Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15146
Frantseska-Maria Pellera, Panagiotis Regkouzas, I. Manolikaki, E. Diamadopoulos
This study focused on the valorization of different types of waste biomass through biochar production at two pyrolysis temperatures (400 and 600°C). The different feedstocks being used included three materials of municipal origin, specifically two types of sewage sludge and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and three materials of agroindustrial origin, specifically grape pomace, rice husks and exhausted olive pomace. The scope of the research was to characterize the resulting materials, in order to evaluate their possible uses in agronomic and environmental applications. Biochar characterization included the determination of several physical and chemical parameters, while germination assays were also carried out. Under the investigated conditions, both pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type appeared to significantly affect biochar characteristics, leading to the production of versatile materials, with many different possible uses. Specifically, results implied that biochars of both municipal and agroindustrial origin have the potential to effectively be used in applications including the improvement of soil characteristics, carbon sequestration, the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from aqueous media, and the remediation of contaminated soil, with the degree of suitability of each material to each specific use being estimated to differ depending on its particular characteristics. For this reason, with these characteristics in mind, before proceeding to larger scale applications a cautious selection of materials should be conducted.
{"title":"BIOCHAR PRODUCTION FROM WASTE BIOMASS: CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION FOR AGRONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS","authors":"Frantseska-Maria Pellera, Panagiotis Regkouzas, I. Manolikaki, E. Diamadopoulos","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15146","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the valorization of different types of waste biomass through biochar production at two pyrolysis temperatures (400 and 600°C). The different feedstocks being used included three materials of municipal origin, specifically two types of sewage sludge and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, and three materials of agroindustrial origin, specifically grape pomace, rice husks and exhausted olive pomace. The scope of the research was to characterize the resulting materials, in order to evaluate their possible uses in agronomic and environmental applications. Biochar characterization included the determination of several physical and chemical parameters, while germination assays were also carried out. Under the investigated conditions, both pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type appeared to significantly affect biochar characteristics, leading to the production of versatile materials, with many different possible uses. Specifically, results implied that biochars of both municipal and agroindustrial origin have the potential to effectively be used in applications including the improvement of soil characteristics, carbon sequestration, the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from aqueous media, and the remediation of contaminated soil, with the degree of suitability of each material to each specific use being estimated to differ depending on its particular characteristics. For this reason, with these characteristics in mind, before proceeding to larger scale applications a cautious selection of materials should be conducted.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49550763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15141
Dongxu Qu, T. Shevchenko, Michael Saidani, Yuanyuan Xia, Yuriy Ladyka
Public awareness and relevant consumer behaviors are crucial in accelerating the transition to a circular economy (CE) model. This paper focused on exploring university activities for changing awareness and behaviors according to the principles of its new circular model to foster sustainable development. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review provides a holistic perspective on university CE-related activities in the implementation of the CE. The review revealed that the construction of a theoretical framework in universities with asset-based development is conducive to promoting the CE model through transformative learning. In light of recent academic insights into CE education, a theoretical framework for CE-related university activities was developed based on attributes of CE-related university assets, such as non-profit status, technology innovation, education, propagation, and efficient use of resources. We also introduce into scientific use the term CE-related university assets and provide a classification of these CE-related assets. The present findings contribute to a deeper understanding of universities’ CE-related resources and assets to improve public awareness and behaviors, as well as to train and inspire the leaders (including engineers, managers, designers, etc.) of tomorrow, required for further implementing the CE model.
