Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1177/08438714231218569
C. Convertito
The islands of the West Indies are often considered the most dangerous places for eighteenth century British sailors. Contemporary sources maintain that the level of sickness and mortality in the West Indies crippled the Royal Navy's fleet to such an extent as to render it extremely ineffective during the American Revolutionary War. There can be no doubt that disease, accidents and naval action had an effect on the Royal Navy in the West Indies; however the true extent of the impairment has been grossly exaggerated. This paper seeks to examine the precise effects of disease and mortality on British sailors stationed in the West Indies during the American War of Independence.
{"title":"The health of Royal Navy sailors in the West Indies during the American War of Independence, 1776–1783","authors":"C. Convertito","doi":"10.1177/08438714231218569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231218569","url":null,"abstract":"The islands of the West Indies are often considered the most dangerous places for eighteenth century British sailors. Contemporary sources maintain that the level of sickness and mortality in the West Indies crippled the Royal Navy's fleet to such an extent as to render it extremely ineffective during the American Revolutionary War. There can be no doubt that disease, accidents and naval action had an effect on the Royal Navy in the West Indies; however the true extent of the impairment has been grossly exaggerated. This paper seeks to examine the precise effects of disease and mortality on British sailors stationed in the West Indies during the American War of Independence.","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1177/08438714231220744
Syahrul Rahmat
{"title":"Book Review: The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities by Franck Billé, Sanjyot Mehendale and James W. Lankton","authors":"Syahrul Rahmat","doi":"10.1177/08438714231220744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231220744","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-10DOI: 10.1177/08438714231218524
R. E. Mewett
In the early eighteenth century, slow communications between the metropole and the margins of empire combined with fuzzy relationships among the various institutions of the composite imperial state to enable British naval officers to act with relative impunity. Facing little oversight and scant consequences for misbehavior, many captains took advantage of the entanglement of European empires in the Caribbean to pursue personal profit. They both protected local merchants engaged in illicit inter-imperial trade and themselves transported enslaved Africans across imperial lines. This article explores the extent of those activities and the intra- and inter-imperial conflicts they generated, emphasizing how naval officers’ behavior mirrored that of other public and quasi-public officials at the periphery. It also evaluates the conditions that allowed naval trading to persist despite its violation of longstanding laws and regulations, arguing that there was no powerful political stakeholder who clearly suffered by the naval officers’ actions.
{"title":"“It is ticklish meddling with the navy”: The British navy and Caribbean contraband trade, c. 1713–1750","authors":"R. E. Mewett","doi":"10.1177/08438714231218524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231218524","url":null,"abstract":"In the early eighteenth century, slow communications between the metropole and the margins of empire combined with fuzzy relationships among the various institutions of the composite imperial state to enable British naval officers to act with relative impunity. Facing little oversight and scant consequences for misbehavior, many captains took advantage of the entanglement of European empires in the Caribbean to pursue personal profit. They both protected local merchants engaged in illicit inter-imperial trade and themselves transported enslaved Africans across imperial lines. This article explores the extent of those activities and the intra- and inter-imperial conflicts they generated, emphasizing how naval officers’ behavior mirrored that of other public and quasi-public officials at the periphery. It also evaluates the conditions that allowed naval trading to persist despite its violation of longstanding laws and regulations, arguing that there was no powerful political stakeholder who clearly suffered by the naval officers’ actions.","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"647 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138982828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1177/08438714231218556
SA Cavell
In 1808 the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe represented the last threat to British colonial interests in the West Indies. Strategic concerns were not, however, the driving force behind British combined naval–military operations to capture them. Professional and financial gain were the primary motives for the officers in charge, Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and General Sir George Beckwith, as they debated fleet and troop dispositions for attacks on the islands. The chance to seize prizes, booty, and valuable appointments to colonial offices on captured territory played a large part in the formulation of plans, although changes to both the strategic situation in the region and the metropolitan–colonial relationship threatened their prospects. This article examines Cochrane and Beckwith's efforts to maintain autonomy in the face of stricter government oversight, sufficient to achieve their personal ambitions.
