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Social shaping of mobile geomedia services: An analysis of Yelp and Foursquare 移动地理媒体服务的社会塑造——对Yelp和Foursquare的分析
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319850200
J. Frith, R. Wilken
In their book, Location-Based Social Media: Space, Time and Identity, Leighton Evans and Michael Saker remark on the apparent ‘death’ of location-based social networks, suggesting that location-based social networks can now be understood as ‘a form of “zombie-media” that animates and haunts other media platforms’. In this article, we use this perspective as a point of departure for a social shaping of technology-informed analysis of two key geomedia platforms: Yelp and Foursquare. With Yelp approaching its 15th year of service and Foursquare approaching its 10th anniversary, this article provides a timely opportunity to (re-)examine the significance of Yelp and Foursquare and the many reconfigurations both firms have made to their services since their launch. These include, most recently, Yelp’s integration of artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques to parse, sift and order users’ posts and Foursquare’s development of its Pilgrim SDK (software design kit) to power the location services of other platforms, like Tinder and Snap. A social shaping-inflected approach is productive in this context in that it stresses how many of these developments and strategic reorientations are not just in response to shareholder and investor pressures, they are also fundamentally shaped by and made in response to the fluctuating demands of end-users within a complicated, competitive and continuously evolving geomedia ecosystem. Consequently, we draw from the work of Leah A Lievrouw to examine how dual tensions of contingency/determination shape how these applications are designed and used, and how both design and use continue to evolve in response to various external pressures.
在他们的书《基于位置的社交媒体:空间、时间和身份》中,Leighton Evans和Michael Saker评论了基于位置的社交网络的明显“死亡”,暗示基于位置的社交网络现在可以被理解为“一种‘僵尸媒体’,它激活并困扰着其他媒体平台”。在本文中,我们将这一视角作为两个关键几何平台Yelp和Foursquare的社会塑造技术分析的出发点。随着Yelp服务的15年和Foursquare服务的10周年,这篇文章提供了一个及时的机会来(重新)审视Yelp和Foursquare的重要性,以及两家公司自推出以来对其服务进行的许多重新配置。最近,Yelp整合了人工智能/机器学习技术来解析、筛选和排序用户的帖子,Foursquare开发了Pilgrim SDK(软件设计工具包),为Tinder和Snap等其他平台的位置服务提供支持。在这种情况下,影响社会形态的方法是富有成效的,因为它强调了这些发展和战略重新定位中有多少不仅仅是为了应对股东和投资者的压力,它们从根本上也是为了应对复杂、竞争和不断发展的几何生态系统中最终用户的波动需求而形成的。因此,我们借鉴Leah A Lievrouw的作品来研究偶然性/决定性的双重张力如何塑造这些应用程序的设计和使用方式,以及设计和使用如何在各种外部压力下继续发展。
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引用次数: 10
Constructing the check-in: Reflections on photo-taking among Foursquare users 构建签到:对Foursquare用户拍照的思考
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319853328
R. Wilken, L. Humphreys
In this article, we explore the social construction of geomedia in relation to mobile photo-taking. The article draws from a study of location-sensitive mobile social networking and search and recommendation service Foursquare in Melbourne and New York City. The study utilized photo elicitation techniques, with each participant asked to provide photographs they associated with their own Foursquare check-ins, accompanied by written responses to questions designed to encourage them to reflect upon their motivations for recording and uploading each image. What emerged from our analysis of how participants discussed the construction of their Foursquare check-ins, were certain consistencies with the findings of prior work on Foursquare (e.g. to register a new venue or a nice meal, as part of exercises in self-expression, and to record memory traces). Strikingly, though, we also noticed something subtly yet significantly different in relation to photo use. Many of the submitted images and accompanying explanations revealed a particular sensitivity toward the local and the familiar, and a desire to capture “a mood, a feeling”—an “ordinary affect.” In light of this, in this article we are interested in the tension that exists between designed or intended uses of Foursquare, the social appropriation and shaping that is undertaken by Foursquare’s end-users, and the technological and strategic business adjustments that are undertaken by Foursquare in response.
