Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.22
Federico Nahuel Bernabé
En las últimas décadas la neuroendocrinología del comportamiento ha pasado de un área marginal de la incipiente revolución neurocientífica a una disciplina bien consolidada, hasta el punto de convertirse en el abordaje estándar para las diferencias y la diferenciación sexual de la conducta. Tanto en los trabajos de historia general de la endocrinología, como en las reviews de la especialidad y las aproximaciones críticas desde el feminismo académico, se ha generado un racconto según el cual la teoría central de la neuroendocrinología, esto es, la Teoría Organizacional Activacional habría sido fundada en 1959 por W. C. Young y sus colaboradores al descubrir los efectos de la testosterona fetal sobre conejillas de indias hembra. En el presente artículo se propone una revisión de tal historia oficial, comenzando con los trabajos de Arnold Berthold, profundizando en los desarrollos endocrinos de los años veinte y treinta del siglo pasado y revisando las disputas entre Young y Beach en los años previos a la publicación del 59. Con esta revisión, se pretende mejorar el conocimiento histórico de la teoría organizacional activacional, lo cual de forma derivada puede ayudar a iluminar algunas polémicas en torno a las explicaciones biológicas de la sexualidad humana.
在过去的几十年里，行为神经内分泌学已经从神经科学革命的边缘领域发展成为一门成熟的学科，成为行为差异和性别分化的标准方法。总这么多历史的工作,以及内分泌专业和学术方法从女权主义的批评,将会生成一个racconto即neuroendocrinología中央理论,这是成立于1959年,组织理论Activacional将是由w . c . Young和他的同事们发现,胎儿睾丸conejillas影响印度的女性。本文从Arnold Berthold的工作开始，对这一官方历史进行了回顾，深入研究了20世纪20年代和30年代的内分泌发展，并回顾了Young和Beach在59年出版之前的几年里的争论。这篇综述的目的是提高活化组织理论的历史知识，这一衍生形式可能有助于阐明围绕人类性行为的生物学解释的一些争议。
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Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.18
Óscar Martínez Azumendi
RESUMEN: Resulta sorprendente que algunas publicaciones periódicas, editadas por personas con enfermedad mental en diversos entornos psiquiátricos, se remontan a hace casi dos siglos. Primero en las grandes instituciones psiquiátricas como parte integrante del tratamiento moral, para más recientemente dar el salto a otros entornos asistenciales y comunitarios, como son hospitales de día y comunidades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, a pesar de su dilatada historia y haber sobrevivido a las diferentes corrientes teóricas y asistenciales, siendo un fiel reflejo de sus postulados y métodos, llama la atención el poco caso e interés despertado en los ámbitos académicos en relación con su estudio y conservación, habiéndose perdido irremediablemente muchas de ellas para el futuro. El trabajo pretende rescatar del olvido dos de aquellos pioneros periódicos. Uno, “un periódico de considerable interés” en Essex (Inglaterra), que reclamaría para sí el honor de ser el primero de esas características en la historia, desplazando de esa posición a la Retreat Gazette de Connecticut (Estados Unidos). El segundo, el Sotto-Pancia, en Florencia, que precedió en el tiempo al Diario dell’ ospizio di San Benedetto promovido por Lombroso en Pesaro y considerado hasta ahora el primero en Italia.
