Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15147
Luciano Butti
Methane emissions and waste management Agriculture still represents the largest share of anthropogenic methane emission sources in the EU. So much so that the use of agricultural waste and residues for biogas production is considered to be a driver for the circular economy, provided that the cascading use principle is adhered to and the appropriate sustainability criteria are applied. Fugitive emissions from leaking equipment, infrastructure or closed and abandoned sites, as well as emissions from venting and the incomplete combustion of methane, represent the majority of methane emissions in the energy sector, by far the second most important methane emission source. However, landfills of municipal solid waste have also been identified as a further significant source of methane, even if their role is much lower than that of agriculture and energy (Cossu et al., 2020). Consequently, the EU Parliament new strategy on methane calls on the Commission to integrate a strong focus on methane emissions in the 2024 review of the Landfill Directive and the upcoming revision of the Industrial Emissions Directive. The strategy goes on by highlighting the need for measures to require landfill sites to use the bio-methane they produce until its energy content drops below a useful value and, once it is no longer viable to use the bio-methane produced at a landfill site, for the use of bio-oxidation and other technologies in hot spots in order to reduce the remaining methane emissions (Grossule and Stegmann, 2020). After generally emphasizing that closure and after-care procedures for landfill cells are key to reducing leakages, taking into account the entire life cycle of landfill sites, the EU Parliament strategy generically affirms that “landfill disposal, which sits at the bottom of the waste hierarchy, is the most polluting way to manage waste both in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants to air, soil and water”. Such an assertion seems to elicit – as Cossu (2020) puts it – “an idealistic order which is scarcely reliable to the real world” and to not take into account the virtuous role that, under strict conditions, sustainable landfills can Normally defined as a new and sustainable model of production and consumption, circular economy involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. The obvious aim is to extend the life cycle of products. Under the European Green Deal and in line with a proposed new industrial strategy, in March 2020 the European Commission presented the new circular economy action plan (EU Circular Economy Action Plan, 2020). It is about product design, reducing waste and empowering consumers (e.g., via the introduction of a right to repair). In February 2021 the Parliament adopted a resolution on the new circular economy action plan, demanding additional measures to achieve a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable, toxic-free and fully ci
在欧盟，农业仍然占人为甲烷排放源的最大份额。因此，只要遵守级联使用原则并采用适当的可持续性标准，利用农业废物和残留物生产沼气被认为是循环经济的推动力。来自泄漏设备、基础设施或关闭和废弃场所的逸散性排放，以及来自通风和甲烷不完全燃烧的排放，占能源部门甲烷排放的大部分，是迄今为止第二大甲烷排放源。然而，城市固体废物填埋场也被确定为甲烷的另一个重要来源，即使它们的作用远低于农业和能源(Cossu et al.， 2020)。因此，欧盟议会关于甲烷的新战略呼吁欧盟委员会在2024年对《垃圾填埋场指令》的审查和即将修订的《工业排放指令》中重点关注甲烷排放。该战略继续强调需要采取措施，要求垃圾填埋场使用其产生的生物甲烷，直到其能量含量降至有用值以下，一旦垃圾填埋场产生的生物甲烷不再可行，则在热点地区使用生物氧化和其他技术，以减少剩余的甲烷排放(Grossule和Stegmann, 2020)。考虑到垃圾填埋场的整个生命周期，欧盟议会的战略总体上强调了垃圾填埋场单元的关闭和后续处理程序是减少泄漏的关键，并普遍确认“垃圾填埋场处理位于废物层级的最底层，就温室气体排放和其他空气、土壤和水的污染物而言，是污染最严重的废物管理方式”。正如Cossu(2020)所说，这样的断言似乎引出了“一种对现实世界几乎不可靠的理想主义秩序”，并且没有考虑到在严格条件下，可持续垃圾填埋场通常可以定义为一种新的可持续的生产和消费模式的良性作用，循环经济涉及尽可能长时间地共享，租赁，再利用，修复，翻新和回收现有材料和产品。显而易见的目标是延长产品的生命周期。根据《欧洲绿色协议》并根据拟议的新产业战略，欧盟委员会于2020年3月提出了新的循环经济行动计划(欧盟循环经济行动计划，2020)。它是关于产品设计，减少浪费和赋予消费者权力(例如，通过引入维修权)。2021年2月，议会通过了一项关于新的循环经济行动计划的决议，要求采取额外措施，到2050年实现碳中和、环境可持续、无毒和完全循环的经济，包括更严格的回收规则和到2030年材料使用和消费的约束性目标。