{"title":"TRANSITION TOWARDS A CIRCULAR ECONOMY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY ASSETS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW MODEL","authors":"Dongxu Qu, T. Shevchenko, Michael Saidani, Yuanyuan Xia, Yuriy Ladyka","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15141","url":null,"abstract":"Public awareness and relevant consumer behaviors are crucial in accelerating the transition to a circular economy (CE) model. This paper focused on exploring university activities for changing awareness and behaviors according to the principles of its new circular model to foster sustainable development. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review provides a holistic perspective on university CE-related activities in the implementation of the CE. The review revealed that the construction of a theoretical framework in universities with asset-based development is conducive to promoting the CE model through transformative learning. In light of recent academic insights into CE education, a theoretical framework for CE-related university activities was developed based on attributes of CE-related university assets, such as non-profit status, technology innovation, education, propagation, and efficient use of resources. We also introduce into scientific use the term CE-related university assets and provide a classification of these CE-related assets. The present findings contribute to a deeper understanding of universities’ CE-related resources and assets to improve public awareness and behaviors, as well as to train and inspire the leaders (including engineers, managers, designers, etc.) of tomorrow, required for further implementing the CE model.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46008230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15142
P. Hennebert
Flame retardants are numerous and some of them are (re)classified with time as hazardous for the man and the environment. A list of 69 flame retardants used in EU was set from three sources and their chemical properties were searched in their registration dossier at ECHA. Substance self-classifications (hazard statement assignment by the registrant) frequently indicate no hazard or data not available, while for the same substances a re-evaluation by ECHA is underway as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic or endocrine disruptor. When the substance has hazard statement(s), the concentration that triggers the classification of a plastic as hazardous when it is a waste can be compared to the functional concentration, when available. Registration dossiers should be completed for the many “non-available” information. Of these 69 substances, 12 (= 17%) are used at concentrations greater than those making plastic waste hazardous and 13 (= 19%) are under re-evaluation by ECHA. These 12 or 13 substances should not become “legacy” substances which hinder the recycling of plastics. The sorting (mainly by density) and management options of these flame-retarded plastics are discussed. The technical concentration limit of 2000 mg total Br/kg for sorting should not be modified as it includes all organobromine substances currently reassessed by ECHA. A two-step sorting process is necessary to avoid the loss of non-hazardous dense plastics.
{"title":"HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF BROMINATED, PHOSPHORUS, CHLORINATED, NITROGEN AND MINERAL FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS WHICH MAY HINDER THEIR RECYCLING","authors":"P. Hennebert","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15142","url":null,"abstract":"Flame retardants are numerous and some of them are (re)classified with time as hazardous for the man and the environment. A list of 69 flame retardants used in EU was set from three sources and their chemical properties were searched in their registration dossier at ECHA. Substance self-classifications (hazard statement assignment by the registrant) frequently indicate no hazard or data not available, while for the same substances a re-evaluation by ECHA is underway as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic or endocrine disruptor. When the substance has hazard statement(s), the concentration that triggers the classification of a plastic as hazardous when it is a waste can be compared to the functional concentration, when available. Registration dossiers should be completed for the many “non-available” information. Of these 69 substances, 12 (= 17%) are used at concentrations greater than those making plastic waste hazardous and 13 (= 19%) are under re-evaluation by ECHA. These 12 or 13 substances should not become “legacy” substances which hinder the recycling of plastics. The sorting (mainly by density) and management options of these flame-retarded plastics are discussed. The technical concentration limit of 2000 mg total Br/kg for sorting should not be modified as it includes all organobromine substances currently reassessed by ECHA. A two-step sorting process is necessary to avoid the loss of non-hazardous dense plastics.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15139
P. Hennebert, Giovanni Beggio
This paper elucidates the theoretical principles behind the calculation of the size of a representative sample of granular solid waste. The key concept is the number of particles that must be present in a sub-portion of matter to be representative of a larger portion of matter. This depends on the fraction of particles in the waste batch showing the properties of interest, which shall be measured. A representative sample must include a fraction of particles of interest reliably similar to that of the waste batch to be characterized, with a controlled variability. In this context, it is demonstrated that the number of particles of interest that must be collected in a representative sample is 100. From this requirement, the mass of a representative sample can be calculated based on the knowledge of the frequency of particles of interest of the waste lot to be characterized. Data on particles concentrations in different samples of WEEE plastic scraps exemplifies how the presence in the sample of enough rare particles showing the property of interest is key to ensure reliable measurements. Further, the assumptions made on the controlled degree of variability to determine the minimum number of particles are discussed based on data on achievable intra- and inter-laboratory variability of analytical standards for waste characterization. Accordingly, the mass of laboratory samples and test portions recommended in published sampling plans or analytical standards are assessed for the occurring number of particles.
