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De asilo a hospital dos Tifosos: O caso do asilo António Almeida da Costa na primeira metade do século XX. Génese, dinâmicas e funcionalidades
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-17 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.19
C. Pereira, Diogo Guedes Vidal
This work aims to analyse the genesis, dynamics and functionalities of the Antonio Almeida da Costa Asylum, founded at the beginning of the 20th century in Vila Nova de Gaia, in northern Portugal, in the elderly assistance, initially funded for the elderly workers of the industrial complex of Ceramics and Foundry of Devesas, and in their punctual initiative: the transformation into a hospital for the Typhosos when the epidemic occurred in the city. To meet these objectives, a historical reconstruction exercise was carried out through the benemerit acquis, in particular, based on the minutes of the administrative committee, in internal regulations and statutes and also in the book of invalids hospitalized in the Asylum. Based on the information found, it was possible to describe the institution’s dynamics in the assistance to the elderly, especially in the place of the Devesas in Vila Nova de Gaia, framing the important contribution of it in the public cause of the fight against the exanthematic typhus epidemic.
这项工作旨在分析Antonio Almeida da Costa收容所的起源、动态和功能,该收容所成立于20世纪初,位于葡萄牙北部的Vila Nova de Gaia,最初是为Devesas陶瓷和铸造厂工业综合体的老年工人提供资金,并在他们的及时倡议中:当城市发生流行病时,转变为台风医院。为了实现这些目标,通过既得利益制度,特别是根据行政委员会的记录、内部规章和章程以及在精神病院住院的残疾人名册,进行了历史重建工作。根据所找到的资料,可以描述该机构在援助老年人方面的动态,特别是在加亚新城区的德维萨夫妇处的动态,说明该机构在防治传染性斑疹伤寒的公共事业中所作的重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
La vacuna contra la viruela en el imperio alemán. La vacunación entre biopolítica y economía moral 德意志帝国的天花疫苗。生物政治和道德经济之间的疫苗接种
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.01
Axel C. Hüntelmann
After a smallpox epidemic in Germany in the early 1870s in the wake of the Franco-German War, smallpox vaccination became compulsory by Imperial Law in 1874. The act was hotly debated in parliament and in public and earlier resistance against vaccination developed into a political anti-vaccination movement. For this reason, the German government adopted a number of safety measures. The current article describes, firstly, vaccination practices, regulations and policies in the German states up to the 1870s and the biopolitical developments that led to the Imperial Law on compulsory smallpox vaccination in 1874. Secondly, the article sketches the public debate and critique regarding vaccination asking why compulsory vaccination succeeded in Germany. The article describes the measures implemented by the German government to promote compulsory vaccination and acceptance of the Imperial Law: initially, smallpox vaccines were manufactured by state-run production sites and supervised by local authori­ties. Empire-wide statistics were collated documenting the success of vaccination as well as related side-effects. From a government perspective, these precautions could be interpreted as a technology of trust.
19世纪70年代初,法德战争之后,德国爆发了天花疫情,1874年,《帝国法》规定必须接种天花疫苗。该法案在议会和公众中引起了激烈的争论,早期对疫苗接种的抵制发展成了一场政治上的反疫苗运动。为此,德国政府采取了一系列安全措施。当前的文章首先描述了直到19世纪70年代德国各州的疫苗接种实践、法规和政策,以及导致1874年强制接种天花疫苗的帝国法的生物政治发展。其次,文章概述了关于疫苗接种的公众辩论和批评,询问为什么强制疫苗接种在德国成功。这篇文章描述了德国政府为促进强制性疫苗接种和接受《帝国法》而实施的措施:最初,天花疫苗由国营生产基地生产,并由地方当局监督。对帝国范围内的统计数据进行了整理,记录了疫苗接种的成功以及相关的副作用。从政府的角度来看,这些预防措施可以被解释为一种信任技术。
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引用次数: 2
El Gobierno de las poblaciones: Augusto Orrego Luco y la Cuestión Social en Chile 政府的人民:奥古斯托·奥雷戈·卢科和智利的社会问题
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.06
César Leyton Robinson
Based on two essential texts by Chilean doctor Augusto Orrego Luco – La cuestion social (The Social Question, 1897) and his Discurso de toma de posesion de su cargo de presidente de la Sociedad Medica (Speech on taking up his position as pres­ident of the Medical Society, 1895) – we analyse this author’s proposals regarding the role of science in governing populations. The analysis focuses on concepts such as the vagabond race in relation to the social and racial question in late-19th-century Chile, and identifies scientific influences such as biological determinism and the theory of degeneracy.
