{"title":"Changes over Time in Qing History: The Importance of Context","authors":"P. Cohen","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2016.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2016.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"17 1","pages":"10 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2016.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reflections on Five Decades of Studying Late Imperial Chinese Literature","authors":"Robert E. Hegel","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2016.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2016.0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"37 1","pages":"5 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2016.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When I was first teaching the Qing field I gave a lecture that, as I thought, would introduce the Qing Dynasty to undergraduate students at the University of Washington. Unconsciously, I personified the Qing, and found myself saying “The Qing did this,” or “The Qing did that.” One student quietly raised her hand, and asked: “What is a qing?” The question stopped me short, for I didn’t have an answer. The easiest answer would have been “read your textbook,” but that didn’t come to mind at the time. I have since reflected on the question, it seems appropriate on this occasion to look back and also forward at these images. In recent years, I have found it useful in my teaching and writing to organize my understanding of the field into categories, based on what sort of regime scholars in the field imagined the Qing to be. In brief, I find there are three categories. When I first encountered the Qing, as a student in the late 1960s, the Qing was counted a failed dynasty. When I published my first book, it was the fashion to understand the Qing as an early modern state, engaged in same processes of state building as contemporary states in Europe. Most recently we have come to regard the Qing as an empire, with all of the complex nuances of imperialism and domination, control and subordination that phrase entails. This kind of Qing-as-empire history has come to be known recently as the “New Qing History.” Although we have learned much from the new Qing history, I fear now we must begin to consider a post New Qing Qing History. The facts of Qing history have of course not changed, though to some degree the documents we learn them from have. What has changed
{"title":"Images of the Qing","authors":"R. Guy","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2016.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2016.0005","url":null,"abstract":"When I was first teaching the Qing field I gave a lecture that, as I thought, would introduce the Qing Dynasty to undergraduate students at the University of Washington. Unconsciously, I personified the Qing, and found myself saying “The Qing did this,” or “The Qing did that.” One student quietly raised her hand, and asked: “What is a qing?” The question stopped me short, for I didn’t have an answer. The easiest answer would have been “read your textbook,” but that didn’t come to mind at the time. I have since reflected on the question, it seems appropriate on this occasion to look back and also forward at these images. In recent years, I have found it useful in my teaching and writing to organize my understanding of the field into categories, based on what sort of regime scholars in the field imagined the Qing to be. In brief, I find there are three categories. When I first encountered the Qing, as a student in the late 1960s, the Qing was counted a failed dynasty. When I published my first book, it was the fashion to understand the Qing as an early modern state, engaged in same processes of state building as contemporary states in Europe. Most recently we have come to regard the Qing as an empire, with all of the complex nuances of imperialism and domination, control and subordination that phrase entails. This kind of Qing-as-empire history has come to be known recently as the “New Qing History.” Although we have learned much from the new Qing history, I fear now we must begin to consider a post New Qing Qing History. The facts of Qing history have of course not changed, though to some degree the documents we learn them from have. What has changed","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"37 1","pages":"14 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2016.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article compares unofficial perspectives on torture during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties, as expressed in ledgers of merit and demerit, operas, ballads, proverbs, and popular customs. Because of the diversity of these unofficial sources — both in terms of their form and content and in terms of their audience and distribution — the perspectives they reveal are more varied and less reflective of state orthodoxies than are the views typically expressed in the codified law, administrative writings, and other official sources. Unlike official writings, which focused on administrative and legal “best practice” concerning how torture was supposed to be applied, unofficial sources focused greater attention on how torture was actually applied, highlighting the potential for abuse and the deleterious effects of torture on its victims.