{"title":"CIRCULAR ECONOMY, METHANE EMISSIONS, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND THE COURTS’ ROLE","authors":"Luciano Butti","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15147","url":null,"abstract":"Methane emissions and waste management Agriculture still represents the largest share of anthropogenic methane emission sources in the EU. So much so that the use of agricultural waste and residues for biogas production is considered to be a driver for the circular economy, provided that the cascading use principle is adhered to and the appropriate sustainability criteria are applied. Fugitive emissions from leaking equipment, infrastructure or closed and abandoned sites, as well as emissions from venting and the incomplete combustion of methane, represent the majority of methane emissions in the energy sector, by far the second most important methane emission source. However, landfills of municipal solid waste have also been identified as a further significant source of methane, even if their role is much lower than that of agriculture and energy (Cossu et al., 2020). Consequently, the EU Parliament new strategy on methane calls on the Commission to integrate a strong focus on methane emissions in the 2024 review of the Landfill Directive and the upcoming revision of the Industrial Emissions Directive. The strategy goes on by highlighting the need for measures to require landfill sites to use the bio-methane they produce until its energy content drops below a useful value and, once it is no longer viable to use the bio-methane produced at a landfill site, for the use of bio-oxidation and other technologies in hot spots in order to reduce the remaining methane emissions (Grossule and Stegmann, 2020). After generally emphasizing that closure and after-care procedures for landfill cells are key to reducing leakages, taking into account the entire life cycle of landfill sites, the EU Parliament strategy generically affirms that “landfill disposal, which sits at the bottom of the waste hierarchy, is the most polluting way to manage waste both in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants to air, soil and water”. Such an assertion seems to elicit – as Cossu (2020) puts it – “an idealistic order which is scarcely reliable to the real world” and to not take into account the virtuous role that, under strict conditions, sustainable landfills can Normally defined as a new and sustainable model of production and consumption, circular economy involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. The obvious aim is to extend the life cycle of products. Under the European Green Deal and in line with a proposed new industrial strategy, in March 2020 the European Commission presented the new circular economy action plan (EU Circular Economy Action Plan, 2020). It is about product design, reducing waste and empowering consumers (e.g., via the introduction of a right to repair). In February 2021 the Parliament adopted a resolution on the new circular economy action plan, demanding additional measures to achieve a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable, toxic-free and fully ci","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69398094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-28DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15149
M. van Praagh, B. Liebmann
We investigated the occurrence of microplastics (size range 5,000-50 µm) in leachates at 11 landfills of different age and operational status in Finland, Iceland and Norway. Collective sampling was carried out by pumping leachate with a stainless-steel submergible pump through a custom-made, stainless-steel filter unit containing filter plates with decreasing pore sizes (5,000, 417 and 47 µm, respectively). Samples were pre-treated and split into particles size classes above 500 μm and above 50 μm, and screened for occurrence of microplastics made of PE, PP, PVC, PS, PET, PA, PU, PC, PMMA, POM, SBR (rubber) or PMB (polymer modified bitumen). Samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, both to identify and to count microplastic particles (SBR and PMB were merely identified). Most samples tested positive for multiple microplastics. Three leachates, including drinking water (blank), tested positive for SBR particles and/or PMB only. Treated leachate samples exhibited lower total microplastic’s counts than untreated, up to several orders of magnitude. National waste management practices over time, landfill age or operational status do not seem to explain differences in microplastic abundance or counts between leachates. Particle count and calculated loads of microplastic emissions through leachates differed several orders of magnitude between landfills. Results indicate that landfill leachates might be a relatively small source of microplastics (>50 µm) to surface waters compared to untreated and treated sewage or road runoff. Continued data acquisition, improved sample preparation and understanding of variability of microplastics in landfill leachate are necessary, including particles smaller than 50 µm.
