Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125467
Kangying Guo, Wenbin Zhao, Zhenfeng Shi, Siyu Zhang, Panpan Sa, Yan Wang, Qinyan Yue, Yue Gao, Baoyu Gao
{"title":"Control of Algal-Derived Disinfection By-Products with a Composite Coagulant: Insights into the Mechanism from a Molecular Perspective","authors":"Kangying Guo, Wenbin Zhao, Zhenfeng Shi, Siyu Zhang, Panpan Sa, Yan Wang, Qinyan Yue, Yue Gao, Baoyu Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125467","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125454
Jinxiu Lou, Xuan Wang, Feilong Dong, Youyou He, Zhanfei He, Shuangxi Fang, Xiangliang Pan
Nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have raised significant concerns due to their relatively high toxicity, yet the fate and toxicity of nonhalogenated nitro(so)-byproducts (NH-NBPs) during UV/chlorine treatment in the presence of nitrogen sources remains poorly understood. In this study, 19 NH-NBPs were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the first time. Nine among these were detected in UV/chlorine and chlorinated tap water samples at concentrations ranging from 152 to 480 ng/L. Then, the formation pathways of NH-NBPs during UV/chlorine treatment with NO3- was investigated using phenylalanine as the model precursor. The results revealed that nitrophenols form via the simultaneous generation of mono-/di-nitrophenols, whereas hydroxy-mono-/di-nitrobenzoic acids undergo sequential nitration. This mechanistic divergence suggested differing nitrogen sources: Mononitrophenols primarily originated from organic nitrogen, while NO3- was essential for dinitrophenol formation. Both nitrogen sources contributed selectively to hydroxy-(di)nitrobenzoic acid generation. Cytotoxicity assays using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells showed that the toxicity of NH-NBPs was higher than 2,6-dichlorophenol. The developed quantitative structure−activity relationship model demonstrated the importance of cellular uptake efficiency and electrophilic reactivity in the toxicity mechanisms. These findings highlight that previously overlooked nonhalogenated nitro-byproducts should be a concern in drinking water.
{"title":"Phenylalanine or nitrate as the major nitrogen source? Occurrence and formation of overlooked yet toxic nonhalogenated nitro(so)-byproducts in UV/Chlorine-treated drinking water","authors":"Jinxiu Lou, Xuan Wang, Feilong Dong, Youyou He, Zhanfei He, Shuangxi Fang, Xiangliang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125454","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have raised significant concerns due to their relatively high toxicity, yet the fate and toxicity of nonhalogenated nitro(so)-byproducts (NH-NBPs) during UV/chlorine treatment in the presence of nitrogen sources remains poorly understood. In this study, 19 NH-NBPs were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the first time. Nine among these were detected in UV/chlorine and chlorinated tap water samples at concentrations ranging from 152 to 480 ng/L. Then, the formation pathways of NH-NBPs during UV/chlorine treatment with NO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">-</ce:sup> was investigated using phenylalanine as the model precursor. The results revealed that nitrophenols form via the simultaneous generation of mono-/di-nitrophenols, whereas hydroxy-mono-/di-nitrobenzoic acids undergo sequential nitration. This mechanistic divergence suggested differing nitrogen sources: Mononitrophenols primarily originated from organic nitrogen, while NO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">-</ce:sup> was essential for dinitrophenol formation. Both nitrogen sources contributed selectively to hydroxy-(di)nitrobenzoic acid generation. Cytotoxicity assays using Chinese Hamster Ovary cells showed that the toxicity of NH-NBPs was higher than 2,6-dichlorophenol. The developed quantitative structure−activity relationship model demonstrated the importance of cellular uptake efficiency and electrophilic reactivity in the toxicity mechanisms. These findings highlight that previously overlooked nonhalogenated nitro-byproducts should be a concern in drinking water.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mining activities generate acid mine drainage (AMD), an extremely acidic effluent laden with multiple co-contaminants that pose formidable challenges to conventional remediation technologists. This study systematically investigated the performance and mechanisms of iron-electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) for the simultaneous removal of arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) from AMD. Results indicated that the optimized operational parameters for Fe-EC were a current density of 80 A m-2, stirring speed at 150 rpm, and without aeration, resulting in removal efficiencies exceeding 98% for both As(III) and Cu(II). Exhibiting remarkable robustness against typical AMD matrix effects (initial pH ≥ 3, 800 mg L⁻¹ Fe(II), and 4000 mg L⁻¹ SO₄²⁻), the system sustained high removal rates of 94.6% for As(III) and 96.6% for Cu(II), demonstrating its potential for practical application. Notably, under Fe(II)–Cu(II)–As(III) coexistence, the optimized Fe-EC strategy leveraged the inherent synergistic interactions to maintain high-efficiency removal of both contaminants. Specifically, Fe(II) and Cu(II) synergistically catalyzed Fenton/Fenton-like reactions, accelerating As(III) oxidation and removal while facilitating the formation of stable Fe-Cu mineral phases such as CuFe₂O₄. Simultaneously, As(III) acted as a path-directing ligand, facilitating copper immobilization through disrupting the Cu(I)–Fe(III) redox cycle. Comparative experiments with chemical coagulation demonstrated the superior performance of Fe-EC, while treatment of authentic AMD samples validated its practical applicability. This work provides critical insights into the fundamental interfacial mechanisms governing multi-contaminant removal in Fe-EC systems, offering a mechanistic and engineering foundation for the rational design of efficient electrochemical treatment strategies tailored to the complex chemistry of AMD.