根据智利医生奥古斯托·奥雷戈·卢科(Augusto Orrego Luco)的两篇重要文章——《社会问题》(《社会问题》,1897年)和他的《关于担任医学协会主席的演讲》(《关于担任医学协会主席的演讲》,1895年)——我们分析了这位作者关于科学在治理人口中的作用的建议。分析的重点是19世纪晚期智利社会和种族问题中与流浪者种族相关的概念,并确定了生物决定论和退化理论等科学影响。
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引用次数: 0
Maestros de la navegación: el dominio técnico de la movilidad fluvial en el mundo andino 航海大师:安第斯世界河流移动的技术掌握
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-06-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.12
Lina Rocío Medina Muñoz
The objective of present article is to discuss the conventional dichotomous view which distinguishes between tradi­tional knowledge and scientific knowledge by providing a comprehensive picture of the complex techniques used to sail the rivers in the Andean world. The materials, fools and navigation practices used by indigenous are described right away, and the author tries to make the tacit knowledge rooted in this technical culture visible. Afterward, it works explains how the early Spanish tech­nologies was adapted in the American context and shows that the use of the indigenous navigation techniques was a crucial factor for the success of the European domination project. It argues that when considering the mutual flows of knowledge and the technological hybridizations arising from the encounter between both civilizations, it cannot be justified the inferiorization of traditional knowledge with respect to scientific knowledge.
本文的目的是通过提供用于在安第斯世界的河流上航行的复杂技术的全面图景,讨论传统知识和科学知识之间的传统二分法观点。作者对原住民所使用的材料、工具和导航方法进行了直观的描述,并试图将根植于这种技术文化中的隐性知识呈现出来。之后,它解释了早期西班牙技术是如何适应美国环境的,并表明使用本土导航技术是欧洲统治计划成功的关键因素。它认为,当考虑到知识的相互流动和两种文明相遇所产生的技术杂交时,传统知识相对于科学知识的劣化是不合理的。
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引用次数: 0
Médicos en la Corte española del siglo XIX. Influencias, sociabilidad y práctica profesional 19世纪西班牙宫廷的医生。影响、社交和专业实践
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2019.19
Víctor Manuel Núñez García, María Luisa Calero Delgado, Encarnación Bernal Borrego
The article presents a first analysis about healthcare in the Spanish Court during the 19th century. Emphasis will be placed on issues such as the structure and organization of such assistance in the Palace, the court doctors from a sociological perspective and the role and potential influence of outstanding chamber doctors. Some men who, for their closeness and direct professional contact with the Monarch, could handle easily in the courtly networks of power and the social relationships in the most exclusive space of mid-19th century Madrid: the Court. In this regard, the illustratives cases of Pedro Castello Ginesta and Tomas del Corral y Ona stand out. All this from an interdisciplinary approach under the imbrication of methodological elements from the history of medicine and the new political history.
本文首次对19世纪西班牙宫廷的医疗保健进行了分析。重点将放在诸如宫中这种援助的结构和组织、从社会学角度看宫廷医生以及杰出的宫廷医生的作用和潜在影响等问题上。有些人,由于与君主的密切和直接的职业接触,可以轻松地处理宫廷权力网络和社会关系,在19世纪中叶马德里最独特的空间:宫廷。在这方面,Pedro Castello Ginesta和Tomas del Corral y Ona的典型案例尤为突出。所有这些都是在医学史和新政治史的方法论元素的交织下,通过跨学科的方法进行的。
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引用次数: 0
Las colecciones de restos humanos de la expedición del Pacífico y los museos españoles 太平洋探险队的人类遗骸收藏和西班牙博物馆
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2019.16
Carmen Ortíz García
The so-called Pacific Expedition (1862-1866) was the last of the great transoceanic expeditions organized by Spain in the nineteenth century and is well known thanks to the studies of several scholars. Less has been investigated on the vicissitudes after his arrival in Spain of the human remains and ethnographic collections gathered during the trip. In addition to other skeletal remains, mainly skulls, a series of mummies were brought to Spain, along with their grave goods, from the archaeological site of Chiu-Chiu (Bolivia, now Chile) by Manuel Almagro in 1864. This article is dedicated to reconstruct as thoroughly as possible the history of these collections in different museums and the studies that were undertaken on them.