{"title":"Self-interest and high command rivalries in combined operations on Martinique and Guadeloupe, 1808–1811","authors":"SA Cavell","doi":"10.1177/08438714231218556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231218556","url":null,"abstract":"In 1808 the French Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe represented the last threat to British colonial interests in the West Indies. Strategic concerns were not, however, the driving force behind British combined naval–military operations to capture them. Professional and financial gain were the primary motives for the officers in charge, Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and General Sir George Beckwith, as they debated fleet and troop dispositions for attacks on the islands. The chance to seize prizes, booty, and valuable appointments to colonial offices on captured territory played a large part in the formulation of plans, although changes to both the strategic situation in the region and the metropolitan–colonial relationship threatened their prospects. This article examines Cochrane and Beckwith's efforts to maintain autonomy in the face of stricter government oversight, sufficient to achieve their personal ambitions.","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"116 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1177/08438714231218526
Evan Wilson
This essay introduces the forum by asking: what were the basic ‘ingredients’ of sugar in the eighteenth century? How did navies relate to each ingredient?
{"title":"Forum Introduction: Sugar and navies in the age of sail","authors":"Evan Wilson","doi":"10.1177/08438714231218526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231218526","url":null,"abstract":"This essay introduces the forum by asking: what were the basic ‘ingredients’ of sugar in the eighteenth century? How did navies relate to each ingredient?","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"71 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1177/08438714231197545
Erica Mezzoli
This article aims to highlight the characteristics of women’s labour participation in fisheries in the communities of the maritime periphery of the city port of Trieste. In the period in question, Trieste’s Maritime District was a strip of shoreline that extended from Grado (present-day Italy) to Savudrija (now Croatia). Apart from a few relevant cases, it had hardly been touched by the capitalist system of production. In this context, fisheries sometimes represented a significant source of wealth and employment for the populations of the local maritime communities. The women involved in fisheries were mainly factory labourers, fishmongers and owners of fishing boats. Their marginality (or marginalities) can be understood as ‘structural’ and a ‘social role’, and was articulated on different levels. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to go beyond the mere recognition of their liminality and, more generally, the traditional binarism characterizing gender studies in maritime contexts.
{"title":"Fringers: Women in Fishery in Trieste’s Maritime District, 1885–1923","authors":"Erica Mezzoli","doi":"10.1177/08438714231197545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231197545","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to highlight the characteristics of women’s labour participation in fisheries in the communities of the maritime periphery of the city port of Trieste. In the period in question, Trieste’s Maritime District was a strip of shoreline that extended from Grado (present-day Italy) to Savudrija (now Croatia). Apart from a few relevant cases, it had hardly been touched by the capitalist system of production. In this context, fisheries sometimes represented a significant source of wealth and employment for the populations of the local maritime communities. The women involved in fisheries were mainly factory labourers, fishmongers and owners of fishing boats. Their marginality (or marginalities) can be understood as ‘structural’ and a ‘social role’, and was articulated on different levels. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to go beyond the mere recognition of their liminality and, more generally, the traditional binarism characterizing gender studies in maritime contexts.","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41511235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1177/08438714231197762
A. Sørensen
In this article, the author describes how the creation of the Danish maritime museums in 1915 and 2013 – both generously funded by maritime foundations and actors – was perceived by the shipping industry as initiatives that would help market the industry in the eyes of the public. He argues more generally that national maritime museums constitute focal points for disseminating narratives that legitimate maritime activities and establish these activities as symbols of national identities. It is suggested that maritime historians, curators and scholars reflect on the relationship between maritime industry actors and museum exhibition narratives, and consider the interests and capital that potentially underpin museums’ and curators’ decisions.