采矿活动产生酸性矿山废水（AMD），这是一种酸性极强的污水，含有多种共污染物，对传统的修复技术提出了巨大的挑战。本研究系统地研究了铁电絮凝（Fe-EC）同时去除AMD中砷和铜的性能和机理。结果表明，Fe-EC的优化操作参数为电流密度为80 a m-2，搅拌速度为150 rpm，不曝气，对As（III）和Cu（II）的去除率均超过98%。该系统对典型的AMD基质效应（初始pH≥3,800 mg L - Fe（II）和4000 mg L - SO₄²⁻）具有显著的鲁棒性，对As（III）和Cu（II）的去除率分别高达94.6%和96.6%，显示了其实际应用的潜力。值得注意的是，在Fe(II) -Cu (II) -As （III）共存的情况下，优化后的Fe- ec策略利用了内在的协同作用，保持了两种污染物的高效去除。具体来说，Fe（II）和Cu（II）协同催化了Fenton/Fenton-like反应，加速了As（III）的氧化和去除，同时促进了稳定的Fe-Cu矿物相如CuFe₂O₄的形成。同时，As（III）作为路径导向配体，通过破坏Cu(I) -Fe （III）氧化还原循环促进铜的固定化。与化学混凝的对比实验证明了Fe-EC的优越性能，而对真实AMD样品的处理验证了其实用性。这项工作为Fe-EC系统中控制多污染物去除的基本界面机制提供了重要见解，为合理设计针对AMD复杂化学性质的高效电化学处理策略提供了机制和工程基础。
{"title":"Electrocoagulation for the simultaneous removal of copper and arsenic from acid mine drainage: Performance and mechanisms","authors":"Madinai Abulimiti , Jingxia Guo , Cheng Cheng , Dongmei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mining activities generate acid mine drainage (AMD), an extremely acidic effluent laden with multiple co-contaminants that pose formidable challenges to conventional remediation technologists. This study systematically investigated the performance and mechanisms of iron-electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) for the simultaneous removal of arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) from AMD. Results indicated that the optimized operational parameters for Fe-EC were a current density of 80 A m<sup>-2</sup>, stirring speed at 150 rpm, and without aeration, resulting in removal efficiencies exceeding 98% for both As(III) and Cu(II). Exhibiting remarkable robustness against typical AMD matrix effects (initial pH ≥ 3, 800 mg L⁻¹ Fe(II), and 4000 mg L⁻¹ SO₄²⁻), the system sustained high removal rates of 94.6% for As(III) and 96.6% for Cu(II), demonstrating its potential for practical application. Notably, under Fe(II)–Cu(II)–As(III) coexistence, the optimized Fe-EC strategy leveraged the inherent synergistic interactions to maintain high-efficiency removal of both contaminants. Specifically, Fe(II) and Cu(II) synergistically catalyzed Fenton/Fenton-like reactions, accelerating As(III) oxidation and removal while facilitating the formation of stable Fe-Cu mineral phases such as CuFe₂O₄. Simultaneously, As(III) acted as a path-directing ligand, facilitating copper immobilization through disrupting the Cu(I)–Fe(III) redox cycle. Comparative experiments with chemical coagulation demonstrated the superior performance of Fe-EC, while treatment of authentic AMD samples validated its practical applicability. This work provides critical insights into the fundamental interfacial mechanisms governing multi-contaminant removal in Fe-EC systems, offering a mechanistic and engineering foundation for the rational design of efficient electrochemical treatment strategies tailored to the complex chemistry of AMD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 125452"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125451
Lizhan Tang , Émile Sylvestre , Kerry A. Hamilton , Frederik Hammes , Timothy R. Julian
L. pneumophila is a waterborne respiratory pathogen that causes Pontiac Fever and Legionnaires' disease, two clinically significant diseases with increasing incidence in Europe. In this study, we develop a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework on the risks of infection from showering in L. pneumophila-contaminated water supplies to inform health-based concentration targets and water quality monitoring programs. The developed QMRA model extends on previous work investigating the relationships between concentrations of L. pneumophila in water sources and infection, illness, and disease burden by incorporating dynamic pathogen concentrations in water and aerosol concentrations, extending the prior reliance on assumptions of constant, average concentrations over the exposure duration. When applying this approach to data collected from within a building in Switzerland at risk for legionellosis cases, we show that initial high concentrations of L. pneumophila in water and aerosols from hot showers contribute to risks above a commonly used benchmark for the acceptable infection risk (10–4 infections per person per year) within the first 1–2 min of showers. Extending the model to estimate critical concentrations of L. pneumophila suggests concentrations at or above 2.5 × 103 CFU/L to 1.6 × 106 CFU/L for first draw samples and 2.5 × 101 CFU/L to 1.0 × 103 CFU/L for samples obtained after flushing would increase infection risks above the benchmark, dependent on site-specific conditions including water temperature and shower head type. These critical values align with, but are less stringent than, values reported by previous studies for showers due to our consideration of dynamic aerosol concentrations. Sensitivity analysis suggests that controlling L. pneumophila concentrations in water is the most effective risk mitigation strategy. Ventilation to reduce risks is dependent on shower conditions but may be less effective. The QMRA model finds that consideration of dynamic L. pneumophila concentrations in water improves exposure estimates and therefore improve the risk assessment, informing the benefits of sampling strategies that assess both first draw and flush samples in routine water monitoring programs.
{"title":"Impacts of dynamic aerosol and pathogen concentrations on risks of Legionella pneumophila for public showers in Switzerland based on a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework","authors":"Lizhan Tang , Émile Sylvestre , Kerry A. Hamilton , Frederik Hammes , Timothy R. Julian","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>L. pneumophila</em> is a waterborne respiratory pathogen that causes Pontiac Fever and Legionnaires' disease, two clinically significant diseases with increasing incidence in Europe. In this study, we develop a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework on the risks of infection from showering in <em>L. pneumophila-</em>contaminated water supplies to inform health-based concentration targets and water quality monitoring programs. The developed QMRA model extends on previous work investigating the relationships between concentrations of <em>L. pneumophila</em> in water sources and infection, illness, and disease burden by incorporating dynamic pathogen concentrations in water and aerosol concentrations, extending the prior reliance on assumptions of constant, average concentrations over the exposure duration. When applying this approach to data collected from within a building in Switzerland at risk for legionellosis cases, we show that initial high concentrations of <em>L. pneumophila</em> in water and aerosols from hot showers contribute to risks above a commonly used benchmark for the acceptable infection risk (10<sup>–4</sup> infections per person per year) within the first 1–2 min of showers. Extending the model to estimate critical concentrations of <em>L. pneumophila</em> suggests concentrations at or above 2.5 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/L to 1.6 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/L for first draw samples and 2.5 × 10<sup>1</sup> CFU/L to 1.0 × 10<sup>3</sup> CFU/L for samples obtained after flushing would increase infection risks above the benchmark, dependent on site-specific conditions including water temperature and shower head type. These critical values align with, but are less stringent than, values reported by previous studies for showers due to our consideration of dynamic aerosol concentrations. Sensitivity analysis suggests that controlling <em>L. pneumophila</em> concentrations in water is the most effective risk mitigation strategy. Ventilation to reduce risks is dependent on shower conditions but may be less effective. The QMRA model finds that consideration of dynamic <em>L. pneumophila</em> concentrations in water improves exposure estimates and therefore improve the risk assessment, informing the benefits of sampling strategies that assess both first draw and flush samples in routine water monitoring programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 125451"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125450
Sarah Price, Loc Nguyen, Vineeth Manthapuri, Kyra Sigler, Petra Choi, Clayton Markham, Amanda Darling, Ivan Odur, Amy Pruden, Leigh-Anne Krometis
Wastewater surveillance (WWS) can reveal community health trends through targeted monitoring of sewage. Given concerns regarding the global dissemination of drug-resistant infections, there is growing integration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in WWS infrastructure. However, most WWS has focused on highly urbanized sewersheds in resource-rich areas, which may exacerbate disparities in disease burdens and clinical datasets.
