。其次，它为被文化史的“大过程”所遮蔽的“做梦主体”的作用和地位提供了验证研究结果的方法论可能性。
{"title":"Semiotic Diagnostics of the Trajectory Splitting between a Dream of the Past and Dream of the Future","authors":"Irina Melik-Gajkazyan","doi":"10.18254/s207987840021199-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021199-7","url":null,"abstract":"All areas of humanitarian and social knowledge include the study of the interactions between the individual, society and culture. Such an interaction is considered in the article through the prism of the phenomenon of a dream. In society, among the forces are acting there, a collective dream has a special power. In culture, the collective dream creates two forms: myth (dream of the past) and utopia (dream of the future). The measure of adherence to the forms of the collective dream and/or the degree of independent interpretation of the symbolism of myth and utopia becomes a characteristic of the individual. The proposed perspective is justified by the fact that the trajectories of the collective dream symbolism translation are visualised by the sociocultural dynamics model. The model combines ideas of the semiotic mechanism of culture (Ju. Lotman, B. Uspensky) and the basic stages of information processes. The distribution of information characteristics across the stages of sociocultural dynamics, firstly, reveals the trajectories of a dream transformation. Secondly, it opens up methodological possibilities of verifying the study results for the role and place of the “dreaming subject” obscured by the “big processes” of the history of culture.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91155204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840021117-7
M. Kovalev
In this article, a large range of unique sources from the collections of the St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation is analyzed and studied for the first time. These are the reports of Soviet specialists in the field of technical knowledge on the business trips to Czechoslovakia in the period from the mid-1940s until the end of the 1960s. Their authors were employees of the Leningrad sectoral research institutes. They were technical chemists, shipbuilders, hydraulic engineers, mining engineers, machine builders, etc. The presented materials made it possible to take a fresh look at the issues of the Soviet-Czechoslovak technological transfer, both within the framework of bilateral relations and within the framework of CMEA. A distinctive feature of all the reports was their de-ideologization. These documents did not contain references to the classics of Marxism-Leninism and assurances of the superiority of socialist science over bourgeois, but they reflected a deep sincere interest in foreign technologies and engineering solutions. Noteworthy is the very respectful attitude of Soviet specialists towards their Czech and Slovak colleagues, and at the same time – deep attention to Czechoslovak technical developments. This fact clearly distinguishes the reports of engineers from the reports of their colleagues in the humanities, especially from the institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The latter often wrote such documents from the arrogant position of the “elder brother”, who has a monopoly on the Marxist truth. The Soviet authors of the reports did not separate Soviet technical science from the global context and tried in every possible way to convey the idea of the importance of exchanging experience and scientific and technical information with foreign partners. They looked with some envy at their Czechoslovak colleagues, who, albeit limitedly, had access to Western scientific and technical literature. If we talk about the transfer of knowledge and technology from the standpoint of mutual benefit, then we need to draw a conclusion about its success. Cooperation with the USSR allowed Czechoslovakia to develop a number of new technical areas, such as nuclear power, at the same time, the Soviet side got the opportunity to access promising Czechoslovak technologies in the field of mechanical engineering or polymer chemistry. However, the system of intellectual exchanges, despite the obvious mutual interest of the specialists of the two countries in it, was still fettered by ideological frameworks and party control, and the introduction of certain technical innovations often faced the sluggishness of the planned economy.
