Pub Date : 2022-08-25DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15212
P. Hennebert
The classification of waste is complex. Once detailed chemical composition, and in some cases speciation testing has been completed, the chemicals present are checked either as hazardous chemicals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed waste characterisation data can be used to support onward management of wastes, including hazardous wastes. A process management flowchart has been compiled using data from twelve waste streams. Specifically, for hazardous waste, the proposed approach can be used to firstly identify how a potential hazard may be eliminated using specific treatment scenarios. Secondly risk mitigation strategies are provided to reduce risks during short-term management of transportation, preparation and processing of wastes. Finally, the approach highlights how waste characterisation data can be used to guide the long-term management of hazardous waste. For non-hazardous waste a risk approach generates case specific permissible concentration limits. Hazardous waste management by risk is proposed, either for short-term operations, or during the recycling loops. The wastes containing “legacy” banned substances must be phased out. But the wastes with hazardous compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed during the loop by a risk approach, like the products they were and the products that they will become, per risk according to REACH. A worked example of this approach to mercury containing waste by hazard and by risk is presented, using leaching data (risk) to prevent groundwater contamination by mine tailings using reverse modelling, proposed to the conference of the UN Minamata Convention.
{"title":"RISK MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES BY HAZARDOUS PROPERTY INCLUDING MERCURY CONTAINING WASTES","authors":"P. Hennebert","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15212","url":null,"abstract":"The classification of waste is complex. Once detailed chemical composition, and in some cases speciation testing has been completed, the chemicals present are checked either as hazardous chemicals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed waste characterisation data can be used to support onward management of wastes, including hazardous wastes. A process management flowchart has been compiled using data from twelve waste streams. Specifically, for hazardous waste, the proposed approach can be used to firstly identify how a potential hazard may be eliminated using specific treatment scenarios. Secondly risk mitigation strategies are provided to reduce risks during short-term management of transportation, preparation and processing of wastes. Finally, the approach highlights how waste characterisation data can be used to guide the long-term management of hazardous waste. For non-hazardous waste a risk approach generates case specific permissible concentration limits. Hazardous waste management by risk is proposed, either for short-term operations, or during the recycling loops. The wastes containing “legacy” banned substances must be phased out. But the wastes with hazardous compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed during the loop by a risk approach, like the products they were and the products that they will become, per risk according to REACH. A worked example of this approach to mercury containing waste by hazard and by risk is presented, using leaching data (risk) to prevent groundwater contamination by mine tailings using reverse modelling, proposed to the conference of the UN Minamata Convention.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42975890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15199
F. Aisien, E. T. Aisien
ABSTRACT: The widely-used plastics, especially low-density polyethylene (LDPE), have resulted in a considerable accumulation of plastics in the waste stream, causing a global environmental problem. Therefore, the research aims to examine the thermal and catalytic degradation of waste LDPE plastic using spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and compare the properties of the produced liquid oils with commercial fuels. The potential of converting the most energy from waste plastics to valuable liquid oil, gaseous, and char was investigated. A batch reactor was used to thermally and catalytically degrade LDPE at temperatures 350 to 550oC and catalyst to plastic ratio of 0.10 to 0.25. The physical properties of the produced liquid oils, flash point, pour point, viscosity, API-gravity, carbon residue, density, etc., were determined using standard methods. We characterized the chemical properties of produced pyrolysis liquid oils with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The liquid oil, gas, and char produced at catalyst to plastic ratio of 0.20 at 500oC were 92.7 wt.%, 6.1 wt.%, and 1.2 wt.% respectively. The thermal pyrolysis at 500 oC gave 76.6 wt.%, 20.7 wt.%, and 2.7 wt.% for produced liquid oil, gas, and char, respectively. The GC-MS shows that the produced LDPE liquid oil contains many hydrocarbons from C7-C29. The major hydrocarbons common to LDPE are benzene, 1, 3 dimethyl benzene, and toluene. The produced liquid oil’s properties compare favorably with that of commercial fuels.