在这篇文章中,我们探讨了几何学与移动摄影的社会建构。这篇文章来自于对定位敏感的移动社交网络、搜索和推荐服务Foursquare在墨尔本和纽约的研究。这项研究利用了照片引出技术,每位参与者都被要求提供与他们自己在Foursquare签到相关的照片,并附有书面回答,旨在鼓励他们反思自己记录和上传每张照片的动机。我们分析了参与者讨论Foursquare签到的方式,结果与之前在Foursquare上的研究结果有一定的一致性(例如,作为自我表达练习的一部分,注册一个新的场所或一顿美味的饭,并记录记忆痕迹)。然而,引人注目的是,我们还注意到在照片使用方面有一些微妙而显著的不同。许多提交的图片和随附的解释揭示了对当地和熟悉事物的特殊敏感性,以及捕捉“一种情绪,一种感觉”——一种“普通的情感”的愿望。鉴于此,在本文中,我们感兴趣的是Foursquare的设计或预期用途之间存在的紧张关系,Foursquare的最终用户所承担的社会挪用和塑造,以及Foursquare所承担的技术和战略业务调整。
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引用次数: 8
Simultaneous localization and mapping and the situativeness of a new generation of geomedia technologies 同步定位和制图与新一代几何媒体技术的现状
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319851208
Max Kanderske, T. Thielmann
Simultaneous localization and mapping technology is commonly used within mobile devices and household appliances—it allows our vacuum robot to navigate the living room and enables us to view augmented reality content on our smartphones. By examining simultaneous localization and mapping–based devices and contrasting them against more traditional forms of cartographic practices, we argue that simultaneous localization and mapping technology not only opens up interior spaces for geographic examination but also calls into question the categorical difference between inside and outside itself. As with simultaneous localization and mapping, the mathematical construction of the surrounding space happens in the moment of its detection, simultaneous localization and mapping exhibits a moment of radical situativeness that is freed from the constraints of a stabilized, external database. We propose that this moment of situativeness, which is also inscribed into the resulting highly mobile and fluid visualizations, is the defining feature of a new kind of geomedia that simultaneously establish a vertical and a horizontal geography.
同步定位和映射技术通常用于移动设备和家用电器中——它使我们的真空机器人能够在客厅中导航,并使我们能够在智能手机上查看增强现实内容。通过研究同时定位和基于地图的设备,并将其与更传统的制图实践形式进行对比,我们认为同时定位和地图绘制技术不仅为地理检查开辟了内部空间,而且还对内部和外部之间的分类差异提出了质疑。与同时定位和映射一样,周围空间的数学构造发生在检测到它的时刻,同时定位和贴图表现出一种激进的情境性时刻,摆脱了稳定的外部数据库的约束。我们提出,这种情境性的时刻,也被刻在由此产生的高度流动和流动的可视化中,是一种新的几何体的定义特征,它同时建立了垂直和水平的地理。
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引用次数: 5
On the social construction of geomedia technologies 论几何技术的社会建构
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-12 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319853049
Karin Fast, Emilia Ljungberg, Lotta Braunerhielm
Geomedia technologies represent an advanced set of digital media devices, hardwares, and softwares. Previous research indicates that these place contingent technologies are currently gaining significant social relevance, and contribute to the shaping of contemporary public lives and spaces. However, research has yet to empirically examine how, and for whom, geomedia technologies are made relevant, as well as the role of these technologies in wider processes of social and spatial (re-)production. This special issue contributes valuable knowledge to existing research in the realm of communication geography, by viewing the current “geomediascape” through the lens of social constructivist perspectives, and by interrogating the reciprocal shaping of technology, the social, and space/place. Scrutinizing the social construction of geomedia technologies in various empirical contexts and in relation to different social groups, the essays deal with important questions of power and control, and ultimately challenge the notion of (geo)mediatization as a neutral process.