{"title":"Soviet-Czechoslovak Technological Transfer: from the First Post-War Years to the Prague Spring (on the Base of the Foreign Trips Reports of Soviet Engineers)","authors":"M. Kovalev","doi":"10.18254/s207987840021117-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021117-7","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a large range of unique sources from the collections of the St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation is analyzed and studied for the first time. These are the reports of Soviet specialists in the field of technical knowledge on the business trips to Czechoslovakia in the period from the mid-1940s until the end of the 1960s. Their authors were employees of the Leningrad sectoral research institutes. They were technical chemists, shipbuilders, hydraulic engineers, mining engineers, machine builders, etc. The presented materials made it possible to take a fresh look at the issues of the Soviet-Czechoslovak technological transfer, both within the framework of bilateral relations and within the framework of CMEA. A distinctive feature of all the reports was their de-ideologization. These documents did not contain references to the classics of Marxism-Leninism and assurances of the superiority of socialist science over bourgeois, but they reflected a deep sincere interest in foreign technologies and engineering solutions. Noteworthy is the very respectful attitude of Soviet specialists towards their Czech and Slovak colleagues, and at the same time – deep attention to Czechoslovak technical developments. This fact clearly distinguishes the reports of engineers from the reports of their colleagues in the humanities, especially from the institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The latter often wrote such documents from the arrogant position of the “elder brother”, who has a monopoly on the Marxist truth. The Soviet authors of the reports did not separate Soviet technical science from the global context and tried in every possible way to convey the idea of the importance of exchanging experience and scientific and technical information with foreign partners. They looked with some envy at their Czechoslovak colleagues, who, albeit limitedly, had access to Western scientific and technical literature. If we talk about the transfer of knowledge and technology from the standpoint of mutual benefit, then we need to draw a conclusion about its success. Cooperation with the USSR allowed Czechoslovakia to develop a number of new technical areas, such as nuclear power, at the same time, the Soviet side got the opportunity to access promising Czechoslovak technologies in the field of mechanical engineering or polymer chemistry. However, the system of intellectual exchanges, despite the obvious mutual interest of the specialists of the two countries in it, was still fettered by ideological frameworks and party control, and the introduction of certain technical innovations often faced the sluggishness of the planned economy.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87641198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840020007-6
L. Melnikova
The article examines the circumstances of the foundation and the process of formation in the Caucasus of the New Athos Monastery of St. Simon the Cananaean — a branch of the Athos Russian St. Panteleimon Monastery. It is shown that the appearance of the Caucasian monastery was one of the results of the “Greek-Russian Panteleimon process” — a major conflict that arose in the first half of the 1870s. on Mount Athos due to the aggravation of contradictions between different ethnic communities in St. Panteleimon Monastery, the general rise in the Greek environment of anti-Slavic and anti-Russian sentiments caused by Russia's position in the Greek-Bulgarian church issue, as well as due to the actions of British diplomacy, which sought to weaken Russian influence in the Balkans and the Middle East. The role of the Russian ambassador to Constantinople N. P. Ignatiev in the settlement of the conflict and in the appearance of the New Athos Monastery in the Caucasus is considered. The origin and development of the Caucasian monastery, its situation during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877—1878, the spiritual life and missionary activity of the New Athonite monks are studied. It is emphasized that the New Athos Monastery, having emerged as a supposed “refuge” for Russian Athonians in the event of new troubles in the East, soon turned into a pearl of the Black Sea coast, a major spiritual and missionary center in the south of the Russian Empire.
{"title":"New Athos Monastery of Saint Simon the Cananaean is the Spiritual Center in the South of the Russian Empire: the Circumstances of the Emergence and the Process of the Formation of the Monastery","authors":"L. Melnikova","doi":"10.18254/s207987840020007-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020007-6","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the circumstances of the foundation and the process of formation in the Caucasus of the New Athos Monastery of St. Simon the Cananaean — a branch of the Athos Russian St. Panteleimon Monastery. It is shown that the appearance of the Caucasian monastery was one of the results of the “Greek-Russian Panteleimon process” — a major conflict that arose in the first half of the 1870s. on Mount Athos due to the aggravation of contradictions between different ethnic communities in St. Panteleimon Monastery, the general rise in the Greek environment of anti-Slavic and anti-Russian sentiments caused by Russia's position in the Greek-Bulgarian church issue, as well as due to the actions of British diplomacy, which sought to weaken Russian influence in the Balkans and the Middle East. The role of the Russian ambassador to Constantinople N. P. Ignatiev in the settlement of the conflict and in the appearance of the New Athos Monastery in the Caucasus is considered. The origin and development of the Caucasian monastery, its situation during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877—1878, the spiritual life and missionary activity of the New Athonite monks are studied. It is emphasized that the New Athos Monastery, having emerged as a supposed “refuge” for Russian Athonians in the event of new troubles in the East, soon turned into a pearl of the Black Sea coast, a major spiritual and missionary center in the south of the Russian Empire.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88502253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840015970-6
A. Krivonozhenko
The main reason for the appearance of prisoners of war in Karelia during the World War I is associated with the implementation of large construction projects. The total number of prisoners of war was established based on archival sources. It was prepared special statistical samples. On the basis of them it was established the ethnic picture of the contingent of prisoners, as well as their nationality. It was found that the prisoners of war temporarily affected the current demographic situation in the region because in a separate territory of Karelia their number exceeded the number of the local male population. The problem of interaction with the local population is considered from several positions. The prisoners lived in peasant houses and had the opportunity to buy food from peasant shops. There were cases of prisoners marrying local women. The prisoners living in Petrozavodsk became part of the city's everyday life by the end of the war. Their civilian qualifications were in high demand among local residents.