{"title":"Sampling and sub-sampling of granular waste: size of a representative sample in terms of number of particles","authors":"P. Hennebert, Giovanni Beggio","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15139","url":null,"abstract":"This paper elucidates the theoretical principles behind the calculation of the size of a representative sample of granular solid waste. The key concept is the number of particles that must be present in a sub-portion of matter to be representative of a larger portion of matter. This depends on the fraction of particles in the waste batch showing the properties of interest, which shall be measured. A representative sample must include a fraction of particles of interest reliably similar to that of the waste batch to be characterized, with a controlled variability. In this context, it is demonstrated that the number of particles of interest that must be collected in a representative sample is 100. From this requirement, the mass of a representative sample can be calculated based on the knowledge of the frequency of particles of interest of the waste lot to be characterized. \u0000Data on particles concentrations in different samples of WEEE plastic scraps exemplifies how the presence in the sample of enough rare particles showing the property of interest is key to ensure reliable measurements. Further, the assumptions made on the controlled degree of variability to determine the minimum number of particles are discussed based on data on achievable intra- and inter-laboratory variability of analytical standards for waste characterization. Accordingly, the mass of laboratory samples and test portions recommended in published sampling plans or analytical standards are assessed for the occurring number of particles.\u0000","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49028518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15121
D. Rosenfeld, J. Lindorfer, Hans Böhm, A. Zauner, Karin Fazeni-Fraisl
This analysis estimates the technically available potentials of renewable gases from anaerobic conversion and biomass gasification of organic waste materials, as well as power-to-gas (H2 and synthetic natural gas based on renewable electricity) for Austria, as well as their approximate energy production costs. Furthermore, it outlines a theoretical expansion scenario for plant erection aimed at fully using all technical potentials by 2050. The overall result, illustrated as a theoretical merit order, is a ranking of technologies and resources by their potential and cost, starting with the least expensive and ending with the most expensive. The findings point to a renewable methane potential of about 58 TWh per year by 2050. The highest potential originates from biomass gasification (~49 TWh per year), while anaerobic digestion (~6 TWh per year) and the power-to-gas of green CO2 from biogas upgrading (~3 TWh per year) demonstrate a much lower technical potential. To fully use these potentials, 870 biomass gasification plants, 259 anaerobic digesters, and 163 power-to-gas plants to be built by 2050 in the full expansion scenario. From the cost perspective, all technologies are expected to experience decreasing specific energy costs in the expansion scenario. This cost decrease is not significant for biomass gasification, at only about 0.1 €-cent/kWh, resulting in a cost range between 10.7 and 9.0 €-cent/kWh depending on the year and fuel. However, for anaerobic digestion, the cost decrease is significant, with a reduction from 7.9 to 5.6 €-cent/kWh. It is even more significant for power-to-gas, with a reduction from 10.8 to 5.1 €-cent/kWh between 2030 and 2050.