{"title":"LIQUID FLUIDS FROM THERMO-CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF WASTE LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE USING SPENT FCC CATALYST","authors":"F. Aisien, E. T. Aisien","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15199","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The widely-used plastics, especially low-density polyethylene (LDPE), have resulted in a considerable accumulation of plastics in the waste stream, causing a global environmental problem. Therefore, the research aims to examine the thermal and catalytic degradation of waste LDPE plastic using spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and compare the properties of the produced liquid oils with commercial fuels. The potential of converting the most energy from waste plastics to valuable liquid oil, gaseous, and char was investigated. A batch reactor was used to thermally and catalytically degrade LDPE at temperatures 350 to 550oC and catalyst to plastic ratio of 0.10 to 0.25. The physical properties of the produced liquid oils, flash point, pour point, viscosity, API-gravity, carbon residue, density, etc., were determined using standard methods. We characterized the chemical properties of produced pyrolysis liquid oils with Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).\u0000 The liquid oil, gas, and char produced at catalyst to plastic ratio of 0.20 at 500oC were 92.7 wt.%, 6.1 wt.%, and 1.2 wt.% respectively. The thermal pyrolysis at 500 oC gave 76.6 wt.%, 20.7 wt.%, and 2.7 wt.% for produced liquid oil, gas, and char, respectively. The GC-MS shows that the produced LDPE liquid oil contains many hydrocarbons from C7-C29. The major hydrocarbons common to LDPE are benzene, 1, 3 dimethyl benzene, and toluene. The produced liquid oil’s properties compare favorably with that of commercial fuels.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43508001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15196
R. Malesani, A. Schievano, F. Di Maria, Federico Sisani, A. Pivato
Compost Heat Recovery Systems (CHRS) represent an innovative technology to provide domestic decentralized thermal energy, recovering the heat naturally produced during the aerobic biodegradation of waste biomass, coming from gardening/farming/forestry activities. CHRSs represent an alternative to centralized grid-connected power systems and are usually installed (combined with most traditional systems) to power underfloor heating systems (UHS) or domestic hot water systems (DHWS), lowering impacts and costs of thermal energy production. In this study, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CHRSs (measured as kgCO2-eq/kWh) was investigated using life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, considering the whole life cycle of an average plant. CHRSs showed a negative Net value of GWP impact, equal to -0.268 kgCO2-eq/kWh, as full balance of positive (0.062 kgCO2-eq/kWh) and negative (-0.329 kgCO2-eq/kWh) emissions. Negative emissions are related to avoided primary materials, replacement of natural gas used as traditional thermal energy production and replacement of mineral fertilizers. Considering only the positive emissions (0.062 kgCO2-eq/kWh), CHRSs emerged to be in line with Solar Hot-Water Systems (0.061 kgCO2-eq/kWh mean value) and slightly higher than Geothermal Systems (0.019 kgCO2-eq/kWh mean value). Along with GWP impact, other midpoint and endpoint impact indicators were assessed and all showed a negative Net value: Particulate Matter PM (-2.36E-5 kgPM2.5-eq/kWh), Fresh Water eutrophication FWE (-6.78E-06 kgP-eq/kWh), Fresh Water ecotoxicity FWec (-2.10E-01 CTUe/kWh), Human Toxicity cancer effect HTc (-5.68E-09 CTUh/kWh), Human Toxicity non-cancer effect HTnc (-3.51E-09 CTUh/kWh) and Human Health HH (-5.22E-08 DALY/kWh). These results demonstrate that CHRS is extremely convenient considering both environmental and human health consequences.