{"title":"Unofficial Perspectives on Torture in Ming and Qing China","authors":"Nancy Park","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2016.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2016.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This article compares unofficial perspectives on torture during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties, as expressed in ledgers of merit and demerit, operas, ballads, proverbs, and popular customs. Because of the diversity of these unofficial sources — both in terms of their form and content and in terms of their audience and distribution — the perspectives they reveal are more varied and less reflective of state orthodoxies than are the views typically expressed in the codified law, administrative writings, and other official sources. Unlike official writings, which focused on administrative and legal “best practice” concerning how torture was supposed to be applied, unofficial sources focused greater attention on how torture was actually applied, highlighting the potential for abuse and the deleterious effects of torture on its victims.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"37 1","pages":"17 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2016.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on a close analysis of Chinese and Korean primary source materials, this article explores the social ramifications of war mobilization in the Sino-Korean borderland during the late sixteenth-century Japanese invasion of Korea (1592–98). In this transnational war involving Japan, Chosŏn Korea, and Ming China, the cross-border region astride the Yalu River escaped the direct destruction wrought by the Japanese armies. Nevertheless, the deployment of Ming troops and the effects of their mobilization, the transport of provisions in particular, severely disrupted the lives and livelihood of local residents on both sides of the border. While decisions of strategic importance were made by the Wanli emperor (r. 1572–1620) and his officials in Beijing throughout the war, logistical decisions concerning the provisioning of Ming soldiers essentially rested with officials dispatched to the border region, and their choices and concerns closely reflected the region’s terrain, weather, and social conditions. This case study of Ming military logistics in the middle of the Wanli reign demonstrates the capacity of the Ming state in a region away from the central court in Beijing. It also underscores the importance of a cross-border perspective in examining the Ming war in Korea at the end of the sixteenth century.
{"title":"War, Supply Lines, and Society in the Sino-Korean Borderland of the Late Sixteenth Century","authors":"Masatoshi Hasegawa","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2016.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2016.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a close analysis of Chinese and Korean primary source materials, this article explores the social ramifications of war mobilization in the Sino-Korean borderland during the late sixteenth-century Japanese invasion of Korea (1592–98). In this transnational war involving Japan, Chosŏn Korea, and Ming China, the cross-border region astride the Yalu River escaped the direct destruction wrought by the Japanese armies. Nevertheless, the deployment of Ming troops and the effects of their mobilization, the transport of provisions in particular, severely disrupted the lives and livelihood of local residents on both sides of the border. While decisions of strategic importance were made by the Wanli emperor (r. 1572–1620) and his officials in Beijing throughout the war, logistical decisions concerning the provisioning of Ming soldiers essentially rested with officials dispatched to the border region, and their choices and concerns closely reflected the region’s terrain, weather, and social conditions. This case study of Ming military logistics in the middle of the Wanli reign demonstrates the capacity of the Ming state in a region away from the central court in Beijing. It also underscores the importance of a cross-border perspective in examining the Ming war in Korea at the end of the sixteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"37 1","pages":"109 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2016.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the formation of the rules and regulations for the Qing administration, beginning with the establishment of the six boards in 1631 and ending with the publication of the first Da Qing huidian, or administrative code, in 1690. It charts the administrative problems that arose during the early Qing, and how state-makers turned to the Ming Huidian for answers but consistently found it unable to provide solutions to Qing-specific problems. In response, Qing officials called for the compilation of a Qing Huidian that would account for the emergent Qing-specific administrative structure and apparatus. The article shows that the Qing Hudian was not merely a copy of the Ming document of the same name; rather, it was a compilation of the regulations that developed in response to administrative and political problems over a sixty-year period, and did so in tandem with the emergence of the Qing state. The article further argues that the Qing had administrative law. The intent behind the regulations of the Huidian was to lay out enforceable procedural requirements that regulated administrative activity, as well as to set binding rules about the organizational structure of the state and the relations among actors and internal agencies.