摘要:一些由不同精神病学背景下的精神疾病患者编辑的期刊可以追溯到近两个世纪前。首先是在大型精神病院作为道德治疗的一个组成部分，最近是在其他护理和社区环境，如日间医院和治疗社区。然而,尽管他的丰富的历史和幸存了下来各种理论和援助流动,作为一个忠实的反映了其主张和工作方法,眼帘的小案例并引起兴趣领域的学术研究和养护,挽回失去了许多供以后使用。这本书的目的是将这些周期性的先驱从遗忘中拯救出来。一份是英国埃塞克斯的“相当有兴趣的报纸”，它声称自己是历史上第一家这样的报纸，取代了康涅狄格的撤退公报。第二份是佛罗伦萨的《Sotto-Pancia》，它比隆布罗索在佩萨罗推广的《dell ' ospizio di San Benedetto》早，迄今为止被认为是意大利的第一份报纸。
{"title":"“Un periódico de considerable interés” en Essex y “Sotto-Pancia” en Florencia. Dos publicaciones, pioneras y olvidadas, editadas en establecimientos psiquiátricos","authors":"Óscar Martínez Azumendi","doi":"10.3989/asclepio.2020.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.18","url":null,"abstract":"RESUMEN: Resulta sorprendente que algunas publicaciones periódicas, editadas por personas con enfermedad mental en diversos entornos psiquiátricos, se remontan a hace casi dos siglos. Primero en las grandes instituciones psiquiátricas como parte integrante del tratamiento moral, para más recientemente dar el salto a otros entornos asistenciales y comunitarios, como son hospitales de día y comunidades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, a pesar de su dilatada historia y haber sobrevivido a las diferentes corrientes teóricas y asistenciales, siendo un fiel reflejo de sus postulados y métodos, llama la atención el poco caso e interés despertado en los ámbitos académicos en relación con su estudio y conservación, habiéndose perdido irremediablemente muchas de ellas para el futuro. El trabajo pretende rescatar del olvido dos de aquellos pioneros periódicos. Uno, “un periódico de considerable interés” en Essex (Inglaterra), que reclamaría para sí el honor de ser el primero de esas características en la historia, desplazando de esa posición a la Retreat Gazette de Connecticut (Estados Unidos). El segundo, el Sotto-Pancia, en Florencia, que precedió en el tiempo al Diario dell’ ospizio di San Benedetto promovido por Lombroso en Pesaro y considerado hasta ahora el primero en Italia.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84759381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.25
Juan Manuel Rodríguez Caso
History tends to insist on remembering the case of Alfred Russel Wallace as one who, secondarily, supported Darwin’s proposal. For the purposes of this work it is presented what Wallace called in his work Darwinism (1889) the basic elements of ‘pure Darwinism’, which would serve as the basis for what George John Romanes would call Neodarwinism, based on both Wallace’s and August Weismann’s work. These elements include ideas that are commonly associated exclusively with Charles Darwin’s work, such as the biological concept of species, the different types of variation and their origin, the importance of natural selection as the preponderant mechanism to understand evolution, the rejection of Lamarckian mechanisms, among other points. From the above, the aims of this work are twofold: on the one hand, to rescue those basic concepts from Wallace’s pure Darwinism; and on the other, to establish some possible explanations as to why the idea persists that Wallace’s work does not seem to have been of importance for the development of Modern Synthesis.
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Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.13
Miquel Forcada
Ibn Rushd considered medicine as a productive art in his al-Kulliyyāt fī l-ṭibb, written between 1162 and 1169, and as a science in his commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s poem on the subject (Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb), written in 1180. In Kulliyyāt, Ibn Rushd followed quite strictly the ideas on the status of medicine propounded by the philosopher al-Fārābī. In Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Rushd summarised the conceptions of several works including Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq’s Masā’il fīl-ṭibb, Ibn Sīnā’s Qānūn fī l-ṭibb and al-Fārābī’s works on Aristotle’s logic. The joint analysis of these sources and the evidence provided by a new manuscript of Ibn Rushd’s Sharḥ give us a clearer idea of the conception of medicine extant in this latter work and, in consequence, we can reconsider and relativise the difference between it and the conception expounded in Kulliyyāt. Ibn Rushd’s ideas on the status of medicine are analysed according to the sociopolitical context in which they were conceived, taking particular account of the fact that Sharḥ Urjūza Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb was written for the intellectual and political elites of the Almohad regime.
伊本·拉什德(Ibn Rushd)在1162年至1169年间撰写的al-Kulliyyāt f ā l-ṭibb中认为医学是一门富有成果的艺术，在他对伊本·斯拉尼(Ibn sj ā nā l-ṭibb)关于这一主题的诗的评论中认为医学是一门科学(sharUrjūzat Ibn斯拉尼·斯拉尼-ṭibb)，写于1180年。在Kulliyyāt中，伊本·拉什德严格遵循了哲学家al-Fārābī关于医学地位的观点。在sharmousUrjūzat Ibn sā nā中，伊本·鲁什德总结了几部著作的概念，包括Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq的masi ' il f ā l-ṭibb, Ibn sā nā Qānūn f ā l-ṭibb和al-Fārābī关于亚里士多德逻辑的著作。这些来源的联合分析和伊本·拉什德的新手稿提供的证据给了我们一个更清晰的概念的医学存在于后一个工作，因此，我们可以重新考虑和相对的区别，它和Kulliyyāt所阐述的概念。伊本·鲁世德关于医学地位的观点是根据其产生的社会政治背景来分析的，特别考虑到sharmousUrjūza伊本·s·nā f ' l-ṭibb是为阿尔莫哈德政权的知识分子和政治精英写的。