{"title":"Compost Heat Recovery Systems: Global Warming Potential impact estimation and comparison through a Life Cycle Assessment approach","authors":"R. Malesani, A. Schievano, F. Di Maria, Federico Sisani, A. Pivato","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15196","url":null,"abstract":"Compost Heat Recovery Systems (CHRS) represent an innovative technology to provide domestic decentralized thermal energy, recovering the heat naturally produced during the aerobic biodegradation of waste biomass, coming from gardening/farming/forestry activities. CHRSs represent an alternative to centralized grid-connected power systems and are usually installed (combined with most traditional systems) to power underfloor heating systems (UHS) or domestic hot water systems (DHWS), lowering impacts and costs of thermal energy production.\u0000In this study, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CHRSs (measured as kgCO2-eq/kWh) was investigated using life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, considering the whole life cycle of an average plant. CHRSs showed a negative Net value of GWP impact, equal to -0.268 kgCO2-eq/kWh, as full balance of positive (0.062 kgCO2-eq/kWh) and negative (-0.329 kgCO2-eq/kWh) emissions. Negative emissions are related to avoided primary materials, replacement of natural gas used as traditional thermal energy production and replacement of mineral fertilizers. Considering only the positive emissions (0.062 kgCO2-eq/kWh), CHRSs emerged to be in line with Solar Hot-Water Systems (0.061 kgCO2-eq/kWh mean value) and slightly higher than Geothermal Systems (0.019 kgCO2-eq/kWh mean value). \u0000Along with GWP impact, other midpoint and endpoint impact indicators were assessed and all showed a negative Net value: Particulate Matter PM (-2.36E-5 kgPM2.5-eq/kWh), Fresh Water eutrophication FWE (-6.78E-06 kgP-eq/kWh), Fresh Water ecotoxicity FWec (-2.10E-01 CTUe/kWh), Human Toxicity cancer effect HTc (-5.68E-09 CTUh/kWh), Human Toxicity non-cancer effect HTnc (-3.51E-09 CTUh/kWh) and Human Health HH (-5.22E-08 DALY/kWh). These results demonstrate that CHRS is extremely convenient considering both environmental and human health consequences.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45112416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15192
Emily Appleby, Peter Shaw
As global consumption of nail varnish grows, quantities of packaging waste and residues will increase. End-of-use decisions for nail varnish have implications. Residues contain some hazardous substances, whilst packaging has potential for valorization. The extent of problems related to the disposal of end-of-use nail varnish products remains unclear. This study aimed to gain evidence to inform potential management measures. An inventory of hazardous substances in nail varnish products available in the UK was compiled to ascertain their potential for harm to the environment and/or human health. Discarded samples of end-of-use nail varnish products were then collected from volunteers in the UK to determine weights of packaging materials and residues. A parallel survey explored UK consumers’ means of disposal and opportunities for positive change. All the brands examined contained at least one hazardous substance; over a hundred hazardous substances were identified in total for the 24 samples audited. Hazards to human health were most common. On average, 7.2g of nail varnish remained in bottles at the point of disposal. Average weights for glass bottles and plastic lids/applicators were 28.5g and 5.6g, respectively. End-of-use products thus generate small quantities of residues and packaging, but the cumulative impacts are potentially substantial. Disposal of end-of-use products with general household waste was evident: this leads to contamination of non-hazardous waste and fails to valorize the materials lost. Collection schemes for end-of-use nail varnish offer a possible way forward, but would benefit from fuller understanding of the potential for consumer engagement.
{"title":"NAIL VARNISH PACKAGING AND RESIDUE WASTES: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS","authors":"Emily Appleby, Peter Shaw","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15192","url":null,"abstract":"As global consumption of nail varnish grows, quantities of packaging waste and residues will increase. End-of-use decisions for nail varnish have implications. Residues contain some hazardous substances, whilst packaging has potential for valorization. The extent of problems related to the disposal of end-of-use nail varnish products remains unclear. This study aimed to gain evidence to inform potential management measures. An inventory of hazardous substances in nail varnish products available in the UK was compiled to ascertain their potential for harm to the environment and/or human health. Discarded samples of end-of-use nail varnish products were then collected from volunteers in the UK to determine weights of packaging materials and residues. A parallel survey explored UK consumers’ means of disposal and opportunities for positive change. All the brands examined contained at least one hazardous substance; over a hundred hazardous substances were identified in total for the 24 samples audited. Hazards to human health were most common. On average, 7.2g of nail varnish remained in bottles at the point of disposal. Average weights for glass bottles and plastic lids/applicators were 28.5g and 5.6g, respectively. End-of-use products thus generate small quantities of residues and packaging, but the cumulative impacts are potentially substantial. Disposal of end-of-use products with general household waste was evident: this leads to contamination of non-hazardous waste and fails to valorize the materials lost. Collection schemes for end-of-use nail varnish offer a possible way forward, but would benefit from fuller understanding of the potential for consumer engagement.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45854060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15195
Pablo Schamber, Sergio Bon
For more than two decades there has been an on-going debate in Argentina about the draft bills presented to congress for the management of packaging waste and the notion of extended producer responsibility. This article analyses the points of agreement and controversies among the stakeholders with respect to their approach to the debate. The analysis basically covers the discussions around three key issues related to a proposed packaging waste management system: the obliged subjects liable to make contributions, the state or private nature of the entity responsible for managing such system, and the role of the waste pickers and their organizations. A number of secondary sources were consulted (legislative files, dossiers, public records and bibliography), and several interviews were conducted to a number key actors (specialists in this field, legislative advisers, waste picker’s referents, law makers, public servants and technical experts) for the writing of this paper.