{"title":"Administrative Law and the Making of the First Da Qing Huidian","authors":"Macabe Keliher","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2016.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2016.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the formation of the rules and regulations for the Qing administration, beginning with the establishment of the six boards in 1631 and ending with the publication of the first Da Qing huidian, or administrative code, in 1690. It charts the administrative problems that arose during the early Qing, and how state-makers turned to the Ming Huidian for answers but consistently found it unable to provide solutions to Qing-specific problems. In response, Qing officials called for the compilation of a Qing Huidian that would account for the emergent Qing-specific administrative structure and apparatus. The article shows that the Qing Hudian was not merely a copy of the Ming document of the same name; rather, it was a compilation of the regulations that developed in response to administrative and political problems over a sixty-year period, and did so in tandem with the emergence of the Qing state. The article further argues that the Qing had administrative law. The intent behind the regulations of the Huidian was to lay out enforceable procedural requirements that regulated administrative activity, as well as to set binding rules about the organizational structure of the state and the relations among actors and internal agencies.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"37 1","pages":"107 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2016.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67084304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on Manchu archival sources, this paper discusses three trade missions which traveled from Mongolia through Qinghai to Tibet in the early eighteenth century, during a time of truce between the Qing emperor and the leaders of the Zunghar Mongol confederation. Qing officials scrutinized intensively and carefully supervised the progress of these missions, which the Zunghar envoys used to establish commercial and religious links with the Buddhist lamas of Tibet. Both sides took advantage of this time of peaceful relations to gather information about each other and wider Central Eurasian connections. This short period of trade contact adds depth to our understanding of the multiple forms of Qing relations with its neighbors and Qing knowledge of the world beyond China.
{"title":"Tea, Cloth, Gold, and Religion: Manchu Sources on Trade Missions From Mongolia to Tibet","authors":"P. Perdue","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2015.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2015.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Based on Manchu archival sources, this paper discusses three trade missions which traveled from Mongolia through Qinghai to Tibet in the early eighteenth century, during a time of truce between the Qing emperor and the leaders of the Zunghar Mongol confederation. Qing officials scrutinized intensively and carefully supervised the progress of these missions, which the Zunghar envoys used to establish commercial and religious links with the Buddhist lamas of Tibet. Both sides took advantage of this time of peaceful relations to gather information about each other and wider Central Eurasian connections. This short period of trade contact adds depth to our understanding of the multiple forms of Qing relations with its neighbors and Qing knowledge of the world beyond China.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2015.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conference Note: Early Modern China in the Late Imperial World","authors":"Tobie S. Meyer-Fong","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2015.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2015.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"36 1","pages":"126 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2015.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to define one stage in the long history of the production of texts by Chinese elites using spirit writing. This stage lasted approximately from 1700 to 1858. It is characterized by processes of canonization, evidenced by two interrelated phenomena: the compilation of “complete books,” quanshu, for major savior gods (textual canonization), and their being granted very high-ranking titles by the imperial state (state canonization). Such processes were spurred by the activism of elite groups that promoted their values through their chosen divine saviors and their scriptural canons. The paper focuses on three gods in particular: Patriarch Lü, Wenchang, and Emperor Guan. The article discusses the textual and state canonizations of these gods and examines the social, doctrinal, and political dynamics that made them possible.
{"title":"Spirit Writing, Canonization, and the Rise of Divine Saviors: Wenchang, Lüzu, and Guandi, 1700–1858","authors":"Vincent Goossaert","doi":"10.1353/LATE.2015.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/LATE.2015.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to define one stage in the long history of the production of texts by Chinese elites using spirit writing. This stage lasted approximately from 1700 to 1858. It is characterized by processes of canonization, evidenced by two interrelated phenomena: the compilation of “complete books,” quanshu, for major savior gods (textual canonization), and their being granted very high-ranking titles by the imperial state (state canonization). Such processes were spurred by the activism of elite groups that promoted their values through their chosen divine saviors and their scriptural canons. The paper focuses on three gods in particular: Patriarch Lü, Wenchang, and Emperor Guan. The article discusses the textual and state canonizations of these gods and examines the social, doctrinal, and political dynamics that made them possible.","PeriodicalId":43948,"journal":{"name":"LATE IMPERIAL CHINA","volume":"36 1","pages":"125 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/LATE.2015.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67083497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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