所谓的太平洋探险队(1862-1866)是19世纪西班牙组织的最后一次伟大的越洋探险队,由于几位学者的研究而闻名。在他到达西班牙后,人们对他在旅途中收集的人类遗骸和人种学收藏品的变迁进行了调查。1864年,曼努埃尔·阿尔马格罗(Manuel Almagro)从Chiu-Chiu(玻利维亚,现在的智利)考古遗址带回了一系列木乃伊和陪葬品,除了其他骨骼遗骸,主要是头骨。本文致力于尽可能彻底地重建这些藏品在不同博物馆的历史以及对它们进行的研究。
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引用次数: 1
Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) 内战期间塔拉韦拉德拉雷纳的保健和公共卫生(1936-1939)
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2019.23
Juan Atenza Fernández, Rubén Mirón González, Benito Díaz Díaz
This work aims to comprehensively analyse the effects of the Spanish civil war on the population and the sanitary services of Talavera de la Reina, a key city in the development of the contest due to its geographic location between Andalusia Western, Extremadura and Madrid. To this end, he has worked with documentation of the Municipal Archives of Talavera de la Reina, the archive of the secondary Centre of Rural hygiene in Talavera de la Reina, the Provincial historical archive of Toledo and the military general archive of Avila. First, appears the Group of five military hospitals that operated in the city, its organization and activity, reconstructed from different models used chips. Preventive activity is analysed from two points of view, the orders emanating from the military authority, with a focus on hygiene, food and prevention of infectious diseases, and the actions carried out by the local authorities, centred ensure a proper water supply and waste collection. In addition, exposed the unhealthy situation in prisons in the city, is a clear example of the State of the health of the moment.
这项工作旨在全面分析西班牙内战对塔拉维拉德拉雷纳人口和卫生服务的影响,由于其地理位置在安达卢西亚西部、埃斯特雷马杜拉和马德里之间,塔拉维拉德拉雷纳是比赛发展的关键城市。为此目的,他与塔拉维拉德拉雷纳市档案馆、塔拉维拉德拉雷纳农村卫生二级中心档案馆、托莱多省历史档案馆和阿维拉军事总档案馆的文件进行了合作。首先,出现了在该市运作的五家军事医院集团,其组织和活动,由使用芯片的不同模型重建。预防活动从两个角度进行分析:一是军事当局发出的命令,重点是卫生、食品和预防传染病;二是地方当局采取的行动,以确保适当的供水和废物收集为中心。此外,暴露在城市监狱中的不健康状况,是当下卫生状况的一个明显例子。
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引用次数: 0
El caso del escritor Pedro Castera: entre la esfera pública, el campo literario y la experiencia manicomial en el México de finales del siglo XIX 作者佩德罗·卡斯特拉的案例:19世纪晚期墨西哥公共领域、文学领域和精神病院经验之间的关系
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-30 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2019.21
José Antonio Maya González, Ana Laura Zavala Díaz
In the summer of 1883, the writer, miner, scientist and follower of spiritism Pedro Castera (1846-1906) was detained at the Hospital de San Hipolito for demented men in Mexico City. The confinement and isolation of the also poet aroused heated debates and disputes surrounding his mental condition. The reasons for his internment and the conjectures about the psychopathology that afflicted him were crucial within the narrative of a case in which political intrigues, family suspicions, medical controversies and literary conventions converged. The aim of the present work is to analyze the medical valuations around the confinement, permanence and exit of Pedro Castera in and from the hospital, as well as to reflect on the resignification of the figure of the literary-madman from the emergence of the discourse of mental medicine in the context of Porfirian modernity.