{"title":"Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and packaging regulations in Argentina: reflections on the aspects associated with the blocking of the draft legislation initiatives","authors":"Pablo Schamber, Sergio Bon","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15195","url":null,"abstract":"For more than two decades there has been an on-going debate in Argentina about the draft bills presented to congress for the management of packaging waste and the notion of extended producer responsibility. This article analyses the points of agreement and controversies among the stakeholders with respect to their approach to the debate. The analysis basically covers the discussions around three key issues related to a proposed packaging waste management system: the obliged subjects liable to make contributions, the state or private nature of the entity responsible for managing such system, and the role of the waste pickers and their organizations. A number of secondary sources were consulted (legislative files, dossiers, public records and bibliography), and several interviews were conducted to a number key actors (specialists in this field, legislative advisers, waste picker’s referents, law makers, public servants and technical experts) for the writing of this paper.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44305205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15147
Luciano Butti
Methane emissions and waste management Agriculture still represents the largest share of anthropogenic methane emission sources in the EU. So much so that the use of agricultural waste and residues for biogas production is considered to be a driver for the circular economy, provided that the cascading use principle is adhered to and the appropriate sustainability criteria are applied. Fugitive emissions from leaking equipment, infrastructure or closed and abandoned sites, as well as emissions from venting and the incomplete combustion of methane, represent the majority of methane emissions in the energy sector, by far the second most important methane emission source. However, landfills of municipal solid waste have also been identified as a further significant source of methane, even if their role is much lower than that of agriculture and energy (Cossu et al., 2020). Consequently, the EU Parliament new strategy on methane calls on the Commission to integrate a strong focus on methane emissions in the 2024 review of the Landfill Directive and the upcoming revision of the Industrial Emissions Directive. The strategy goes on by highlighting the need for measures to require landfill sites to use the bio-methane they produce until its energy content drops below a useful value and, once it is no longer viable to use the bio-methane produced at a landfill site, for the use of bio-oxidation and other technologies in hot spots in order to reduce the remaining methane emissions (Grossule and Stegmann, 2020). After generally emphasizing that closure and after-care procedures for landfill cells are key to reducing leakages, taking into account the entire life cycle of landfill sites, the EU Parliament strategy generically affirms that “landfill disposal, which sits at the bottom of the waste hierarchy, is the most polluting way to manage waste both in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants to air, soil and water”. Such an assertion seems to elicit – as Cossu (2020) puts it – “an idealistic order which is scarcely reliable to the real world” and to not take into account the virtuous role that, under strict conditions, sustainable landfills can Normally defined as a new and sustainable model of production and consumption, circular economy involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. The obvious aim is to extend the life cycle of products. Under the European Green Deal and in line with a proposed new industrial strategy, in March 2020 the European Commission presented the new circular economy action plan (EU Circular Economy Action Plan, 2020). It is about product design, reducing waste and empowering consumers (e.g., via the introduction of a right to repair). In February 2021 the Parliament adopted a resolution on the new circular economy action plan, demanding additional measures to achieve a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable, toxic-free and fully ci
