Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.05
Raúl Rodríguez Nozal
The history of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry is conditioned by its ascription to a Mediterranean model, with small economic impact and a high presence of artisan and professional elements. The industry of organic and fermentative raw materials did not appear until the Franco dictatorship. During the autarchy period, an interest to stimulate the sector seems to have arose: first, by continuing the long going investment on industries of natural products to obtain medical active principles, hence preventing their import; secondly, aimed at long term, by establishing an integral organic chemistry industry to obtain drugs from coal; and finally, by promoting the development of an industry of penicillin synthesis. However, there were a number of elements that hindered the development of the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, including the inherent limitations of the autarchic policies, the excessive number of laboratories and commercialized products, the poor capitalization and lack of research programs of these companies and the insufficient technical and scientific abilities required for these activities.
{"title":"La construcción de una industria farmacéutica autosuficiente en la España de la Autarquía: entre la necesidad, la utopía y la propaganda franquista","authors":"Raúl Rodríguez Nozal","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.05","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry is conditioned by its ascription to a Mediterranean model, with small economic impact and a high presence of artisan and professional elements. The industry of organic and fermentative raw materials did not appear until the Franco dictatorship. During the autarchy period, an interest to stimulate the sector seems to have arose: first, by continuing the long going investment on industries of natural products to obtain medical active principles, hence preventing their import; secondly, aimed at long term, by establishing an integral organic chemistry industry to obtain drugs from coal; and finally, by promoting the development of an industry of penicillin synthesis. However, there were a number of elements that hindered the development of the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, including the inherent limitations of the autarchic policies, the excessive number of laboratories and commercialized products, the poor capitalization and lack of research programs of these companies and the insufficient technical and scientific abilities required for these activities.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87019090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.06
Fabiola Juárez-Barrera, A. Bueno-Hernández
It has been repeatedly pointed out that Vicente Riva Palacio and Andres Molina Enriquez were influenced by Darwin’s ideas to develop their own racial concepts regarding the Mexican half-blood. However, after analysing said ideas both in their original biological context as in the social context they were transferred to, it is concluded that this affirmation can only be accepted sensu lato. Their thesis about the superiority of the half-blood is more strongly based on lineal conceptions of evolution and their own alterations than in the Darwinist model of natural selection. It is important to know the influence of Darwinism outside its original context as it helps to understand how the complex and unavoidable exchanges among science, society and politics occurred. Their appropriation of the Darwinist ideas may not be conceptually or methodologically accurate, but it contributed to the ideological construction of the half-blood as an advanced race in terms of evolution. This thesis contrasts with the most prevailing one in other Latin American countries, where the half-bloods were perceived as the personification of a racial degeneration.
{"title":"La influencia del darwinismo sobre los conceptos raciales en México","authors":"Fabiola Juárez-Barrera, A. Bueno-Hernández","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.06","url":null,"abstract":"It has been repeatedly pointed out that Vicente Riva Palacio and Andres Molina Enriquez were influenced by Darwin’s ideas to develop their own racial concepts regarding the Mexican half-blood. However, after analysing said ideas both in their original biological context as in the social context they were transferred to, it is concluded that this affirmation can only be accepted sensu lato. Their thesis about the superiority of the half-blood is more strongly based on lineal conceptions of evolution and their own alterations than in the Darwinist model of natural selection. It is important to know the influence of Darwinism outside its original context as it helps to understand how the complex and unavoidable exchanges among science, society and politics occurred. Their appropriation of the Darwinist ideas may not be conceptually or methodologically accurate, but it contributed to the ideological construction of the half-blood as an advanced race in terms of evolution. This thesis contrasts with the most prevailing one in other Latin American countries, where the half-bloods were perceived as the personification of a racial degeneration.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88355933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.09
Cecilia Rustoyburu
This paper aims to contribute to the problematization of the interpretation on obesity and childhood sexuality through a historical analysis of the speeches of endocrinology in Buenos Aires and Barcelona in the 1920s and 1930. We will focus on two stages of a controversy around obesity of boy who articulated knowledge of endocrinology with moral assumptions about families and gender representations. Our goal is to identify how knowledge about sexed hormones available in the international scientific field, in the context of local clinical experiences resignified. Endocrinologists believe that availed themselves of gender stereotypes to read the bodies of their patients, but their performances were also mediated by the interests and the logic of the institutions of which they were part. The relevance of psychoanalysis in Buenos Aires and the importance of the experimental tradition in Barcelona will be central aspects to identify the particularities of each case. Our documentary corpus consists of specialized scientific publications.