{"title":"Shipping legitimacy and identity: The Danish Maritime Museum, 1915 and 2013","authors":"A. Sørensen","doi":"10.1177/08438714231197762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231197762","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the author describes how the creation of the Danish maritime museums in 1915 and 2013 – both generously funded by maritime foundations and actors – was perceived by the shipping industry as initiatives that would help market the industry in the eyes of the public. He argues more generally that national maritime museums constitute focal points for disseminating narratives that legitimate maritime activities and establish these activities as symbols of national identities. It is suggested that maritime historians, curators and scholars reflect on the relationship between maritime industry actors and museum exhibition narratives, and consider the interests and capital that potentially underpin museums’ and curators’ decisions.","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42640420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1177/08438714231198614
Olivia L Thomas
Nineteenth century whaling voyages commonly lasted several years, as the vessels and crews would not return to their home port until the holds were full of whale oil. Sailors with wives and families at home would be separated from their loved ones until their job at sea was done. This extended separation led many whaling wives to join their husbands on board. On the musty, cramped ships that would be their homes for several years, some whaling wives brought their children along, some were pregnant when they boarded and some conceived at sea. Ideally, a pregnant whaling wife would be put ashore in the later stages of her pregnancy to avoid giving birth on board the dirty, pitching, male-dominated whaling ship, but such relief was not always possible. Nineteenth century childbirth was shifting from female-dominated midwifery to male-dominated medical obstetrics. This change was marked by new training in midwifery, the invention of new obstetric equipment, and sometimes, more positive obstetric outcomes. Even on land, at the best of times, childbirth was still a potentially dangerous and devastating experience. This paper compares typical childbirth conditions, strategies and outcomes of the nineteenth century with those faced by whaling wives at sea.
{"title":"Whaling and wailing: Childbirth at sea on nineteenth-century whaling voyages","authors":"Olivia L Thomas","doi":"10.1177/08438714231198614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231198614","url":null,"abstract":"Nineteenth century whaling voyages commonly lasted several years, as the vessels and crews would not return to their home port until the holds were full of whale oil. Sailors with wives and families at home would be separated from their loved ones until their job at sea was done. This extended separation led many whaling wives to join their husbands on board. On the musty, cramped ships that would be their homes for several years, some whaling wives brought their children along, some were pregnant when they boarded and some conceived at sea. Ideally, a pregnant whaling wife would be put ashore in the later stages of her pregnancy to avoid giving birth on board the dirty, pitching, male-dominated whaling ship, but such relief was not always possible. Nineteenth century childbirth was shifting from female-dominated midwifery to male-dominated medical obstetrics. This change was marked by new training in midwifery, the invention of new obstetric equipment, and sometimes, more positive obstetric outcomes. Even on land, at the best of times, childbirth was still a potentially dangerous and devastating experience. This paper compares typical childbirth conditions, strategies and outcomes of the nineteenth century with those faced by whaling wives at sea.","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44556984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1177/08438714231194522
H. Cotter
Alexandra Ganser’s Crisis and Legitimacy in Atlantic American Narratives of Piracy, 1678–1865 sets out on an ambitious mission. The book enters an already crowded scholarly conversation – as noted in its introduction, ‘Pirates are everywhere today’ (1) – and attempts a new critical approach to their study. This novelty manifests itself both in the sophistication of Ganser’s arguments and the scope of texts she considers: the book comprises a plethora of genres, periods, methodologies and observations arranged chronologically and intended to demonstrate the inherent paradox of the pirate figure – a figure that exists in the liminal space between legitimate and illegitimate social orders. At the centre of Ganser’s thesis lies her contention that ‘pirate narratives articulate a Freudian return of the oppressed – of colonial violence and resistance in critical moments of North American history’ (4). Ganser uses these moments of crisis to conceptualize her readings of popular accounts of piracy. The book’s introduction lays the foundation of Ganser’s theoretical