{"title":"Potentials and Costs of various Renewable Gases: A Case Study for the Austrian Energy System by 2050","authors":"D. Rosenfeld, J. Lindorfer, Hans Böhm, A. Zauner, Karin Fazeni-Fraisl","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15121","url":null,"abstract":"This analysis estimates the technically available potentials of renewable gases from anaerobic conversion and biomass gasification of organic waste materials, as well as power-to-gas (H2 and synthetic natural gas based on renewable electricity) for Austria, as well as their approximate energy production costs. Furthermore, it outlines a theoretical expansion scenario for plant erection aimed at fully using all technical potentials by 2050. The overall result, illustrated as a theoretical merit order, is a ranking of technologies and resources by their potential and cost, starting with the least expensive and ending with the most expensive. The findings point to a renewable methane potential of about 58 TWh per year by 2050. The highest potential originates from biomass gasification (~49 TWh per year), while anaerobic digestion (~6 TWh per year) and the power-to-gas of green CO2 from biogas upgrading (~3 TWh per year) demonstrate a much lower technical potential. To fully use these potentials, 870 biomass gasification plants, 259 anaerobic digesters, and 163 power-to-gas plants to be built by 2050 in the full expansion scenario. From the cost perspective, all technologies are expected to experience decreasing specific energy costs in the expansion scenario. This cost decrease is not significant for biomass gasification, at only about 0.1 €-cent/kWh, resulting in a cost range between 10.7 and 9.0 €-cent/kWh depending on the year and fuel. However, for anaerobic digestion, the cost decrease is significant, with a reduction from 7.9 to 5.6 €-cent/kWh. It is even more significant for power-to-gas, with a reduction from 10.8 to 5.1 €-cent/kWh between 2030 and 2050.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15118
P. Cerchier, K. Brunelli, L. Pezzato, C. Audoin, J. Rakotoniaina, Teresa Sessa, M. Tammaro, G. Sabia, A. Attanasio, Chiara Forte, A. Nisi, Harald Suitner, M. Dabalà
In Europe, an increasing amount of End of Life (EoL) photovoltaic silicon (PV) panels is expected to be collected in the next 20 years. The silicon PV modules represent a new type of electronic waste that shows challenges and opportunities. ReSiELP was a European project that aimed at recovery of valuable materials (aluminum, glass, copper, silicon, and silver) from EoL silicon PV modules. During the project a pilot plant, constituted by a furnace, a gas abatement system, an apparatus for the mechanical separation and a hydrometallurgical plant was designed and built. The pilot plan was realized to upscale recycling technology to TRL 7, with a 1500 panels/year capacity. The feasibility of industrial-scale recovery and the reintegration of all recovered materials in their appropriate value chain was investigated. The results obtained showed that 2N purity silicon and 2N purity silver can be recovered with high efficiency. In order to realize a zero-waste plant, a hydrometallurgical process was developed for the wastewater treatment. Moreover, the use of recovered glass for building materials was investigated and the obtained performance seemed comparable with commercial products.
{"title":"Innovative recycling of end of life silicon PV panels: ReSiELP","authors":"P. Cerchier, K. Brunelli, L. Pezzato, C. Audoin, J. Rakotoniaina, Teresa Sessa, M. Tammaro, G. Sabia, A. Attanasio, Chiara Forte, A. Nisi, Harald Suitner, M. Dabalà","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15118","url":null,"abstract":"In Europe, an increasing amount of End of Life (EoL) photovoltaic silicon (PV) panels is expected to be collected in the next 20 years. The silicon PV modules represent a new type of electronic waste that shows challenges and opportunities. \u0000ReSiELP was a European project that aimed at recovery of valuable materials (aluminum, glass, copper, silicon, and silver) from EoL silicon PV modules. During the project a pilot plant, constituted by a furnace, a gas abatement system, an apparatus for the mechanical separation and a hydrometallurgical plant was designed and built. The pilot plan was realized to upscale recycling technology to TRL 7, with a 1500 panels/year capacity. The feasibility of industrial-scale recovery and the reintegration of all recovered materials in their appropriate value chain was investigated. The results obtained showed that 2N purity silicon and 2N purity silver can be recovered with high efficiency. In order to realize a zero-waste plant, a hydrometallurgical process was developed for the wastewater treatment. Moreover, the use of recovered glass for building materials was investigated and the obtained performance seemed comparable with commercial products.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42414090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15116
M. Gold, D. Ireri, C. Zurbrugg, T. Fowles, A. Mathys
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is an emerging technology for the valorisation of nutrients from biowaste. Selecting suitable substrates for BSFL treatment is a frequent challenge for researchers and practitioners. We conducted a systematic assessment of BSFL treatment substrates in Nairobi, Kenya to source more substrate for upscaling an existing BSFL treatment facility. The applied approach is universal and considers four criteria: 1) substrate availability and costs, 2) BSFL process performance, 3) product safety, and 4) waste recovery hierarchy. Data were collected from previous waste assessments or semi-structured key informant interviews and sight tours of waste producers. Waste nutritional composition and BSFL process performance metrics were summarised in the “BSFL Substrate Explorer”, an open-access web application that should facilitate the replication of such assessments. We show that most biowaste in Nairobi is currently not available for facility upscaling due to contamination with inorganics and a lack of affordable waste collection services. A mixture of human faeces, animal manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and food waste (with inorganics) should be pursued for upscaling. These wastes tend to have a lower treatment performance, but in contrast to cereal-based byproducts, food industry byproducts, and segregated food waste, there is no conflict with animal feed utilization. The traceability of substrates, source control, and post-harvest processing of larvae are required to ensure feed safety. The criteria presented here ensures the design of BSFL treatment facilities based on realistic performance estimates, the production of safe insect-based products, and environmental benefits of products compared to the status quo.