{"title":"Infancia, género y medicina. Un análisis histórico de los discursos endocrinológicos sobre el síndrome adiposo genital en Buenos Aires y Barcelona","authors":"Cecilia Rustoyburu","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.09","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to contribute to the problematization of the interpretation on obesity and childhood sexuality through a historical analysis of the speeches of endocrinology in Buenos Aires and Barcelona in the 1920s and 1930. We will focus on two stages of a controversy around obesity of boy who articulated knowledge of endocrinology with moral assumptions about families and gender representations. Our goal is to identify how knowledge about sexed hormones available in the international scientific field, in the context of local clinical experiences resignified. Endocrinologists believe that availed themselves of gender stereotypes to read the bodies of their patients, but their performances were also mediated by the interests and the logic of the institutions of which they were part. The relevance of psychoanalysis in Buenos Aires and the importance of the experimental tradition in Barcelona will be central aspects to identify the particularities of each case. Our documentary corpus consists of specialized scientific publications.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73823396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.03
Antonio Astorgano Abajo, Fuensanta Garrido Domené
The exiled Jesuit Juan Jose Tolra (Badajoz, 1739-Madrid, 1830) was a competent teacher of Humanities and one of the restorers of the Society of Jesus (1812-1830) most influential. Returned to Spain in 1798 and having eluded the second expulsion (1801), in Palencia he lived in the company of the family of a sister, where he was witness to famine and malaria between 1800 and 1805. Considering this humanitarian disaster, he composed the Votive Canto to the Holy Christ of Otero, discussed in this article. In beautiful real octave, he narrated the hard social, economic and healthy context of the time. At the same time, he provides deep moral reflections, typical of Jesuit ideology and his personal nature, eminently reserved and traditionalist.
{"title":"El paludismo en Palencia (1800-1804) a través del canto votivo del jesuita Tolrá","authors":"Antonio Astorgano Abajo, Fuensanta Garrido Domené","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.03","url":null,"abstract":"The exiled Jesuit Juan Jose Tolra (Badajoz, 1739-Madrid, 1830) was a competent teacher of Humanities and one of the restorers of the Society of Jesus (1812-1830) most influential. Returned to Spain in 1798 and having eluded the second expulsion (1801), in Palencia he lived in the company of the family of a sister, where he was witness to famine and malaria between 1800 and 1805. Considering this humanitarian disaster, he composed the Votive Canto to the Holy Christ of Otero, discussed in this article. In beautiful real octave, he narrated the hard social, economic and healthy context of the time. At the same time, he provides deep moral reflections, typical of Jesuit ideology and his personal nature, eminently reserved and traditionalist.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72874138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.11
J.-M. Costa
This research note aims to disclose a copy of Oviedo’s About the natural history of the Indies , also known as Summary of the natural history , published in Toledo in 1526 and currently under the custody of Municipal Library of Porto, Portugal. Special features of this copy are presented: author’s handwritten signature and some ownership marks that allow us to identify previous owners, the connections between them and to track book circulation.