{"title":"MICROPLASTICS IN LANDFILL LEACHATES IN THREE NORDIC COUNTRIES","authors":"M. van Praagh, B. Liebmann","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15149","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the occurrence of microplastics (size range 5,000-50 µm) in leachates at 11 landfills of different age and operational status in Finland, Iceland and Norway. Collective sampling was carried out by pumping leachate with a stainless-steel submergible pump through a custom-made, stainless-steel filter unit containing filter plates with decreasing pore sizes (5,000, 417 and 47 µm, respectively). Samples were pre-treated and split into particles size classes above 500 μm and above 50 μm, and screened for occurrence of microplastics made of PE, PP, PVC, PS, PET, PA, PU, PC, PMMA, POM, SBR (rubber) or PMB (polymer modified bitumen). Samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, both to identify and to count microplastic particles (SBR and PMB were merely identified). Most samples tested positive for multiple microplastics. Three leachates, including drinking water (blank), tested positive for SBR particles and/or PMB only. Treated leachate samples exhibited lower total microplastic’s counts than untreated, up to several orders of magnitude. National waste management practices over time, landfill age or operational status do not seem to explain differences in microplastic abundance or counts between leachates. Particle count and calculated loads of microplastic emissions through leachates differed several orders of magnitude between landfills. Results indicate that landfill leachates might be a relatively small source of microplastics (>50 µm) to surface waters compared to untreated and treated sewage or road runoff. Continued data acquisition, improved sample preparation and understanding of variability of microplastics in landfill leachate are necessary, including particles smaller than 50 µm.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43194682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15145
A. Alassali, W. Calmano, K. Kuchta
This study has the aim of analysing the degree of contamination of recycled polyolefin purchased from the market by focusing on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, the impact of the mechanical recycling process on the polyolefin chemical quality was investigated. Results indicated that recycled polyethylene (PE) had higher PAHs concentrations by 10 to 20 folds in comparison to the pristine PE. Similarly, recycled polypropylene (PP) indicated higher PAHs concentrations in comparison to the virgin polypropylene, yet with lower degree of difference. Analysing the 8 indicators assigned by the Regulation EU 1272/2013 amending REACH Annex XVII, all recycled specimens showed concentrations lower than the limit of 0.5 mg kg-1, which indicates that there is no restriction in material’s utilisation. This study functioned as a preliminary assessment to check the suitability of recycled plastics for their further utilisation. Additionally, the study indicates that polyolefin can experience quality deterioration when uncontrolled recycling conditions are applied.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE AND SOURCE OF POLYOLEFIN RECYCLATES CONTAMINATION","authors":"A. Alassali, W. Calmano, K. Kuchta","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15145","url":null,"abstract":"This study has the aim of analysing the degree of contamination of recycled polyolefin purchased from the market by focusing on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, the impact of the mechanical recycling process on the polyolefin chemical quality was investigated. Results indicated that recycled polyethylene (PE) had higher PAHs concentrations by 10 to 20 folds in comparison to the pristine PE. Similarly, recycled polypropylene (PP) indicated higher PAHs concentrations in comparison to the virgin polypropylene, yet with lower degree of difference. Analysing the 8 indicators assigned by the Regulation EU 1272/2013 amending REACH Annex XVII, all recycled specimens showed concentrations lower than the limit of 0.5 mg kg-1, which indicates that there is no restriction in material’s utilisation. This study functioned as a preliminary assessment to check the suitability of recycled plastics for their further utilisation. Additionally, the study indicates that polyolefin can experience quality deterioration when uncontrolled recycling conditions are applied.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46559763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144
A. Ali, F. Yusuf
Waste picking might provide, in low-income countries, a livelihood for many individuals representing an important survival strategy. However, during their activities, waste pickers are at risk of encountering harmful waste, which could cause injuries and other infectious diseases. This paper investigates the occurrences of injury among waste pickers and the methods they use to treat the injuries in Bauchi city, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 322 waste pickers were randomly selected across 80 waste pickers’ middlemen shops. Data was obtained through questionnaire and interview. Based on the data presented, 1474 frequencies of injuries were reported among 247 waste pickers. Age, education and working experience are significant parameters to the prevalence of injuries among waste pickers, and the incidence of injuries increased with the decrease in those parameters. The study shows that most of the waste pickers experienced injuries, most of whom do not attend clinic when injury occurs; instead, they used salt, ash, sand, hydraulic, kerosene, battery acid, among others, to treat their wounds. Cuts and pierces are good entry points for bacteria and viruses, which can eventually spread to the general public infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis, Cholera and Lassa fever. Provision of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), a labor rights policy, immunization and the launch of an awareness campaign are among the recommendations made by this study.
