Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.22
A. Klein
Some recent OECD-studies tackle new psychosomatic symptoms in the context of work. So we find the paradoxical situation, that although the state of health and well-being in societies grows, statistics show growing rates of burn-out syndroms together with uneasiness, addiction and non-functioning. One in five workers suffer from a mental illness, such as depression or anxiety, and many more are struggling to cope. In a closer reading we can see, that the social-medical model still dominates this actual policy research, although the cultural model has gained growing recognition in the last fifteen years. But we find a double blank spot with relevance for historical knowledge formation: On the one side, studies on work that use the tool set of cultural studies can rarely be found. On the other side, disability studies that work with the cultural model are rarely tackling the working subject. Starting from this analytical point, this contribution wants to stimulate historical knowledge formation on the working subject. The epistemic perspective of this study is coined by the cultural model of disability; the methodology is based on the visual, the spatial and the linguistic turn. In studying historical artefacts like film scenes or juridical definitions, we can come to a closer understanding of how we conceptualise human beings. The thesis is, that during the 20th-century the changing “microphysics of power” (Foucault) produced new forms of subjectivation: Either, workers tried to assimilate to the “machine rhythms” or they uttered their needs in “embodied dissent”. There are multilayered facets in between. I want to develop the argumentation that the body/mind-centering seems to be at the heart of the postfordist transformation. The article concludes by underlining the possibility to read bodies as a source, an approach Bryan S. Turner has theorized in his article “Disability and the Sociology of the Body”.
经合组织最近的一些研究解决了工作中出现的新的心身症状。因此，我们发现了一个矛盾的情况，尽管社会的健康和福祉状况在增长，但统计数据显示，倦怠综合症以及不安、成瘾和功能丧失的比例在增长。五分之一的员工患有精神疾病，如抑郁症或焦虑症，还有更多的人正在努力应对。仔细阅读我们会发现，尽管文化模型在过去15年里得到了越来越多的认可，但社会医学模型仍然主导着实际的政策研究。但我们发现了与历史知识形成相关的双重空白:一方面，很少能找到使用文化研究工具集的工作研究。另一方面，与文化模型合作的残疾研究很少涉及工作主题。从这一分析角度出发，本文希望激发对工作主体的历史认识形成。本研究的认识论视角是由残疾的文化模型创造的;其方法论是基于视觉、空间和语言的转向。在研究电影场景或法律定义等历史文物时，我们可以更深入地了解我们如何将人类概念化。本文的论点是，在20世纪，不断变化的“权力微观物理学”(福柯)产生了新的主体化形式:工人要么试图融入“机器节奏”，要么以“体现异议”的方式表达他们的需求。这中间有多层面的面。我想提出这样的论点，即以身心为中心似乎是后福特主义转型的核心。文章最后强调了将身体解读为一种来源的可能性，这是Bryan S. Turner在他的文章《残疾与身体社会学》中提出的理论。
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Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.26
I. Suay-Matallana
This article will explore how Jose Casares employed his textbooks and his recognition as expert to consolidate chemical analysis as a discipline in the Spanish universities. First, it will be shown the active role of Casares in the shaping of his textbooks. Thanks to their publications, textbook authors became trusted voices in their disciplines, promoting them in their local contexts. The study of the Casares’ treatise also shows the resources employed to establish his discipline among different publics. Secondly, the article will describe the origin and the evolution of his treatise, as well as its main shaping elements. Finally, the article will examine the strategies developed by Casares to construct a disciplinary identity for analytical chemistry in Spain.
{"title":"Química, pedagogía y autoridad experta: el Tratado de análisis químico de José Casares Gil (1866-1961) y la construcción de una disciplina científica","authors":"I. Suay-Matallana","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.26","url":null,"abstract":"This article will explore how Jose Casares employed his textbooks and his recognition as expert to consolidate chemical analysis as a discipline in the Spanish universities. First, it will be shown the active role of Casares in the shaping of his textbooks. Thanks to their publications, textbook authors became trusted voices in their disciplines, promoting them in their local contexts. The study of the Casares’ treatise also shows the resources employed to establish his discipline among different publics. Secondly, the article will describe the origin and the evolution of his treatise, as well as its main shaping elements. Finally, the article will examine the strategies developed by Casares to construct a disciplinary identity for analytical chemistry in Spain.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80622413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.25
Sara Badía-Villaseca
In October 1863, Rafael Castro y Ordonez, artist and photographer of the Comision Cientifica del Pacifico, traveled across the State of California in the company of naturalist Francisco de Paula Martinez y Saez. The Comision was associated with a pan- Hispanic military and political expedition. As a result of the expedition the artist produced around twenty photographs, drawings, and several letters that were ultimately published by the Spanish pictorial magazine El Museo Universal. Both his photographs and travel accounts make up an exceptionally valuable body of knowledge allowing to reconstruct not only the Comision project but also its attempt at portraying a new image of America following the independence of Spain’s former colonies and the ascent of the United States as a world power. This paper analyzes both this discourse and its expression in relation to California, a then recently incorporated US territory. Several interesting phenomena, including occasional breaches in the discourse, the circulation of photographs beyond the expedition’s context, and the connections of this exploration journey with tourism, will be unveiled in the course of the present study.