在欧盟，农业仍然占人为甲烷排放源的最大份额。因此，只要遵守级联使用原则并采用适当的可持续性标准，利用农业废物和残留物生产沼气被认为是循环经济的推动力。来自泄漏设备、基础设施或关闭和废弃场所的逸散性排放，以及来自通风和甲烷不完全燃烧的排放，占能源部门甲烷排放的大部分，是迄今为止第二大甲烷排放源。然而，城市固体废物填埋场也被确定为甲烷的另一个重要来源，即使它们的作用远低于农业和能源(Cossu et al.， 2020)。因此，欧盟议会关于甲烷的新战略呼吁欧盟委员会在2024年对《垃圾填埋场指令》的审查和即将修订的《工业排放指令》中重点关注甲烷排放。该战略继续强调需要采取措施，要求垃圾填埋场使用其产生的生物甲烷，直到其能量含量降至有用值以下，一旦垃圾填埋场产生的生物甲烷不再可行，则在热点地区使用生物氧化和其他技术，以减少剩余的甲烷排放(Grossule和Stegmann, 2020)。考虑到垃圾填埋场的整个生命周期，欧盟议会的战略总体上强调了垃圾填埋场单元的关闭和后续处理程序是减少泄漏的关键，并普遍确认“垃圾填埋场处理位于废物层级的最底层，就温室气体排放和其他空气、土壤和水的污染物而言，是污染最严重的废物管理方式”。正如Cossu(2020)所说，这样的断言似乎引出了“一种对现实世界几乎不可靠的理想主义秩序”，并且没有考虑到在严格条件下，可持续垃圾填埋场通常可以定义为一种新的可持续的生产和消费模式的良性作用，循环经济涉及尽可能长时间地共享，租赁，再利用，修复，翻新和回收现有材料和产品。显而易见的目标是延长产品的生命周期。根据《欧洲绿色协议》并根据拟议的新产业战略，欧盟委员会于2020年3月提出了新的循环经济行动计划(欧盟循环经济行动计划，2020)。它是关于产品设计，减少浪费和赋予消费者权力(例如，通过引入维修权)。2021年2月，议会通过了一项关于新的循环经济行动计划的决议，要求采取额外措施，到2050年实现碳中和、环境可持续、无毒和完全循环的经济，包括更严格的回收规则和到2030年材料使用和消费的约束性目标。
{"title":"CIRCULAR ECONOMY, METHANE EMISSIONS, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND THE COURTS’ ROLE","authors":"Luciano Butti","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15147","url":null,"abstract":"Methane emissions and waste management Agriculture still represents the largest share of anthropogenic methane emission sources in the EU. So much so that the use of agricultural waste and residues for biogas production is considered to be a driver for the circular economy, provided that the cascading use principle is adhered to and the appropriate sustainability criteria are applied. Fugitive emissions from leaking equipment, infrastructure or closed and abandoned sites, as well as emissions from venting and the incomplete combustion of methane, represent the majority of methane emissions in the energy sector, by far the second most important methane emission source. However, landfills of municipal solid waste have also been identified as a further significant source of methane, even if their role is much lower than that of agriculture and energy (Cossu et al., 2020). Consequently, the EU Parliament new strategy on methane calls on the Commission to integrate a strong focus on methane emissions in the 2024 review of the Landfill Directive and the upcoming revision of the Industrial Emissions Directive. The strategy goes on by highlighting the need for measures to require landfill sites to use the bio-methane they produce until its energy content drops below a useful value and, once it is no longer viable to use the bio-methane produced at a landfill site, for the use of bio-oxidation and other technologies in hot spots in order to reduce the remaining methane emissions (Grossule and Stegmann, 2020). After generally emphasizing that closure and after-care procedures for landfill cells are key to reducing leakages, taking into account the entire life cycle of landfill sites, the EU Parliament strategy generically affirms that “landfill disposal, which sits at the bottom of the waste hierarchy, is the most polluting way to manage waste both in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants to air, soil and water”. Such an assertion seems to elicit – as Cossu (2020) puts it – “an idealistic order which is scarcely reliable to the real world” and to not take into account the virtuous role that, under strict conditions, sustainable landfills can Normally defined as a new and sustainable model of production and consumption, circular economy involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. The obvious aim is to extend the life cycle of products. Under the European Green Deal and in line with a proposed new industrial strategy, in March 2020 the European Commission presented the new circular economy action plan (EU Circular Economy Action Plan, 2020). It is about product design, reducing waste and empowering consumers (e.g., via the introduction of a right to repair). In February 2021 the Parliament adopted a resolution on the new circular economy action plan, demanding additional measures to achieve a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable, toxic-free and fully ci","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69398094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15149
M. van Praagh, B. Liebmann