{"title":"PREVALENCE OF INJURIES AMONG WASTE PICKERS. A CASE STUDY IN NIGERIA","authors":"A. Ali, F. Yusuf","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144","url":null,"abstract":"Waste picking might provide, in low-income countries, a livelihood for many individuals representing an important survival strategy. However, during their activities, waste pickers are at risk of encountering harmful waste, which could cause injuries and other infectious diseases. This paper investigates the occurrences of injury among waste pickers and the methods they use to treat the injuries in Bauchi city, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 322 waste pickers were randomly selected across 80 waste pickers’ middlemen shops. Data was obtained through questionnaire and interview. Based on the data presented, 1474 frequencies of injuries were reported among 247 waste pickers. Age, education and working experience are significant parameters to the prevalence of injuries among waste pickers, and the incidence of injuries increased with the decrease in those parameters. The study shows that most of the waste pickers experienced injuries, most of whom do not attend clinic when injury occurs; instead, they used salt, ash, sand, hydraulic, kerosene, battery acid, among others, to treat their wounds. Cuts and pierces are good entry points for bacteria and viruses, which can eventually spread to the general public infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis, Cholera and Lassa fever. Provision of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), a labor rights policy, immunization and the launch of an awareness campaign are among the recommendations made by this study.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41864117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15146
Frantseska-Maria Pellera, Panagiotis Regkouzas, I. Manolikaki, E. Diamadopoulos
This study focused on the valorization of different types of waste biomass through biochar production at two pyrolysis temperatures (400 and 600°C). The different feedstocks being used included three materials of municipal origin, specifically two types of sewage sludge and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and three materials of agroindustrial origin, specifically grape pomace, rice husks and exhausted olive pomace. The scope of the research was to characterize the resulting materials, in order to evaluate their possible uses in agronomic and environmental applications. Biochar characterization included the determination of several physical and chemical parameters, while germination assays were also carried out. Under the investigated conditions, both pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type appeared to significantly affect biochar characteristics, leading to the production of versatile materials, with many different possible uses. Specifically, results implied that biochars of both municipal and agroindustrial origin have the potential to effectively be used in applications including the improvement of soil characteristics, carbon sequestration, the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from aqueous media, and the remediation of contaminated soil, with the degree of suitability of each material to each specific use being estimated to differ depending on its particular characteristics. For this reason, with these characteristics in mind, before proceeding to larger scale applications a cautious selection of materials should be conducted.
{"title":"BIOCHAR PRODUCTION FROM WASTE BIOMASS: CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION FOR AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS","authors":"Frantseska-Maria Pellera, Panagiotis Regkouzas, I. Manolikaki, E. Diamadopoulos","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15146","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the valorization of different types of waste biomass through biochar production at two pyrolysis temperatures (400 and 600°C). The different feedstocks being used included three materials of municipal origin, specifically two types of sewage sludge and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and three materials of agroindustrial origin, specifically grape pomace, rice husks and exhausted olive pomace. The scope of the research was to characterize the resulting materials, in order to evaluate their possible uses in agronomic and environmental applications. Biochar characterization included the determination of several physical and chemical parameters, while germination assays were also carried out. Under the investigated conditions, both pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type appeared to significantly affect biochar characteristics, leading to the production of versatile materials, with many different possible uses. Specifically, results implied that biochars of both municipal and agroindustrial origin have the potential to effectively be used in applications including the improvement of soil characteristics, carbon sequestration, the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from aqueous media, and the remediation of contaminated soil, with the degree of suitability of each material to each specific use being estimated to differ depending on its particular characteristics. For this reason, with these characteristics in mind, before proceeding to larger scale applications a cautious selection of materials should be conducted.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49550763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15141
Dongxu Qu, T. Shevchenko, Michael Saidani, Yuanyuan Xia, Yuriy Ladyka
Public awareness and relevant consumer behaviors are crucial in accelerating the transition to a circular economy (CE) model. This paper focused on exploring university activities for changing awareness and behaviors according to the principles of its new circular model to foster sustainable development. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review provides a holistic perspective on university CE-related activities in the implementation of the CE. The review revealed that the construction of a theoretical framework in universities with asset-based development is conducive to promoting the CE model through transformative learning. In light of recent academic insights into CE education, a theoretical framework for CE-related university activities was developed based on attributes of CE-related university assets, such as non-profit status, technology innovation, education, propagation, and efficient use of resources. We also introduce into scientific use the term CE-related university assets and provide a classification of these CE-related assets. The present findings contribute to a deeper understanding of universities’ CE-related resources and assets to improve public awareness and behaviors, as well as to train and inspire the leaders (including engineers, managers, designers, etc.) of tomorrow, required for further implementing the CE model.