approach, which is firmly rooted in the sphere of cultural studies. Borrowing a term from literary theorist Edward Said, she employs a ‘contrapuntal’ lens through which to theorize her texts. This methodology allows her to foreground literary voices that have heretofore been drowned out by canonical writings – voices that often challenge received accounts of piracy. Chapter 2 considers the pirate against the backdrop of colonial legitimacy; the texts considered include the English translation of Alexander Exquemelin’s Buccaneers of America (1684) and the sermons of Cotton Mather. The third chapter turns to the Early American Republic and the Antebellum Period, and views its attendant pirate narratives through the lenses of freedom and oppression. Here, Ganser provides close readings of James Fenimore Cooper’s Red Rover (1827) and Maturin Murray Ballou’s Fanny Campbell (1844). In her fourth chapter – arguably her strongest – Ganser investigates theoretical links between piracy and slavery in the years before and during the American Civil War. Particularly engaging are her complementary analyses of M. M. Philip’s Emmanuel Appadocca (1854) and Herman Melville’s ‘Benito Cereno’ (1855–1856). The chapter closes with a fascinating discussion of piratical rhetoric during the Civil War itself: the images printed on Union envelopes provide the fodder for Ganser’s assessment. In its brief conclusion, the book proposes ways forward for the cultural study of the pirate. Book Reviews IJMH
{"title":"Book Review: Crisis and Legitimacy in Atlantic American Narratives of Piracy, 1678–1865 by Alexandra Ganser","authors":"H. Cotter","doi":"10.1177/08438714231194522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231194522","url":null,"abstract":"Alexandra Ganser’s Crisis and Legitimacy in Atlantic American Narratives of Piracy, 1678–1865 sets out on an ambitious mission. The book enters an already crowded scholarly conversation – as noted in its introduction, ‘Pirates are everywhere today’ (1) – and attempts a new critical approach to their study. This novelty manifests itself both in the sophistication of Ganser’s arguments and the scope of texts she considers: the book comprises a plethora of genres, periods, methodologies and observations arranged chronologically and intended to demonstrate the inherent paradox of the pirate figure – a figure that exists in the liminal space between legitimate and illegitimate social orders. At the centre of Ganser’s thesis lies her contention that ‘pirate narratives articulate a Freudian return of the oppressed – of colonial violence and resistance in critical moments of North American history’ (4). Ganser uses these moments of crisis to conceptualize her readings of popular accounts of piracy. The book’s introduction lays the foundation of Ganser’s theoretical approach, which is firmly rooted in the sphere of cultural studies. Borrowing a term from literary theorist Edward Said, she employs a ‘contrapuntal’ lens through which to theorize her texts. This methodology allows her to foreground literary voices that have heretofore been drowned out by canonical writings – voices that often challenge received accounts of piracy. Chapter 2 considers the pirate against the backdrop of colonial legitimacy; the texts considered include the English translation of Alexander Exquemelin’s Buccaneers of America (1684) and the sermons of Cotton Mather. The third chapter turns to the Early American Republic and the Antebellum Period, and views its attendant pirate narratives through the lenses of freedom and oppression. Here, Ganser provides close readings of James Fenimore Cooper’s Red Rover (1827) and Maturin Murray Ballou’s Fanny Campbell (1844). In her fourth chapter – arguably her strongest – Ganser investigates theoretical links between piracy and slavery in the years before and during the American Civil War. Particularly engaging are her complementary analyses of M. M. Philip’s Emmanuel Appadocca (1854) and Herman Melville’s ‘Benito Cereno’ (1855–1856). The chapter closes with a fascinating discussion of piratical rhetoric during the Civil War itself: the images printed on Union envelopes provide the fodder for Ganser’s assessment. In its brief conclusion, the book proposes ways forward for the cultural study of the pirate. Book Reviews IJMH","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"35 1","pages":"504 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48385699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1177/08438714231194531
Christopher Reinhart
{"title":"Book Review: Gunboats, Empire and the China Station: The Royal Navy in 1920s East Asia by Matthew Heaslip","authors":"Christopher Reinhart","doi":"10.1177/08438714231194531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08438714231194531","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43870,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Maritime History","volume":"35 1","pages":"516 - 517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42170396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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