{"title":"Efficient and safe substrates for black soldier fly biowaste treatment along circular economy principles","authors":"M. Gold, D. Ireri, C. Zurbrugg, T. Fowles, A. Mathys","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15116","url":null,"abstract":"Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is an emerging technology for the valorisation of nutrients from biowaste. Selecting suitable substrates for BSFL treatment is a frequent challenge for researchers and practitioners. We conducted a systematic assessment of BSFL treatment substrates in Nairobi, Kenya to source more substrate for upscaling an existing BSFL treatment facility. The applied approach is universal and considers four criteria: 1) substrate availability and costs, 2) BSFL process performance, 3) product safety, and 4) waste recovery hierarchy. Data were collected from previous waste assessments or semi-structured key informant interviews and sight tours of waste producers. Waste nutritional composition and BSFL process performance metrics were summarised in the “BSFL Substrate Explorer”, an open-access web application that should facilitate the replication of such assessments. We show that most biowaste in Nairobi is currently not available for facility upscaling due to contamination with inorganics and a lack of affordable waste collection services. A mixture of human faeces, animal manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and food waste (with inorganics) should be pursued for upscaling. These wastes tend to have a lower treatment performance, but in contrast to cereal-based byproducts, food industry byproducts, and segregated food waste, there is no conflict with animal feed utilization. The traceability of substrates, source control, and post-harvest processing of larvae are required to ensure feed safety. The criteria presented here ensures the design of BSFL treatment facilities based on realistic performance estimates, the production of safe insect-based products, and environmental benefits of products compared to the status quo.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47365643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15122
P. Hennebert
Plastics containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) currently contain both “legacy” regulated and non-regulated BFR (R-BFRs and NR-BFRs), as evidenced by the increasingly lower correspondence over time between total bromine and R-BFRs content. The portion of substitutive NR-BFR present in the plastics and their toxicity and ecotoxicity properties are documented. Data relating to plastics and foam present in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), waste EEE, vehicles, textiles and upholstery, toys, leisure and sports equipment show how 88% of plastic waste contains bromine from NR-BFRs. BFR substances mentioned in the catalogs of the three main producers (Albemarle, ICL, Lanxess) and BFR on the official used list of 418 plastic additives in the EU were gathered and the toxic and ecotoxic properties of these compounds as listed in their ECHA registration dossier were compiled. Fifty-five preparations using 34 NR-BFRs substances, including polymers and blends, were found. Seventeen of these substances featured an incomplete dossier, 12 were equipped with a complete dossier, whilst 11 substances (including 2 ill-defined blends) should be reassessed. Eight substances have been notified for assessment by the ECHA as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, or as endocrine disruptors, including decabromodiphenylethane; 3 substances display functional concentrations (the concentration of additives that retards flame) exceeding the concentration limits classifying a waste as hazardous but are “reactive” (they bind to the polymer). The technical limit of 2 000 mg total Br/kg indicated for further recycling (EN 50625-3-1) relates to all brominated substances and is relevant in the sorting of all poorly classified new substances.