{"title":"Una firma autógrafa de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, antiguos poseedores y circulación de un ejemplar “ De la Natural Historia de las Indias ”","authors":"J.-M. Costa","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.11","url":null,"abstract":"This research note aims to disclose a copy of Oviedo’s About the natural history of the Indies , also known as Summary of the natural history , published in Toledo in 1526 and currently under the custody of Municipal Library of Porto, Portugal. Special features of this copy are presented: author’s handwritten signature and some ownership marks that allow us to identify previous owners, the connections between them and to track book circulation.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80011727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.02
Pedro Fraile, Quim Bonastra
Spatial and territorial organization is an important factor in the configuration of control and surveillance strategies at work in our society. Architecture in general and certain buildings in particular have been key devices in exercising said control and surveillance. In these pages we look at the building structures in facilities specially designed for the control and custody of their occupants. We begin with the Casas de Misericordia, which appeared in the 16th century and were designed to house marginalized people mostly from urban environments, and go over the morphologies of prisons, hospitals, and quarantine stations. We analyze the transfer of building structures from one kind of establishment to another, and discuss how their specific functions progressively fixed their morphologies. Finally, we focus on the discourse built in Spain, from its origins in the 16th century until its realizations in the first half of the 19th century, when a marked institutional specialization took place and building structures became more stable, dealing with theoretical proposals as well as what was done in the practice.
在我们的社会中，空间和领土组织是控制和监视战略配置的一个重要因素。一般的建筑，特别是某些建筑物，一直是实施上述控制和监视的关键设备。在这几页中，我们将看到专门为控制和保管其居住者而设计的建筑物结构。我们从16世纪出现的Casas de Misericordia开始，它的设计目的是容纳来自城市环境的边缘人群，然后再看看监狱、医院和检疫站的形态。我们分析了建筑结构从一种机构到另一种机构的转移，并讨论了它们的特定功能如何逐步固定它们的形态。最后，我们将重点放在西班牙建立的话语上，从16世纪的起源到19世纪上半叶的实现，当一个明显的制度专业化发生时，建筑结构变得更加稳定，处理理论建议以及在实践中所做的事情。
{"title":"Sharing architectural models: morphologies and surveillance from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries","authors":"Pedro Fraile, Quim Bonastra","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.02","url":null,"abstract":"Spatial and territorial organization is an important factor in the configuration of control and surveillance strategies at work in our society. Architecture in general and certain buildings in particular have been key devices in exercising said control and surveillance. \u0000In these pages we look at the building structures in facilities specially designed for the control and custody of their occupants. We begin with the Casas de Misericordia, which appeared in the 16th century and were designed to house marginalized people mostly from urban environments, and go over the morphologies of prisons, hospitals, and quarantine stations. \u0000We analyze the transfer of building structures from one kind of establishment to another, and discuss how their specific functions progressively fixed their morphologies. \u0000Finally, we focus on the discourse built in Spain, from its origins in the 16th century until its realizations in the first half of the 19th century, when a marked institutional specialization took place and building structures became more stable, dealing with theoretical proposals as well as what was done in the practice.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85627997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-28DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.01
Jordi Crespo Saumell
None of the treatises in the Corpus Aristotelicum is directly concerned to medicine, this leading the majority of scholars to contend that Aristotle did not paid attention to that discipline. But, in other way, there is who argues that Aristotle should have necessarily been acquainted with the principles of the medical art, so that it is very likely that Aristotle enquired on medicine. Almost two different reasons are adduced in this sense: the oft-repeated use of medical analogies in Aristotle’s opera, and the allusions to some medical writings by Aristotle himself. In giving a critical description and assessment of both arguments, this paper also aims at clarifying the issue by bringing up into discussion the contents in the Anonymus Londiniensis papyrus.
{"title":"Aristóteles y la medicina","authors":"Jordi Crespo Saumell","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.01","url":null,"abstract":"None of the treatises in the Corpus Aristotelicum is directly concerned to medicine, this leading the majority of scholars to contend that Aristotle did not paid attention to that discipline. But, in other way, there is who argues that Aristotle should have necessarily been acquainted with the principles of the medical art, so that it is very likely that Aristotle enquired on medicine. Almost two different reasons are adduced in this sense: the oft-repeated use of medical analogies in Aristotle’s opera, and the allusions to some medical writings by Aristotle himself. In giving a critical description and assessment of both arguments, this paper also aims at clarifying the issue by bringing up into discussion the contents in the Anonymus Londiniensis papyrus.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85690731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.15
M. Gómez
In a period shaped by the development of anatomical pathology and by the entrance of the scientific gaze over the body of the insane, the mental asylum underscored the key importance of the space, real or simulate, as a therapeutic tool. Madhouses were influenced by a proposal that followed in terms of design, location and implementation, the principles of alienism, adjusted to the Chilean setting. This process contributed to develop a specific asylum space, with internal and external landscapes, which characterized local alienism and its promise to treat madness. This article studies the Chilean asylums -planned or built- from the Madhouse (1852) to the National Open Door (1928), in order to show the process of appropriation of an international therapeutic model from the peculiarities of the institutional landscape.