Geomedia技术代表了一套先进的数字媒体设备、硬件和软件。先前的研究表明,这些与地点相关的技术目前正在获得重要的社会相关性,并有助于塑造当代公共生活和空间。然而,研究尚未实证检验几何媒体技术是如何以及对谁具有相关性的,以及这些技术在更广泛的社会和空间(再)生产过程中的作用。这期特刊通过社会建构主义视角看待当前的“地理现象”,并通过质疑技术、社会和空间/地点的相互塑造,为传播地理学领域的现有研究贡献了宝贵的知识。本文在各种经验背景下,结合不同的社会群体,仔细研究了几何媒体技术的社会建构,处理了权力和控制的重要问题,并最终挑战了(地理)中介作为一个中立过程的概念。
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引用次数: 15
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria’s standardized media and jihadist nation-state building efforts 伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国的标准化媒体和圣战民族国家建设努力
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-10 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319853323
Ahmed Al-Rawi
In its efforts to establish order and legitimacy among the people it once controlled, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria followed standardized and systematic nation-state building policies. The terrorist group attempted to establish an imagined jihadist nation-state with the assistance of standardized media productions and practices. These media productions that are examined in this article reflect Islamic State in Iraq and Syria’s unified vision of the ultra-conservative society that it once intended to form in its different territories. I argue here that Islamic State in Iraq and Syria used standardized media productions to promote strict sharia laws including emphasis on men and women’s garments, distrust in secular rule, and calls for jihad in the different cities that it controlled. For Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, media is jihad and journalists are Mujahideen whose main purpose is to mobilize the masses and assist in creating a jihadist nation-state.
伊拉克和叙利亚的伊斯兰国努力在其曾经控制的人民中建立秩序和合法性,遵循标准化和系统化的民族国家建设政策。该恐怖组织试图在标准化媒体制作和实践的帮助下建立一个想象中的圣战民族国家。本文研究的这些媒体作品反映了伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国对极端保守社会的统一愿景,该国曾打算在其不同领土上形成极端保守社会。我在这里认为,伊拉克和叙利亚的伊斯兰国利用标准化的媒体制作来宣传严格的伊斯兰教法,包括强调男女服装、对世俗统治的不信任,以及在其控制的不同城市呼吁圣战。对于伊拉克和叙利亚的伊斯兰国来说,媒体是圣战分子,记者是圣战者,其主要目的是动员群众,协助创建圣战民族国家。
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引用次数: 3
One map to rule them all? Google Maps as digital technical object 一张地图可以统治所有?谷歌地图作为数字技术对象
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319850192
S. McQuire
Since its launch in 2005, Google Maps has been at the forefront of redefining how mapping and positionality function in the context of a globalizing digital economy. It has become a key socio-technical ‘artefact’ helping to reconfigure the nexus between technology and spatial experience in the 21st century. In this essay, I will trace Google’s evolving strategy in the mapping space. I will argue that the evolution of Google Maps exemplifies way in which a contemporary digital platform ‘succeeds’ by becoming embedded as a foundational resource for a variety of other uses and services. At one level, this can be understood in terms of what Gillespie has conceptualized as the ‘politics of platforms’, contributing to the emergence of what has recently been dubbed ‘platform capitalism’. At a deeper level, I will argue that Google Maps exemplifies the complex dynamics of what Simondon calls ‘technical objects’ that always exist in relation to both an evolving technical system, and the other systems constituting a more or less integrated social milieu.