We investigated the occurrence of microplastics (size range 5,000-50 µm) in leachates at 11 landfills of different age and operational status in Finland, Iceland and Norway. Collective sampling was carried out by pumping leachate with a stainless-steel submergible pump through a custom-made, stainless-steel filter unit containing filter plates with decreasing pore sizes (5,000, 417 and 47 µm, respectively). Samples were pre-treated and split into particles size classes above 500 μm and above 50 μm, and screened for occurrence of microplastics made of PE, PP, PVC, PS, PET, PA, PU, PC, PMMA, POM, SBR (rubber) or PMB (polymer modified bitumen). Samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, both to identify and to count microplastic particles (SBR and PMB were merely identified). Most samples tested positive for multiple microplastics. Three leachates, including drinking water (blank), tested positive for SBR particles and/or PMB only. Treated leachate samples exhibited lower total microplastic’s counts than untreated, up to several orders of magnitude. National waste management practices over time, landfill age or operational status do not seem to explain differences in microplastic abundance or counts between leachates. Particle count and calculated loads of microplastic emissions through leachates differed several orders of magnitude between landfills. Results indicate that landfill leachates might be a relatively small source of microplastics (>50 µm) to surface waters compared to untreated and treated sewage or road runoff. Continued data acquisition, improved sample preparation and understanding of variability of microplastics in landfill leachate are necessary, including particles smaller than 50 µm.
{"title":"MICROPLASTICS IN LANDFILL LEACHATES IN THREE NORDIC COUNTRIES","authors":"M. van Praagh, B. Liebmann","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15149","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the occurrence of microplastics (size range 5,000-50 µm) in leachates at 11 landfills of different age and operational status in Finland, Iceland and Norway. Collective sampling was carried out by pumping leachate with a stainless-steel submergible pump through a custom-made, stainless-steel filter unit containing filter plates with decreasing pore sizes (5,000, 417 and 47 µm, respectively). Samples were pre-treated and split into particles size classes above 500 μm and above 50 μm, and screened for occurrence of microplastics made of PE, PP, PVC, PS, PET, PA, PU, PC, PMMA, POM, SBR (rubber) or PMB (polymer modified bitumen). Samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, both to identify and to count microplastic particles (SBR and PMB were merely identified). Most samples tested positive for multiple microplastics. Three leachates, including drinking water (blank), tested positive for SBR particles and/or PMB only. Treated leachate samples exhibited lower total microplastic’s counts than untreated, up to several orders of magnitude. National waste management practices over time, landfill age or operational status do not seem to explain differences in microplastic abundance or counts between leachates. Particle count and calculated loads of microplastic emissions through leachates differed several orders of magnitude between landfills. Results indicate that landfill leachates might be a relatively small source of microplastics (>50 µm) to surface waters compared to untreated and treated sewage or road runoff. Continued data acquisition, improved sample preparation and understanding of variability of microplastics in landfill leachate are necessary, including particles smaller than 50 µm.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43194682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15145
A. Alassali, W. Calmano, K. Kuchta
This study has the aim of analysing the degree of contamination of recycled polyolefin purchased from the market by focusing on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, the impact of the mechanical recycling process on the polyolefin chemical quality was investigated. Results indicated that recycled polyethylene (PE) had higher PAHs concentrations by 10 to 20 folds in comparison to the pristine PE. Similarly, recycled polypropylene (PP) indicated higher PAHs concentrations in comparison to the virgin polypropylene, yet with lower degree of difference. Analysing the 8 indicators assigned by the Regulation EU 1272/2013 amending REACH Annex XVII, all recycled specimens showed concentrations lower than the limit of 0.5 mg kg-1, which indicates that there is no restriction in material’s utilisation. This study functioned as a preliminary assessment to check the suitability of recycled plastics for their further utilisation. Additionally, the study indicates that polyolefin can experience quality deterioration when uncontrolled recycling conditions are applied.