1863年10月，太平洋科学委员会的艺术家和摄影师拉斐尔·卡斯特罗·奥多涅斯(Rafael Castro y Ordonez)在博物学家弗朗西斯科·德·保拉·马丁内斯(Francisco de Paula Martinez y Saez)的陪同下穿越了加利福尼亚州。该委员会与一次泛西班牙军事和政治远征有关。作为这次探险的结果，这位艺术家创作了大约20张照片、素描和几封信，最终由西班牙画报《环球博物馆》发表。他的照片和旅行记录构成了一个非常有价值的知识体系，不仅可以重建委员会项目，还可以重建它在西班牙前殖民地独立和美国崛起为世界大国之后描绘美国新形象的尝试。本文分析了这一话语及其表达与当时刚刚并入美国领土的加利福尼亚的关系。几个有趣的现象，包括偶尔的话语中断，超越探险背景的照片流通，以及这次探险之旅与旅游业的联系，将在本研究的过程中揭开面纱。
{"title":"Las fotografías de California de Rafael Castro y Ordóñez, miembro de la Expedición Científica del Pacífico (1862-1866): discurso y circulación","authors":"Sara Badía-Villaseca","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.25","url":null,"abstract":"In October 1863, Rafael Castro y Ordonez, artist and photographer of the Comision Cientifica del Pacifico, traveled across the State of California in the company of naturalist Francisco de Paula Martinez y Saez. The Comision was associated with a pan- Hispanic military and political expedition. As a result of the expedition the artist produced around twenty photographs, drawings, and several letters that were ultimately published by the Spanish pictorial magazine El Museo Universal. Both his photographs and travel accounts make up an exceptionally valuable body of knowledge allowing to reconstruct not only the Comision project but also its attempt at portraying a new image of America following the independence of Spain’s former colonies and the ascent of the United States as a world power. This paper analyzes both this discourse and its expression in relation to California, a then recently incorporated US territory. Several interesting phenomena, including occasional breaches in the discourse, the circulation of photographs beyond the expedition’s context, and the connections of this exploration journey with tourism, will be unveiled in the course of the present study.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78045979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.31
María Dolores Ruiz Berdún, A. Blanco
The objective of this work is to examine the serious consequences the Spanish Civil War of 1936 had on the professional midwifery collective, exclusively made up of women in these historic times. In spite of the difficulties faced upon identifying and quantifying the mortal victims of this conflict, various midwives were murdered during the battle by both sides due to their political believes. On the other hand, given the professional independence and the social relevance that these healthcare professionals had acquired during the Spanish Second Republic, a clearly different repression can be seen when we compare it to the suffering experienced by other female collectives in Franco’s postwar Spain. For this, part of the abundant documentation found in different archives has been condensed. A table reflecting the changes of which they were accused, the sentences which were imposed and the data obtained from their time spent in francoistic prisons until they were set free was created.
{"title":"Matronas víctimas de la Guerra Civil Española","authors":"María Dolores Ruiz Berdún, A. Blanco","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.31","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is to examine the serious consequences the Spanish Civil War of 1936 had on the professional midwifery collective, exclusively made up of women in these historic times. In spite of the difficulties faced upon identifying and quantifying the mortal victims of this conflict, various midwives were murdered during the battle by both sides due to their political believes. On the other hand, given the professional independence and the social relevance that these healthcare professionals had acquired during the Spanish Second Republic, a clearly different repression can be seen when we compare it to the suffering experienced by other female collectives in Franco’s postwar Spain. For this, part of the abundant documentation found in different archives has been condensed. A table reflecting the changes of which they were accused, the sentences which were imposed and the data obtained from their time spent in francoistic prisons until they were set free was created.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81919357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.27
Fernanda Rebelo-Pinto
This paper analyzes how immigration process in the Rio de Plata Basin countries, specifically Brazil and Argentina, promoted inflexions in the sanitations agreements in the end of 19th century. The port is a device within in which are defined knowledge and standards and are established interventions on people in transit, particularly immigrants. The barriers in the agreements between these countries were not only related to controversies within medical and scientific communities but also to political and economics tensions linked to the labor immigrants disputes. In the beginning of 20th century, we can see a shift of interest and issues related to public health: epidemic control was not enough. The states must guarantee some benefits to the populations, especially heath care. This new view is analyzed according to the understanding and uses of the liberal ideology concerning risk self-regulations, collectivization of welfare and expanding of civil and social rights. This process is leveraged in parts by the inclusion of the immigrants in theses societies.