{"title":"De la casa de orates al open door: El paisaje en el proyecto asilar chileno, 1852-1928","authors":"M. Gómez","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2017.15","url":null,"abstract":"In a period shaped by the development of anatomical pathology and by the entrance of the scientific gaze over the body of the insane, the mental asylum underscored the key importance of the space, real or simulate, as a therapeutic tool. Madhouses were influenced by a proposal that followed in terms of design, location and implementation, the principles of alienism, adjusted to the Chilean setting. This process contributed to develop a specific asylum space, with internal and external landscapes, which characterized local alienism and its promise to treat madness. This article studies the Chilean asylums -planned or built- from the Madhouse (1852) to the National Open Door (1928), in order to show the process of appropriation of an international therapeutic model from the peculiarities of the institutional landscape.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86100020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.20
Sebastian Barsch
The article reconstructs how the different parts of Germany began to rebuild a system of medical care and education for people with disabilities after WW II. Furthermore, the struggle between medicine and education will be addressed. Using the example of intellectual disabilities, the article examines how different ideological backgrounds influenced both, perceptions of disabilities as well as the professional ways in which they were dealt with. By analyzing several contemporary sources, this article will show how professionals thought about disabilities in general and intellectual disabilities in particular. The study will compare the different narratives about intellectual disabilities by analyzing psychological, medical and educational journals as well as reports of contemporary witnesses.
{"title":"Discapacidades intelectuales en Alemania oriental y occidental: una breve historia comparada","authors":"Sebastian Barsch","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.20","url":null,"abstract":"The article reconstructs how the different parts of Germany began to rebuild a system of medical care and education for people with disabilities after WW II. Furthermore, the struggle between medicine and education will be addressed. Using the example of intellectual disabilities, the article examines how different ideological backgrounds influenced both, perceptions of disabilities as well as the professional ways in which they were dealt with. By analyzing several contemporary sources, this article will show how professionals thought about disabilities in general and intellectual disabilities in particular. The study will compare the different narratives about intellectual disabilities by analyzing psychological, medical and educational journals as well as reports of contemporary witnesses.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90233091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-07DOI: 10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.18
David M. Turner
Both Disability History and the History of Emotions have expanded significantly as fields of enquiry but despite sharing common interests in health, well being and difference there has been little interaction between scholars working in these areas. This article suggests ways in which history’s “emotional turn” can shed light on disability in the past, using the case study of Britain in the eighteenth century. Theories of the “passions”, “sentiments” and “affections” were used to describe causes of impairment and to prescribe appropriate responses. Although this was a period in which disability was commonly regarded as a “miserable” or “pitiable” state, a close reading of a variety of sources from medical texts to newspapers and periodicals reveals that the degree of “unhappiness” associated with disability depended on timing, context and the symbolic significance of certain impairments.
{"title":"Historia de la discapacidad e historia de las emociones: reflexiones sobre Gran Bretaña en el siglo XVIII","authors":"David M. Turner","doi":"10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/ASCLEPIO.2016.18","url":null,"abstract":"Both Disability History and the History of Emotions have expanded significantly as fields of enquiry but despite sharing common interests in health, well being and difference there has been little interaction between scholars working in these areas. This article suggests ways in which history’s “emotional turn” can shed light on disability in the past, using the case study of Britain in the eighteenth century. Theories of the “passions”, “sentiments” and “affections” were used to describe causes of impairment and to prescribe appropriate responses. Although this was a period in which disability was commonly regarded as a “miserable” or “pitiable” state, a close reading of a variety of sources from medical texts to newspapers and periodicals reveals that the degree of “unhappiness” associated with disability depended on timing, context and the symbolic significance of certain impairments.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84247973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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