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE AND SOURCE OF POLYOLEFIN RECYCLATES CONTAMINATION","authors":"A. Alassali, W. Calmano, K. Kuchta","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15145","url":null,"abstract":"This study has the aim of analysing the degree of contamination of recycled polyolefin purchased from the market by focusing on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, the impact of the mechanical recycling process on the polyolefin chemical quality was investigated. Results indicated that recycled polyethylene (PE) had higher PAHs concentrations by 10 to 20 folds in comparison to the pristine PE. Similarly, recycled polypropylene (PP) indicated higher PAHs concentrations in comparison to the virgin polypropylene, yet with lower degree of difference. Analysing the 8 indicators assigned by the Regulation EU 1272/2013 amending REACH Annex XVII, all recycled specimens showed concentrations lower than the limit of 0.5 mg kg-1, which indicates that there is no restriction in material’s utilisation. This study functioned as a preliminary assessment to check the suitability of recycled plastics for their further utilisation. Additionally, the study indicates that polyolefin can experience quality deterioration when uncontrolled recycling conditions are applied.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46559763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144
A. Ali, F. Yusuf
Waste picking might provide, in low-income countries, a livelihood for many individuals representing an important survival strategy. However, during their activities, waste pickers are at risk of encountering harmful waste, which could cause injuries and other infectious diseases. This paper investigates the occurrences of injury among waste pickers and the methods they use to treat the injuries in Bauchi city, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 322 waste pickers were randomly selected across 80 waste pickers’ middlemen shops. Data was obtained through questionnaire and interview. Based on the data presented, 1474 frequencies of injuries were reported among 247 waste pickers. Age, education and working experience are significant parameters to the prevalence of injuries among waste pickers, and the incidence of injuries increased with the decrease in those parameters. The study shows that most of the waste pickers experienced injuries, most of whom do not attend clinic when injury occurs; instead, they used salt, ash, sand, hydraulic, kerosene, battery acid, among others, to treat their wounds. Cuts and pierces are good entry points for bacteria and viruses, which can eventually spread to the general public infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis, Cholera and Lassa fever. Provision of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), a labor rights policy, immunization and the launch of an awareness campaign are among the recommendations made by this study.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF INJURIES AMONG WASTE PICKERS. A CASE STUDY IN NIGERIA","authors":"A. Ali, F. Yusuf","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144","url":null,"abstract":"Waste picking might provide, in low-income countries, a livelihood for many individuals representing an important survival strategy. However, during their activities, waste pickers are at risk of encountering harmful waste, which could cause injuries and other infectious diseases. This paper investigates the occurrences of injury among waste pickers and the methods they use to treat the injuries in Bauchi city, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 322 waste pickers were randomly selected across 80 waste pickers’ middlemen shops. Data was obtained through questionnaire and interview. Based on the data presented, 1474 frequencies of injuries were reported among 247 waste pickers. Age, education and working experience are significant parameters to the prevalence of injuries among waste pickers, and the incidence of injuries increased with the decrease in those parameters. The study shows that most of the waste pickers experienced injuries, most of whom do not attend clinic when injury occurs; instead, they used salt, ash, sand, hydraulic, kerosene, battery acid, among others, to treat their wounds. Cuts and pierces are good entry points for bacteria and viruses, which can eventually spread to the general public infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis, Cholera and Lassa fever. Provision of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), a labor rights policy, immunization and the launch of an awareness campaign are among the recommendations made by this study.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41864117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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