{"title":"Imigração, ciência e saúde: controle de riscos e expansão de direitos na Bacia do Rio da Prata (1873-1911)","authors":"Fernanda Rebelo-Pinto","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.27","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes how immigration process in the Rio de Plata Basin countries, specifically Brazil and Argentina, promoted inflexions in the sanitations agreements in the end of 19th century. The port is a device within in which are defined knowledge and standards and are established interventions on people in transit, particularly immigrants. The barriers in the agreements between these countries were not only related to controversies within medical and scientific communities but also to political and economics tensions linked to the labor immigrants disputes. In the beginning of 20th century, we can see a shift of interest and issues related to public health: epidemic control was not enough. The states must guarantee some benefits to the populations, especially heath care. This new view is analyzed according to the understanding and uses of the liberal ideology concerning risk self-regulations, collectivization of welfare and expanding of civil and social rights. This process is leveraged in parts by the inclusion of the immigrants in theses societies.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89788534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.19
P. Verstraete, Frederik Herman
Since the late twentieth century, disability history has grown out of its infancy. Scholars from a variety of backgrounds have increasingly become convinced of the value of looking at the past through the lens of disability. Many studies have focused on the constructed nature of disability and thus deliberately tried to deconstruct contemporary distinctions between able-bodied and disabled individuals. By positively revaluing the particular position of the individual with disabilities on the basis of historical narratives, an attempt was made to counter ongoing tendencies of discrimination and oppression. In this article, we would like to remind the reader of another approach which sometimes runs the danger of being snowed under, namely a historical venture that seeks to uncover commonalities: places where the distinctions between persons with and without disabilities are temporarily forgotten and/ or erased, moments when the boundaries between the self and the other are being reconfigured. In order to do so, we will draw on an influential discourse from the history of disability itself: the discourse of rehabilitation. Going back to the early twentieth century, we will present the work of French scientist Jules Mardochee Amar and two Belgian disabled soldiers from the First World War. Amar’s ideas on rehabilitation would prove influential for the actual practices of rehabilitation during and after the war. The two Belgian disabled soldiers were retrained in a professional institute for rehabilitation established by the Belgian government in the north of France. By juxtaposing Amar’s discourse with the experiences of the two Belgian soldiers, we will demonstrate how, besides the discursive individual of rehabilitation, one also can find moments when that individual is absorbed by a real and tangible commonality. As a consequence, everybody —whether able-bodied citizen or mutilated soldier— becomes part of a community of equals.
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Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.28
M. L. Múgica
In late 19th and early 20th century venereal diseases received special attention in the medical, journalistic and political speeches. Local regulations regarding the issue of prostitution and the tipical problems of cities which, like Rosario, underwent a process of sudden modernization, accounted for this special attention. Prostitution appeared in epochal representations associated with venereal diseases, especially syphilis and gonorrhea, witch, together with alcoholism and tuberculosis, were characterized as some of the major preventable social ills. Prostitution was perceived as the main source of sexually transmitted infections. In this work we analyze discourses on venereal diseases also called “secret” at that time; we also analyse the fears these instilled in society and the prophylactic practices adopted to protect the individual bodies and the social body of the city when the regulated prostitution system was in force in Rosario (1874-1932).