{"title":"De Alejandría a Córdoba: la Medicina según Ibn Rushd y la tradición araboislámica","authors":"Miquel Forcada","doi":"10.3989/asclepio.2020.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.13","url":null,"abstract":"Ibn Rushd considered medicine as a productive art in his al-Kulliyyāt fī l-ṭibb, written between 1162 and 1169, and as a science in his commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s poem on the subject (Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb), written in 1180. In Kulliyyāt, Ibn Rushd followed quite strictly the ideas on the status of medicine propounded by the philosopher al-Fārābī. In Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Rushd summarised the conceptions of several works including Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq’s Masā’il fīl-ṭibb, Ibn Sīnā’s Qānūn fī l-ṭibb and al-Fārābī’s works on Aristotle’s logic. The joint analysis of these sources and the evidence provided by a new manuscript of Ibn Rushd’s Sharḥ give us a clearer idea of the conception of medicine extant in this latter work and, in consequence, we can reconsider and relativise the difference between it and the conception expounded in Kulliyyāt. Ibn Rushd’s ideas on the status of medicine are analysed according to the sociopolitical context in which they were conceived, taking particular account of the fact that Sharḥ Urjūza Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb was written for the intellectual and political elites of the Almohad regime.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83266429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.26
D. Blanco, Santiago Ginnobili
En este trabajo discutimos la extensión de la influencia que el pensamiento de Richard Owen tuvo sobre el de Charles Darwin. Además, se intentará mostrar lo heterogéneo de tal influencia, que va desde teorías específicas a giros retóricos. Esta influencia es en muchos casos subestimada, dando la sensación de que la novedad darwiniana consistió únicamente en mirar con ojos desprejuiciados lo que los otros no habían visto. Esta visión resulta injusta con Owen, y también con el esfuerzo conceptual llevado adelante por Darwin con las piezas brindadas por sus precursores. Finalmente, este es un caso interesante para entender el tipo de novedad aportada por las revoluciones científicas y el modo sofisticado en que tal novedad se sustenta sobre el trabajo de los enfoques previos.
{"title":"Piezas owenianas en el rompecabezas darwiniano","authors":"D. Blanco, Santiago Ginnobili","doi":"10.3989/asclepio.2020.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.26","url":null,"abstract":"En este trabajo discutimos la extensión de la influencia que el pensamiento de Richard Owen tuvo sobre el de Charles Darwin. Además, se intentará mostrar lo heterogéneo de tal influencia, que va desde teorías específicas a giros retóricos. Esta influencia es en muchos casos subestimada, dando la sensación de que la novedad darwiniana consistió únicamente en mirar con ojos desprejuiciados lo que los otros no habían visto. Esta visión resulta injusta con Owen, y también con el esfuerzo conceptual llevado adelante por Darwin con las piezas brindadas por sus precursores. Finalmente, este es un caso interesante para entender el tipo de novedad aportada por las revoluciones científicas y el modo sofisticado en que tal novedad se sustenta sobre el trabajo de los enfoques previos.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79069102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.16
Ekain Cagigal
Historiography has extensively demonstrated that Irish doctors played a very relevant role in the medicine of the Spanish Monarchy along 18th century. Nevertheless, beyond the prominent figures linked to the court and military circles –such as Higgins, Purcell, Gorman or O’Scanlan–, a significant number of Irish doctors can be claimed, who practised medicine in public-private spheres of less projection. In any case, they were well established professionals, who conveyed the new ideological currents generated in the continent and acquired along their migration pathways. Raymond Everard, born in co. Waterford (Ireland), truly depicts the archetype of the Irish doctor who, after being immersed in the French enlightened circles and universities, settled down in Bilbao as municipal doctor, where he took care of the town for nearly forty years, imbuing it with the existing technical-scientific modernity through his medical work.
{"title":"Los Médicos irlandeses y las ideas (pre)ilustradas: Raymond Everard (1675-1754)","authors":"Ekain Cagigal","doi":"10.3989/asclepio.2020.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.16","url":null,"abstract":"Historiography has extensively demonstrated that Irish doctors played a very relevant role in the medicine of the Spanish Monarchy along 18th century. Nevertheless, beyond the prominent figures linked to the court and military circles –such as Higgins, Purcell, Gorman or O’Scanlan–, a significant number of Irish doctors can be claimed, who practised medicine in public-private spheres of less projection. In any case, they were well established professionals, who conveyed the new ideological currents generated in the continent and acquired along their migration pathways. Raymond Everard, born in co. Waterford (Ireland), truly depicts the archetype of the Irish doctor who, after being immersed in the French enlightened circles and universities, settled down in Bilbao as municipal doctor, where he took care of the town for nearly forty years, imbuing it with the existing technical-scientific modernity through his medical work.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79004269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.20
Eugenio Castaño González
In this article it will analize the way in which nervous exhaustion and fatigue were objectified by the medicine inside the labour environment in the cities of Bogota and Medellin, during the first half of twentieth century. From there the necessity of taking as reference identification of alleged hardship related to intellectual and physical work sphere. To the demand of frugal behaviours to minimize the effects of that hardship, it added the growing psychologization of world work in the middle of the century. That psychologization was turned into a tool that extended the spectrum of anormality, in the midst of the metamorphosis experienced by the productive system and diversification of labour structure nationally.