{"title":"TRANSITION TOWARDS A CIRCULAR ECONOMY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY ASSETS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW MODEL","authors":"Dongxu Qu, T. Shevchenko, Michael Saidani, Yuanyuan Xia, Yuriy Ladyka","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15141","url":null,"abstract":"Public awareness and relevant consumer behaviors are crucial in accelerating the transition to a circular economy (CE) model. This paper focused on exploring university activities for changing awareness and behaviors according to the principles of its new circular model to foster sustainable development. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review provides a holistic perspective on university CE-related activities in the implementation of the CE. The review revealed that the construction of a theoretical framework in universities with asset-based development is conducive to promoting the CE model through transformative learning. In light of recent academic insights into CE education, a theoretical framework for CE-related university activities was developed based on attributes of CE-related university assets, such as non-profit status, technology innovation, education, propagation, and efficient use of resources. We also introduce into scientific use the term CE-related university assets and provide a classification of these CE-related assets. The present findings contribute to a deeper understanding of universities’ CE-related resources and assets to improve public awareness and behaviors, as well as to train and inspire the leaders (including engineers, managers, designers, etc.) of tomorrow, required for further implementing the CE model.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46008230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15142
P. Hennebert
Flame retardants are numerous and some of them are (re)classified with time as hazardous for the man and the environment. A list of 69 flame retardants used in EU was set from three sources and their chemical properties were searched in their registration dossier at ECHA. Substance self-classifications (hazard statement assignment by the registrant) frequently indicate no hazard or data not available, while for the same substances a re-evaluation by ECHA is underway as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic or endocrine disruptor. When the substance has hazard statement(s), the concentration that triggers the classification of a plastic as hazardous when it is a waste can be compared to the functional concentration, when available. Registration dossiers should be completed for the many “non-available” information. Of these 69 substances, 12 (= 17%) are used at concentrations greater than those making plastic waste hazardous and 13 (= 19%) are under re-evaluation by ECHA. These 12 or 13 substances should not become “legacy” substances which hinder the recycling of plastics. The sorting (mainly by density) and management options of these flame-retarded plastics are discussed. The technical concentration limit of 2000 mg total Br/kg for sorting should not be modified as it includes all organobromine substances currently reassessed by ECHA. A two-step sorting process is necessary to avoid the loss of non-hazardous dense plastics.
{"title":"HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF BROMINATED, PHOSPHORUS, CHLORINATED, NITROGEN AND MINERAL FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS WHICH MAY HINDER THEIR RECYCLING","authors":"P. Hennebert","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15142","url":null,"abstract":"Flame retardants are numerous and some of them are (re)classified with time as hazardous for the man and the environment. A list of 69 flame retardants used in EU was set from three sources and their chemical properties were searched in their registration dossier at ECHA. Substance self-classifications (hazard statement assignment by the registrant) frequently indicate no hazard or data not available, while for the same substances a re-evaluation by ECHA is underway as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic or endocrine disruptor. When the substance has hazard statement(s), the concentration that triggers the classification of a plastic as hazardous when it is a waste can be compared to the functional concentration, when available. Registration dossiers should be completed for the many “non-available” information. Of these 69 substances, 12 (= 17%) are used at concentrations greater than those making plastic waste hazardous and 13 (= 19%) are under re-evaluation by ECHA. These 12 or 13 substances should not become “legacy” substances which hinder the recycling of plastics. The sorting (mainly by density) and management options of these flame-retarded plastics are discussed. The technical concentration limit of 2000 mg total Br/kg for sorting should not be modified as it includes all organobromine substances currently reassessed by ECHA. A two-step sorting process is necessary to avoid the loss of non-hazardous dense plastics.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15139
P. Hennebert, Giovanni Beggio
This paper elucidates the theoretical principles behind the calculation of the size of a representative sample of granular solid waste. The key concept is the number of particles that must be present in a sub-portion of matter to be representative of a larger portion of matter. This depends on the fraction of particles in the waste batch showing the properties of interest, which shall be measured. A representative sample must include a fraction of particles of interest reliably similar to that of the waste batch to be characterized, with a controlled variability. In this context, it is demonstrated that the number of particles of interest that must be collected in a representative sample is 100. From this requirement, the mass of a representative sample can be calculated based on the knowledge of the frequency of particles of interest of the waste lot to be characterized. Data on particles concentrations in different samples of WEEE plastic scraps exemplifies how the presence in the sample of enough rare particles showing the property of interest is key to ensure reliable measurements. Further, the assumptions made on the controlled degree of variability to determine the minimum number of particles are discussed based on data on achievable intra- and inter-laboratory variability of analytical standards for waste characterization. Accordingly, the mass of laboratory samples and test portions recommended in published sampling plans or analytical standards are assessed for the occurring number of particles.