1883年夏天,作家、矿工、科学家、通灵术信徒佩德罗·卡斯特拉(Pedro Castera, 1846-1906)被关押在墨西哥城的圣希波利托精神病院。这位诗人的禁闭和孤立引起了围绕他精神状况的激烈争论和争论。他被拘留的原因以及对折磨他的精神病理的猜测,在这个政治阴谋、家庭猜疑、医学争议和文学惯例融合在一起的案件的叙述中至关重要。本研究的目的是分析佩德罗·卡斯特拉在医院内外的禁闭、永久和退出的医学价值,并从波菲利亚现代性语境下精神医学话语的出现中反思文学狂人形象的辞职。
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引用次数: 0
Ciencia en el Madrid del “No Pasarán”. La protección de las colecciones de Historia Natural y el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales durante la Guerra Civil 科学在马德里的“No pasaran”。内战期间自然历史收藏和国家自然科学研究所的保护
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-11-25 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2019.17
F. Pelayo
The cultural and scientific buildings of Madrid were severely damaged by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Madrid was a city besieged and bombed by the rebels. In the capital were the most important museums, the National Library and the main scientific and humanities institutions, where the most important researchers of the time worked. At the beginning of the war the confiscation of libraries and collections of natural sciences took place in palaces and buildings belonging to aristocrats, financiers, people opposed to the Republic and religious schools. The naturalists of the National Institute of Natural Sciences organized the conservation and protection of the biological collections, while bombs and howitzers fell on the scientific institutions of the republican zone.
马德里的文化和科学建筑在西班牙内战(1936-1939)中遭到严重破坏。马德里是一个被叛军包围和轰炸的城市。首都有最重要的博物馆、国家图书馆和主要的科学和人文机构,当时最重要的研究人员都在这里工作。在战争开始时,在贵族、金融家、反对共和国的人和宗教学校的宫殿和建筑中,图书馆和自然科学收藏品被没收。国家自然科学研究所的博物学家组织了保存和保护生物收藏品的工作,而炸弹和榴弹炮则落在共和国区的科学机构上。
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引用次数: 1
Museus, coleccionismo e viagens científicas em Portugal de finais de Setecentos 19世纪末在葡萄牙的博物馆、收藏和科学旅行
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-11-25 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2019.12
Ângela Domingues
This article focuses on the vast and complex scientific and institutional process related to the collection of artefacts and the formation of scientific-natural, ethnological and anthropological collections from various extra-European colonial spaces in Portugal during the second half of the eighteenth century. It also addresses the institutions that housed these materials. In a period when science was, by definition, useful and should serve the public interest in the pursuit of welfare, progress and the happiness of peoples, scientific studies had the objective of contributing to a scientific survey with encyclopaedic pretensions of the imperial spaces through the identification, collection and study of the natural productions and the “physical and moral characteristics” of the natives. The scientific curiosity that characterized the social groups involved in this process allowed the embodiment of a set of practices that was thought in Lisbon and implemented by Portuguese subjects throughout the empire. From this set of practices, I would like to highlight the philosophical voyages, scientific explorations aimed at the physical and economic description of the territories and the inventory of natural resources, considered as an instrument of political and administrative modernization of the empire at a time when science and technology were considered as essential tools for the development of the Modern State.
本文关注的是18世纪下半叶葡萄牙各个欧洲以外殖民地空间中与文物收集和科学-自然、民族学和人类学收藏形成相关的庞大而复杂的科学和制度过程。它还涉及保管这些材料的机构。在一个科学的定义是有用的,应该为追求福利、进步和人民幸福的公共利益服务的时期,科学研究的目标是通过对自然产物和当地人的“身体和道德特征”的识别、收集和研究,为科学调查做出贡献,并对帝国空间进行百科全书式的标榜。在这一过程中,社会群体对科学的好奇心使一系列实践得以体现,这些实践在里斯本得到了思考,并在整个帝国的葡萄牙臣民中得到了实施。从这一系列实践中,我想强调哲学航行,旨在描述领土的物理和经济以及自然资源清单的科学探索,在科学和技术被认为是现代国家发展的基本工具的时候,被视为帝国政治和行政现代化的工具。
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引用次数: 3
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Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia
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