{"title":"Con los nervios de punta: de la medicalización a la psicologización de los quebrantos mentales en el trabajo. Bogotá y Medellín, 1898-1961","authors":"Eugenio Castaño González","doi":"10.3989/asclepio.2020.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.20","url":null,"abstract":"In this article it will analize the way in which nervous exhaustion and fatigue were objectified by the medicine inside the labour environment in the cities of Bogota and Medellin, during the first half of twentieth century. From there the necessity of taking as reference identification of alleged hardship related to intellectual and physical work sphere. To the demand of frugal behaviours to minimize the effects of that hardship, it added the growing psychologization of world work in the middle of the century. That psychologization was turned into a tool that extended the spectrum of anormality, in the midst of the metamorphosis experienced by the productive system and diversification of labour structure nationally.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91366510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.17
Antonino Vidal Ortega, Jairo Solano Alonso
The focus of this work is surgeon Pedro Lopez de Leon and the contribution of his manual of medicine and surgery, which he wrote in Cartagena de Indias in the early seventeenth century. Through the reconstruction of his life, and the analysis of his work and bibliographical references, we highlight the transatlantic notoriety of the effort to develop the scientific knowledge of modern medicine in a central port of the Caribbean in the Atlantic Trade.
{"title":"Los inicios de la ciencia moderna en el Caribe Neogranadino: Pedro López de León teoría y práctica en la cirugía de la Cartagena del Siglo XVII","authors":"Antonino Vidal Ortega, Jairo Solano Alonso","doi":"10.3989/asclepio.2020.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2020.17","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this work is surgeon Pedro Lopez de Leon and the contribution of his manual of medicine and surgery, which he wrote in Cartagena de Indias in the early seventeenth century. Through the reconstruction of his life, and the analysis of his work and bibliographical references, we highlight the transatlantic notoriety of the effort to develop the scientific knowledge of modern medicine in a central port of the Caribbean in the Atlantic Trade.","PeriodicalId":44082,"journal":{"name":"Asclepio-Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81777333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.24
M. Sardi, Diego Ballestero
The organization of collections of human remains of different “races”, during the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century, was associated with archival work that enabled to certificate the authenticity of the specimens. These files contain individual data, such as the origin, sex, age and name, but also data about the collector or donor. This study analyses the different material and textual strategies carried out on a young Ache indigenous woman by the German anthropologist Robert Lehmann-Nitsche (1872-1938), responsible of the Seccion Antropologica of the Museo de La Plata (Argentina); strategies through which the anthropologist built the epistemological value of the indigenous body and his own scientific authority. We also discuss how certain practices were inspired in written and non-written instructions, but sometimes personal motivations interrupted procedures for elaborate scientific objects, leaving “silences” that can only recently be interpreted in light of the claims existing over museums that house human remains.
在19世纪末和20世纪初，不同“种族”的人类遗骸的收集组织与档案工作有关，这些工作使证明标本的真实性成为可能。这些文件包含个人数据，如来源、性别、年龄和姓名，但也包含有关收集者或捐赠者的数据。本研究分析了德国人类学家Robert Lehmann-Nitsche(1872-1938)(负责阿根廷拉普拉塔博物馆(Museo de La Plata)的人类学部门)对一位年轻的阿契土著妇女进行的不同材料和文本策略;人类学家通过这些策略建立了土著身体的认识论价值和他自己的科学权威。我们还讨论了某些做法是如何在书面和非书面指示中受到启发的，但有时个人动机打断了精心设计的科学对象的程序，留下了“沉默”，这只能在最近根据对保存人类遗骸的博物馆的现有主张来解释。
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Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2020.23
José Alfredo Uribe Salas
There are research topics and problems whose nature, structure and dynamics provide the analytical route and the methodological perspective to unravel its global dimension. This is the case of erythronium, a chemical element that was discovered in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río Fernández (1764-1849) in the laboratory of the Real Seminario de Minería in Mexico City, New Spain. The discovery went around the western world immersed in a controversy over its authenticity, until the European scientific community decided to close the case by granting paternity to the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström (1787-1845), who 30 years later had rediscovered it, making its name official as vanadium in 1831. The 30 years that passed also revealed the dispute between France, Germany and the United States for the appropriation of nature and the gradual displacement that they experienced in their hegemony over chemical science, as a scientific tool of power and global control.
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