{"title":"Sampling and sub-sampling of granular waste: size of a representative sample in terms of number of particles","authors":"P. Hennebert, Giovanni Beggio","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15139","url":null,"abstract":"This paper elucidates the theoretical principles behind the calculation of the size of a representative sample of granular solid waste. The key concept is the number of particles that must be present in a sub-portion of matter to be representative of a larger portion of matter. This depends on the fraction of particles in the waste batch showing the properties of interest, which shall be measured. A representative sample must include a fraction of particles of interest reliably similar to that of the waste batch to be characterized, with a controlled variability. In this context, it is demonstrated that the number of particles of interest that must be collected in a representative sample is 100. From this requirement, the mass of a representative sample can be calculated based on the knowledge of the frequency of particles of interest of the waste lot to be characterized. \u0000Data on particles concentrations in different samples of WEEE plastic scraps exemplifies how the presence in the sample of enough rare particles showing the property of interest is key to ensure reliable measurements. Further, the assumptions made on the controlled degree of variability to determine the minimum number of particles are discussed based on data on achievable intra- and inter-laboratory variability of analytical standards for waste characterization. Accordingly, the mass of laboratory samples and test portions recommended in published sampling plans or analytical standards are assessed for the occurring number of particles.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49028518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15121
D. Rosenfeld, J. Lindorfer, Hans Böhm, A. Zauner, Karin Fazeni-Fraisl
This analysis estimates the technically available potentials of renewable gases from anaerobic conversion and biomass gasification of organic waste materials, as well as power-to-gas (H2 and synthetic natural gas based on renewable electricity) for Austria, as well as their approximate energy production costs. Furthermore, it outlines a theoretical expansion scenario for plant erection aimed at fully using all technical potentials by 2050. The overall result, illustrated as a theoretical merit order, is a ranking of technologies and resources by their potential and cost, starting with the least expensive and ending with the most expensive. The findings point to a renewable methane potential of about 58 TWh per year by 2050. The highest potential originates from biomass gasification (~49 TWh per year), while anaerobic digestion (~6 TWh per year) and the power-to-gas of green CO2 from biogas upgrading (~3 TWh per year) demonstrate a much lower technical potential. To fully use these potentials, 870 biomass gasification plants, 259 anaerobic digesters, and 163 power-to-gas plants to be built by 2050 in the full expansion scenario. From the cost perspective, all technologies are expected to experience decreasing specific energy costs in the expansion scenario. This cost decrease is not significant for biomass gasification, at only about 0.1 €-cent/kWh, resulting in a cost range between 10.7 and 9.0 €-cent/kWh depending on the year and fuel. However, for anaerobic digestion, the cost decrease is significant, with a reduction from 7.9 to 5.6 €-cent/kWh. It is even more significant for power-to-gas, with a reduction from 10.8 to 5.1 €-cent/kWh between 2030 and 2050.