{"title":"Representation of Urban and Rural Contexts in the Application of Wastewater Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance: A systematic review","authors":"Sarah Price, Loc Nguyen, Vineeth Manthapuri, Kyra Sigler, Petra Choi, Clayton Markham, Amanda Darling, Ivan Odur, Amy Pruden, Leigh-Anne Krometis","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125450","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater surveillance (WWS) can reveal community health trends through targeted monitoring of sewage. Given concerns regarding the global dissemination of drug-resistant infections, there is growing integration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in WWS infrastructure. However, most WWS has focused on highly urbanized sewersheds in resource-rich areas, which may exacerbate disparities in disease burdens and clinical datasets.","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125453
Hyungjoon Im , Yegyun Choi , Kimberly Etombi Muambo , Yunho Lee , Jeong-Eun Oh
To determine whether hydrological extremes alter the toxicological modes of action of riverine contaminant mixtures, an integrated framework combining passive sampler, in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays, and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening was applied. POCIS were deployed in the Nakdong River of South Korea under contrasting monsoon-driven summer runoff and winter low-flow conditions. Seasonal mixtures differed not only in composition but also in biological mechanisms: summer extracts induced acute toxicity and activation of receptor-mediated endpoints (AR, ER, PPARγ, PXR), whereas winter extracts showed minimal acute toxicity but strong oxidative stress response (Nrf2), consistent with effluent-dominated chronic exposure. Across polarity-based fractions, the polar fraction (F4) accounted for the majority of observed bioactivities. Suspect screening identified 111 chemicals with a clear seasonal differentiation, with pesticides and UV filters prevailing in summer and pharmaceuticals in winter. To address the identification gap in effect-directed analysis, a quantitative potency-balance approach integrating bioanalytical equivalents (BEQbio) and chemically predicted equivalents (BEQchem) identified telmisartan as a major contributor to PPARγ activity. These findings demonstrate that hydrological regime shifts can drive mechanistic changes in mixture toxicity and highlight the value of potency-based EDA for linking biological effects to causative chemicals.
为了确定水文极端是否会改变河流污染物混合物的毒理学作用模式，采用了一个综合框架，结合被动采样器、体内和体外生物测定以及基于高分辨率质谱的可疑筛选。POCIS被部署在韩国洛东江，在季风驱动的夏季径流和冬季低流量条件下进行对比。季节混合物不仅在成分上不同，而且在生物机制上也不同：夏季提取物诱导急性毒性和受体介导的终点（AR， ER, PPARγ， PXR）的激活，而冬季提取物表现出最小的急性毒性，但有强烈的氧化应激反应（Nrf2），与流出物为主的慢性暴露一致。在极性组分中，极性组分（F4）占观察到的生物活性的大部分。可疑筛选确定了111种具有明显季节性差异的化学品，杀虫剂和紫外线过滤器在夏季流行，而药品在冬季流行。为了解决效应导向分析中的鉴定差距，一种结合生物分析等效物（BEQbio）和化学预测等效物（BEQchem）的定量效价平衡方法确定了替米沙坦是PPARγ活性的主要贡献者。这些发现表明，水文制度的变化可以驱动混合物毒性的机制变化，并突出了基于电位的EDA在将生物效应与致病化学物质联系起来方面的价值。
{"title":"Seasonally different toxicity drivers in a river system revealed by insights from POCIS, bioassays, and suspect screening","authors":"Hyungjoon Im , Yegyun Choi , Kimberly Etombi Muambo , Yunho Lee , Jeong-Eun Oh","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watres.2026.125453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To determine whether hydrological extremes alter the toxicological modes of action of riverine contaminant mixtures, an integrated framework combining passive sampler, <em>in-vivo</em> and <em>in-vitro</em> bioassays, and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening was applied. POCIS were deployed in the Nakdong River of South Korea under contrasting monsoon-driven summer runoff and winter low-flow conditions. Seasonal mixtures differed not only in composition but also in biological mechanisms: summer extracts induced acute toxicity and activation of receptor-mediated endpoints (AR, ER, PPARγ, PXR), whereas winter extracts showed minimal acute toxicity but strong oxidative stress response (Nrf2), consistent with effluent-dominated chronic exposure. Across polarity-based fractions, the polar fraction (F4) accounted for the majority of observed bioactivities. Suspect screening identified 111 chemicals with a clear seasonal differentiation, with pesticides and UV filters prevailing in summer and pharmaceuticals in winter. To address the identification gap in effect-directed analysis, a quantitative potency-balance approach integrating bioanalytical equivalents (BEQ<sub>bio</sub>) and chemically predicted equivalents (BEQ<sub>chem</sub>) identified telmisartan as a major contributor to PPARγ activity. These findings demonstrate that hydrological regime shifts can drive mechanistic changes in mixture toxicity and highlight the value of potency-based EDA for linking biological effects to causative chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":443,"journal":{"name":"Water Research","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 125453"},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146056478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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