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Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.32
Thomas Müller, Uta Kanis-Seyfried
Object of this article is the destiny of psychiatric inmates in Wuerttemberg asylums, 1940-1945. These patients from Italian regions of Vicenza, Udine, Trento, Alto Adige and various locations more were delegated and, to a substantial number, illegally deported to the German asylums Zwiefalten, Schussenried and Weissenau, all in South Wuerttemberg, in 1940 and 1943. Attention is focused on the pioneering state pre-negotiations, and the so-called option treaties between the German Reich and Fascist Italy as part of the general aspect of National Socialist bio-Politics. The treatment of these South Tyrol patients in the asylums themselves, as well as their fate will be put into the context of the resettlement actions at the margins of the Third Reich, which started in 1939 and widely affected the European continent. It is referred to other sub-groups of migrating population from Italy to the German Reich as well, as a contrasting aspect of this contribution
{"title":"Implicaciones transnacionales en la historia de la psiquiatría: la reubicación de pacientes de Tirol del sur (Italia) en instituciones psiquiátricas alemanas, 1940-1945","authors":"Thomas Müller, Uta Kanis-Seyfried","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.32","url":null,"abstract":"Object of this article is the destiny of psychiatric inmates in Wuerttemberg asylums, 1940-1945. These patients from Italian regions of Vicenza, Udine, Trento, Alto Adige and various locations more were delegated and, to a substantial number, illegally deported to the German asylums Zwiefalten, Schussenried and Weissenau, all in South Wuerttemberg, in 1940 and 1943. Attention is focused on the pioneering state pre-negotiations, and the so-called option treaties between the German Reich and Fascist Italy as part of the general aspect of National Socialist bio-Politics. The treatment of these South Tyrol patients in the asylums themselves, as well as their fate will be put into the context of the resettlement actions at the margins of the Third Reich, which started in 1939 and widely affected the European continent. It is referred to other sub-groups of migrating population from Italy to the German Reich as well, as a contrasting aspect of this contribution","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82005643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.21
M. D. Cura, J. Martínez-Pérez
The association movement related to intellectual disability started in Spain during the second part of Franco´s dictatorship. Its appearance was rather late with respect to other countries, where associations of families and defenders of people with intellectual disabilities had been going on for some time and were forming larger groups, first European-wide then internationally. Spanish parents were the principal actor of this social movement. They demanded the right of their children to receive a decent education and to have a more secure future beyond that of childhood. From 1959 (the year that first association —ASPRONA— was created in Valencia) until the end of the Franco’s regime more than one hundred family associations were created all over the country. Additionally, in 1964, the Spanish Federation of Societies for the Protection of the Subnormal (FEAPS) was created to liaise with the public administration and be in charge of promoting and helping the other associations. By analysing as main sources bulletins and reports published by these disability organisations, this article explains the rise of parents’ activism, it describes the spread of the self-organised groups and it looks at the way in which these associations built their identities and performed their intended functions. The paper focuses also on the criticisms and problems these groups faced and on the process that led them to take a more confrontational stance.
{"title":"De la resignación al inconformismo: movimiento asociativo, familia y discapacidad intelectual en la España de Franco (1957-1975)","authors":"M. D. Cura, J. Martínez-Pérez","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.21","url":null,"abstract":"The association movement related to intellectual disability started in Spain during the second part of Franco´s dictatorship. Its appearance was rather late with respect to other countries, where associations of families and defenders of people with intellectual disabilities had been going on for some time and were forming larger groups, first European-wide then internationally. Spanish parents were the principal actor of this social movement. They demanded the right of their children to receive a decent education and to have a more secure future beyond that of childhood. From 1959 (the year that first association —ASPRONA— was created in Valencia) until the end of the Franco’s regime more than one hundred family associations were created all over the country. Additionally, in 1964, the Spanish Federation of Societies for the Protection of the Subnormal (FEAPS) was created to liaise with the public administration and be in charge of promoting and helping the other associations. By analysing as main sources bulletins and reports published by these disability organisations, this article explains the rise of parents’ activism, it describes the spread of the self-organised groups and it looks at the way in which these associations built their identities and performed their intended functions. The paper focuses also on the criticisms and problems these groups faced and on the process that led them to take a more confrontational stance.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77781828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.24
R. Baeza
Through the study of the border dispute between Argentina and Chile in Patagonia, the article offers a reflection and an example of the use of geographical knowledge in claiming territorial sovereignty. Based on the social history of science and cultural history, it presents the conditionings that influenced the arguments of both countries, and the political resolution of a territorial quarrel that over a hundred years ago, and also nowadays, forced Chile to resort to international bodies to determine its limits and ensure its rights. This situation implied a decision on the geographical knowledge of the disputed nature. This argument, however, did not bolster the Chilean position, since the referee called upon to decide the dispute, after revised several sources and not only the geographical knowledge claimed by Chile.
{"title":"Territorio y saber en disputa. La controversia limítrofe chilenoargentina sobre los Andes","authors":"R. Baeza","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.24","url":null,"abstract":"Through the study of the border dispute between Argentina and Chile in Patagonia, the article offers a reflection and an example of the use of geographical knowledge in claiming territorial sovereignty. Based on the social history of science and cultural history, it presents the conditionings that influenced the arguments of both countries, and the political resolution of a territorial quarrel that over a hundred years ago, and also nowadays, forced Chile to resort to international bodies to determine its limits and ensure its rights. This situation implied a decision on the geographical knowledge of the disputed nature. This argument, however, did not bolster the Chilean position, since the referee called upon to decide the dispute, after revised several sources and not only the geographical knowledge claimed by Chile.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74851931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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