{"title":"Potentials and Costs of various Renewable Gases: A Case Study for the Austrian Energy System by 2050","authors":"D. Rosenfeld, J. Lindorfer, Hans Böhm, A. Zauner, Karin Fazeni-Fraisl","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15121","url":null,"abstract":"This analysis estimates the technically available potentials of renewable gases from anaerobic conversion and biomass gasification of organic waste materials, as well as power-to-gas (H2 and synthetic natural gas based on renewable electricity) for Austria, as well as their approximate energy production costs. Furthermore, it outlines a theoretical expansion scenario for plant erection aimed at fully using all technical potentials by 2050. The overall result, illustrated as a theoretical merit order, is a ranking of technologies and resources by their potential and cost, starting with the least expensive and ending with the most expensive. The findings point to a renewable methane potential of about 58 TWh per year by 2050. The highest potential originates from biomass gasification (~49 TWh per year), while anaerobic digestion (~6 TWh per year) and the power-to-gas of green CO2 from biogas upgrading (~3 TWh per year) demonstrate a much lower technical potential. To fully use these potentials, 870 biomass gasification plants, 259 anaerobic digesters, and 163 power-to-gas plants to be built by 2050 in the full expansion scenario. From the cost perspective, all technologies are expected to experience decreasing specific energy costs in the expansion scenario. This cost decrease is not significant for biomass gasification, at only about 0.1 €-cent/kWh, resulting in a cost range between 10.7 and 9.0 €-cent/kWh depending on the year and fuel. However, for anaerobic digestion, the cost decrease is significant, with a reduction from 7.9 to 5.6 €-cent/kWh. It is even more significant for power-to-gas, with a reduction from 10.8 to 5.1 €-cent/kWh between 2030 and 2050.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15116
M. Gold, D. Ireri, C. Zurbrugg, T. Fowles, A. Mathys
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is an emerging technology for the valorisation of nutrients from biowaste. Selecting suitable substrates for BSFL treatment is a frequent challenge for researchers and practitioners. We conducted a systematic assessment of BSFL treatment substrates in Nairobi, Kenya to source more substrate for upscaling an existing BSFL treatment facility. The applied approach is universal and considers four criteria: 1) substrate availability and costs, 2) BSFL process performance, 3) product safety, and 4) waste recovery hierarchy. Data were collected from previous waste assessments or semi-structured key informant interviews and sight tours of waste producers. Waste nutritional composition and BSFL process performance metrics were summarised in the “BSFL Substrate Explorer”, an open-access web application that should facilitate the replication of such assessments. We show that most biowaste in Nairobi is currently not available for facility upscaling due to contamination with inorganics and a lack of affordable waste collection services. A mixture of human faeces, animal manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and food waste (with inorganics) should be pursued for upscaling. These wastes tend to have a lower treatment performance, but in contrast to cereal-based byproducts, food industry byproducts, and segregated food waste, there is no conflict with animal feed utilization. The traceability of substrates, source control, and post-harvest processing of larvae are required to ensure feed safety. The criteria presented here ensures the design of BSFL treatment facilities based on realistic performance estimates, the production of safe insect-based products, and environmental benefits of products compared to the status quo.
{"title":"Efficient and safe substrates for black soldier fly biowaste treatment along circular economy principles","authors":"M. Gold, D. Ireri, C. Zurbrugg, T. Fowles, A. Mathys","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15116","url":null,"abstract":"Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is an emerging technology for the valorisation of nutrients from biowaste. Selecting suitable substrates for BSFL treatment is a frequent challenge for researchers and practitioners. We conducted a systematic assessment of BSFL treatment substrates in Nairobi, Kenya to source more substrate for upscaling an existing BSFL treatment facility. The applied approach is universal and considers four criteria: 1) substrate availability and costs, 2) BSFL process performance, 3) product safety, and 4) waste recovery hierarchy. Data were collected from previous waste assessments or semi-structured key informant interviews and sight tours of waste producers. Waste nutritional composition and BSFL process performance metrics were summarised in the “BSFL Substrate Explorer”, an open-access web application that should facilitate the replication of such assessments. We show that most biowaste in Nairobi is currently not available for facility upscaling due to contamination with inorganics and a lack of affordable waste collection services. A mixture of human faeces, animal manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and food waste (with inorganics) should be pursued for upscaling. These wastes tend to have a lower treatment performance, but in contrast to cereal-based byproducts, food industry byproducts, and segregated food waste, there is no conflict with animal feed utilization. The traceability of substrates, source control, and post-harvest processing of larvae are required to ensure feed safety. The criteria presented here ensures the design of BSFL treatment facilities based on realistic performance estimates, the production of safe insect-based products, and environmental benefits of products compared to the status quo.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47365643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：