自2005年推出以来,谷歌地图一直处于重新定义地图和定位在全球化数字经济背景下如何发挥作用的前沿。它已成为一种关键的社会技术“人工制品”,有助于在21世纪重新配置技术和空间体验之间的联系。在这篇文章中,我将追溯谷歌在地图领域的发展战略。我认为,谷歌地图的演变体现了当代数字平台通过嵌入各种其他用途和服务的基础资源而“成功”的方式。在某种程度上,这可以从吉莱斯皮将其概念化为“平台政治”的角度来理解,这促成了最近被称为“平台资本主义”的出现。在更深层次上,我认为谷歌地图体现了Simondon所说的“技术对象”的复杂动态,这些对象始终存在于不断发展的技术系统和构成或多或少一体化的社会环境的其他系统中。
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引用次数: 30
Book review: Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media 书评:《互联网的守护者:平台、内容审核和塑造社交媒体的隐性决策》
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319851200
Chloé Nurik
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引用次数: 4
Book review: Faked in China: Nation branding, counterfeit culture, and globalization 书评:《中国造假:民族品牌、假冒文化与全球化》
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319857272
M. Szablewicz
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引用次数: 0
ISIS’s media strategy as image warfare: Strategic messaging over time and across platforms ISIS的媒体战略是形象战:跨时间和跨平台的战略信息
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319829587
Moran Yarchi
The media plays a crucial role in contemporary conflicts because an image war is occurring alongside the military confrontation. The Islamic state of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) sets a prime example for the usage of image as part of its fighting strategy, using various platforms to communicate its narrative. This study evaluates ISIS’s image front by analyzing its messages promoted through various online communication platforms: audio statements made by ISIS leaders, official videos, Dabiq and Rumiyah magazines, Islamic chants (nasheeds), and Amaq news reports. The findings indicate that ISIS uses messages strategically in an attempt to create and maintain its image as a powerful organization. The three main themes are power projection, violence, and Islamic religious messages (while different emphases are placed on various platforms). Most messages target Muslims, while others (usually threats) target the organization’s various enemies. It appears that ISIS invests considerable resources and efforts into promoting its narrative as part of the image war—projecting its power, based on religious arguments, on one hand, and demonizing and threatening its enemies on the other, using repeated themes, descriptions, metaphors, and visual images (videos, pictures, and infographics). The study’s analysis indicates that ISIS puts a lot of emphasis on the media/image aspects of its battle, and uses all of the tools in its tool box in an attempt to succeed in the image war, a central front in contemporary conflicts.
媒体在当代冲突中起着至关重要的作用,因为伴随着军事对抗的是一场形象战。伊拉克和沙姆伊斯兰国(ISIS)为使用图像作为其战斗策略的一部分树立了一个典型的例子,使用各种平台来传达其叙事。本研究通过分析ISIS通过各种在线传播平台传播的信息来评估ISIS的形象前沿:ISIS领导人的音频声明、官方视频、Dabiq和Rumiyah杂志、伊斯兰圣歌(nasheeds)和Amaq新闻报道。调查结果表明,ISIS策略性地使用信息,试图创造和维持其强大组织的形象。三个主要主题是权力投射、暴力和伊斯兰宗教信息(而不同的平台则有不同的重点)。大多数信息针对穆斯林,而其他(通常是威胁)针对该组织的各种敌人。ISIS似乎投入了大量的资源和精力来宣传自己的叙事,作为形象战争的一部分——一方面,基于宗教论点投射自己的力量,另一方面,利用重复的主题、描述、隐喻和视觉图像(视频、图片和信息图表),妖魔化和威胁敌人。该研究的分析表明,ISIS非常重视其战斗中的媒体/形象方面,并使用其工具箱中的所有工具,试图在形象战中取得成功,形象战是当代冲突的中心战线。
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引用次数: 2
The mediating role of political talk and political efficacy in the effects of news use on expressive and collective participation 政治谈话和政治效能在新闻使用对表达性参与和集体参与的影响中的中介作用
IF 3.6 Q3 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/2057047319829580
C. S. Park
This study examines how media use for news can relate to expressive and collective participation through the mediating role of political talk and internal and external political efficacy. Based on two cross-sectional analyses and one autoregressive analyses of the data obtained from a two-wave panel survey during the 2012 presidential campaign in South Korea, this study finds that political talk and internal political efficacy mediate the association between news attention and expressive participation, while external political efficacy does not. Political talk and internal political efficacy jointly mediate the impact of news attention on expressive participation. The analysis also reveals that social media news attention and internal political efficacy play a bigger role in connecting news attention and political participation than traditional news attention, external political efficacy, and political talk.
本研究通过政治谈话和内外部政治效能的中介作用,考察了媒体对新闻的使用与表达和集体参与之间的关系。基于对2012年韩国总统竞选期间两波小组调查数据的两个横断面分析和一个自回归分析,本研究发现,政治话语和内部政治效能在新闻关注和表达参与之间起中介作用,而外部政治效能则不起中介作用。政治话语和内部政治效能共同调节新闻关注对表达参与的影响。分析还表明,与传统新闻关注、外部政治效能和政治谈话相比,社交媒体新闻关注和内部政治效能在连接新闻关注和政治参与方面发挥着更大的作用。
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引用次数: 11
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Communication and the Public
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