{"title":"Prisoners of War and Local Population in Karelia during the World War I","authors":"A. Krivonozhenko","doi":"10.18254/s207987840015970-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015970-6","url":null,"abstract":"The main reason for the appearance of prisoners of war in Karelia during the World War I is associated with the implementation of large construction projects. The total number of prisoners of war was established based on archival sources. It was prepared special statistical samples. On the basis of them it was established the ethnic picture of the contingent of prisoners, as well as their nationality. It was found that the prisoners of war temporarily affected the current demographic situation in the region because in a separate territory of Karelia their number exceeded the number of the local male population. The problem of interaction with the local population is considered from several positions. The prisoners lived in peasant houses and had the opportunity to buy food from peasant shops. There were cases of prisoners marrying local women. The prisoners living in Petrozavodsk became part of the city's everyday life by the end of the war. Their civilian qualifications were in high demand among local residents.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90506229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840022296-4
Z. Bocharova
Based on archival and published materials, the article reconstructs the biography of V. B. Elyashevich as a scientist, teacher, public figure, philanthropist, and clarifies information about his place of birth. His main pedagogical activity was connected with the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, which he combined, among other things, with teaching at St. Petersburg University (1911—1913) after defending his master's thesis and working in state bodies (1915—1917). During the Civil War, he emigrated. The sphere of scientific interests of the scientist concerned the problems of Roman law, legal entity, civil and land relations, issues of formation and development of law and the economy of Soviet Russia. Special attention is paid to the contribution of V. B. Elyashevich to the formation of Foreign Russia, the popularization of science, his public and charitable activities.
基于档案和出版材料，本文重新构建了V. B. Elyashevich作为科学家，教师，公众人物，慈善家的传记，并澄清了他的出生地信息。他的主要教学活动与圣彼得堡理工学院有关，在完成硕士论文答辩和在国家机构工作(1915-1917)后，他在圣彼得堡大学任教(1911-1913)。内战期间，他移居国外。科学家的科学兴趣领域涉及罗马法、法律实体、民事和土地关系、法律的形成和发展以及苏联经济等问题。特别值得注意的是v.b. Elyashevich对外国俄罗斯的形成，科学普及以及他的公共和慈善活动的贡献。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840021593-1
A. Glazov
The author tried to reconstruct the Comintern's view on fascism in Latin America during the period between the VI and VII congresses of the Comintern, when the anti-fascist struggle had not yet become a key activity of the international organization of the communist movement (until August 23, 1939). The author analyzed the speeches of the Cominternists, the top leadership members and high-ranking functionaries, at three forums of communist parties in the Latin America (the June 1929 conference in Buenos Aires, the October conferences of 1930 and 1934 in Moscow). During those conferences the official position of the “headquarters of the world revolution” on the problem of fascism in Latin America was broadcasted. The article shows that the leadership of the Communist International did not see fascist regimes among the existing Latin American governments in terms of their class essence, since the fascist dictatorship was considered in Moscow exclusively as the most rigid form of bourgeoisie government, a class that had yet to come to real power and begin to play a leading role in the economic and political life of Latin American countries. The term “fascisization” in relation to the socio-political situation in the Latin American region was mainly used by the Comintern to characterize the process of borrowing by local repressive and / or authoritarian regimes of fascist methods to dominate and suppress mass movements against semi-feudal remnants and imperialist expansion.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207987840023417-7
Y. Belous
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of humanitarian policy of Spain in Latin America. The article considers the main instruments of humanitarian policy of Spain in Latin America, demonstrates their advantages, the amount of financing and the factors of their effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the humanitarian aspect of Spanish foreign policy on the example of Latin America and to draw conclusions about the Spanish experience for the Russian model of humanitarian policy. The authors conclude that the advantages of the Spanish model of humanitarian policy in Latin America are the effective cooperation of the public and non-governmental sectors for the benefit of humanitarian policy, mobilization of private sector funding for development assistance to Latin American countries, enhanced digitization of humanitarian policy institutions.
{"title":"Humanitarian Aspect of Spanish Foreign Policy in Latin America: Lessons for Russia","authors":"Y. Belous","doi":"10.18254/s207987840023417-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023417-7","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the peculiarities of humanitarian policy of Spain in Latin America. The article considers the main instruments of humanitarian policy of Spain in Latin America, demonstrates their advantages, the amount of financing and the factors of their effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the humanitarian aspect of Spanish foreign policy on the example of Latin America and to draw conclusions about the Spanish experience for the Russian model of humanitarian policy. The authors conclude that the advantages of the Spanish model of humanitarian policy in Latin America are the effective cooperation of the public and non-governmental sectors for the benefit of humanitarian policy, mobilization of private sector funding for development assistance to Latin American countries, enhanced digitization of humanitarian policy institutions.","PeriodicalId":43742,"journal":{"name":"Rossiiskaya Istoriya","volume":"278 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80082268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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