{"title":"THE SUBSTITUTION OF REGULATED BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTIC PRODUCTS AND WASTE AND THE DECLARED PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTITUTES IN REACH","authors":"P. Hennebert","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15122","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) currently contain both “legacy” regulated and non-regulated BFR (R-BFRs and NR-BFRs), as evidenced by the increasingly lower correspondence over time between total bromine and R-BFRs content. The portion of substitutive NR-BFR present in the plastics and their toxicity and ecotoxicity properties are documented. Data relating to plastics and foam present in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), waste EEE, vehicles, textiles and upholstery, toys, leisure and sports equipment show how 88% of plastic waste contains bromine from NR-BFRs. BFR substances mentioned in the catalogs of the three main producers (Albemarle, ICL, Lanxess) and BFR on the official used list of 418 plastic additives in the EU were gathered and the toxic and ecotoxic properties of these compounds as listed in their ECHA registration dossier were compiled. Fifty-five preparations using 34 NR-BFRs substances, including polymers and blends, were found. Seventeen of these substances featured an incomplete dossier, 12 were equipped with a complete dossier, whilst 11 substances (including 2 ill-defined blends) should be reassessed. Eight substances have been notified for assessment by the ECHA as persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, or as endocrine disruptors, including decabromodiphenylethane; 3 substances display functional concentrations (the concentration of additives that retards flame) exceeding the concentration limits classifying a waste as hazardous but are “reactive” (they bind to the polymer). The technical limit of 2 000 mg total Br/kg indicated for further recycling (EN 50625-3-1) relates to all brominated substances and is relevant in the sorting of all poorly classified new substances.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45101998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-30DOI: 10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15120
P. Hennebert
European "Technical Recommendations" have proposed, in addition to the use of substance concentrations, the use of a pH (≤ 2 or ≥ 11.5) and an acid / base buffering capacity to classify waste into according to their hazardous properties HP 4 'Irritant' and HP 8 'Corrosive'. Buffer capacity refers to a 2018 UK classification guide referring to the 'corrosive' level of a method proposed in 1988 for substances and preparations but not retained in EU regulations. The different methods of classifying products and wastes in terms of corrosivity or irritation are compared. The waste method using pH and buffering capacity is expressed as an acid / base concentration and compared to the product method (CLP). The “corrosive” level of 1988 corresponds to an average acid / base concentration ≥ 14.4Ͽie 14 times less severe than CLP (acid / base concentration ≥ 1Ͽ These methods were applied to five alkaline wastes (pH ≥ 11.5). Minimum pH waste is not classified by both methods, and three higher pH wastes are classified by both methods. Intermediate waste is classified by CLP but not by the proposed waste method. In order not to innovate and create a new divergence between products and waste, it seems preferable to use the product regulations for HP 4 and HP 8. Fortunately, the elimination of the danger HP 4 and HP 8 from acidic or alkaline waste can be obtained by neutralization (possibly by other wastes), including for alkaline wastes by (natural) carbonation by atmospheric CO2.
{"title":"Waste hazard properties HP 4 ‘Irritant’ and HP 8 ‘Corrosive’ by pH, acid/base buffer capacity and acid/base concentration","authors":"P. Hennebert","doi":"10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15120","url":null,"abstract":"European \"Technical Recommendations\" have proposed, in addition to the use of substance concentrations, the use of a pH (≤ 2 or ≥ 11.5) and an acid / base buffering capacity to classify waste into according to their hazardous properties HP 4 'Irritant' and HP 8 'Corrosive'. Buffer capacity refers to a 2018 UK classification guide referring to the 'corrosive' level of a method proposed in 1988 for substances and preparations but not retained in EU regulations. The different methods of classifying products and wastes in terms of corrosivity or irritation are compared. The waste method using pH and buffering capacity is expressed as an acid / base concentration and compared to the product method (CLP). The “corrosive” level of 1988 corresponds to an average acid / base concentration ≥ 14.4Ͽie 14 times less severe than CLP (acid / base concentration ≥ 1Ͽ These methods were applied to five alkaline wastes (pH ≥ 11.5). Minimum pH waste is not classified by both methods, and three higher pH wastes are classified by both methods. Intermediate waste is classified by CLP but not by the proposed waste method. In order not to innovate and create a new divergence between products and waste, it seems preferable to use the product regulations for HP 4 and HP 8. Fortunately, the elimination of the danger HP 4 and HP 8 from acidic or alkaline waste can be obtained by neutralization (possibly by other wastes), including for alkaline wastes by (natural) carbonation by atmospheric CO2.","PeriodicalId":44191,"journal":{"name":"Detritus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46877162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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