The article explores evidence of public policy ignoring scholarly recommendations, and describes instances of this in the field of language policy at both supranational and national levels. One significant contemporary influence is that university autonomy and academic freedom are being constrained by neoliberal pressures. Evidence of this in the United Kingdom and Denmark is described. These trends are connected to the wider context of the transition from the practices and ideology of terra nullius to legitimate colonisation and global Europeanisation, and the concomitant dispossession of the territories of others, to global Americanisation processes, the universalization of a cultura nullius in commerce, the media, academia, and domestic life. This dovetails with the promotion and establishment of English as a lingua nullius, a language that should be learned by all worldwide, as if it serves the interests of all inhabitants of the globe, and is disconnected from the causal factors behind the expansion of the language. One speech by Winston Churchill argues for the maintenance of university autonomy and historical awareness. Another pleads for Anglo-American global dominance, including the promotion of English as a ‘world’ language. These competing pleas have had different outcomes: academic freedom and traditions are currently at risk, whereas US dominance and the promotion and expansion of English have thrived. The governments of the five Nordic countries have acted to ensure the maintenance of national languages as well as competence in ‘international languages’. This is exemplified by a description of how universities should assure parallel competence and thereby a healthy balance between English and national languages. Soft power is never far from economic, political, and military power, all of which entail language use. China and Chinese are well launched on a comparable trajectory to the expansion of English.
{"title":"Languages in public policy, and constraints in academia","authors":"R. Phillipson","doi":"10.1075/lplp.00046.phi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00046.phi","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article explores evidence of public policy ignoring scholarly recommendations, and describes instances of this\u0000 in the field of language policy at both supranational and national levels. One significant contemporary influence is that\u0000 university autonomy and academic freedom are being constrained by neoliberal pressures. Evidence of this in the United Kingdom and\u0000 Denmark is described. These trends are connected to the wider context of the transition from the practices and ideology of\u0000 terra nullius to legitimate colonisation and global Europeanisation, and the concomitant dispossession of the\u0000 territories of others, to global Americanisation processes, the universalization of a cultura nullius in\u0000 commerce, the media, academia, and domestic life. This dovetails with the promotion and establishment of English as a\u0000 lingua nullius, a language that should be learned by all worldwide, as if it serves the interests of all\u0000 inhabitants of the globe, and is disconnected from the causal factors behind the expansion of the language. One speech by Winston\u0000 Churchill argues for the maintenance of university autonomy and historical awareness. Another pleads for Anglo-American global\u0000 dominance, including the promotion of English as a ‘world’ language. These competing pleas have had different outcomes: academic\u0000 freedom and traditions are currently at risk, whereas US dominance and the promotion and expansion of English have thrived. The\u0000 governments of the five Nordic countries have acted to ensure the maintenance of national languages as well as competence in\u0000 ‘international languages’. This is exemplified by a description of how universities should assure parallel competence and thereby\u0000 a healthy balance between English and national languages. Soft power is never far from economic, political, and military power,\u0000 all of which entail language use. China and Chinese are well launched on a comparable trajectory to the expansion of English.","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45209575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study focuses on Macao, a former Portuguese colony and a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China after 1999. A questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2012 and 2013 respectively among freshmen of the University of Macau to investigate their attitudes to issues in Macao’s language policy and planning (LPP). Findings of this study reflect their practical attitudes, as reflected in their attitudes towards the choice of English or Portuguese as the first foreign language in Macao public schools. At the same time, their attitudes also reflect their strong local allegiances and resistance to Mainland China’s cultural practices, as reflected in their views on the issue of the official status of Putonghua in the Macao SAR, the choice of Putonghua or Cantonese as the medium of instruction, and the maintenance of traditional Chinese characters, written Cantonese, and Cantonese Romanization System in Macao.
{"title":"A study of Macao tertiary students’ attitudes to issues in postcolonial Macao’s language policy and\u0000 planning","authors":"Xi Yan","doi":"10.1075/lplp.00033.yan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00033.yan","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study focuses on Macao, a former Portuguese colony and a Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China after 1999. A questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2012 and 2013 respectively among freshmen of the University of Macau to investigate their attitudes to issues in Macao’s language policy and planning (LPP). Findings of this study reflect their practical attitudes, as reflected in their attitudes towards the choice of English or Portuguese as the first foreign language in Macao public schools. At the same time, their attitudes also reflect their strong local allegiances and resistance to Mainland China’s cultural practices, as reflected in their views on the issue of the official status of Putonghua in the Macao SAR, the choice of Putonghua or Cantonese as the medium of instruction, and the maintenance of traditional Chinese characters, written Cantonese, and Cantonese Romanization System in Macao.","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":"43 1","pages":"241-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41557914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Torres-Oliva, Cristina Petreñas, Á. Huguet, Cecilio Lapresta
Abstract Aragon is an autonomous community within Spain where, historically, three languages are spoken: Aragonese, Catalan, and Castilian Spanish. Both Aragonese and Catalan are minority and minoritised languages within the territory, while Castilian Spanish, the majority language, enjoys total legal protection and legitimation. The fact that we live in the era of the nation-state is crucial for understanding endangered languages in their specific socio-political context. This is why policies at macro-level and micro-level are essential for language maintenance and equality. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of 57 documents: international and national legal documents, education reports, and education curricula. The aims of the paper are: (1) to analyse the current state of Aragonese language teaching in primary education in Aragon, and (2) to suggest solutions and desirable policies to address the passive bilingualism of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren. We conclude that although Aragon is a trilingual community, education policy actually does not reflect this reality. There is also a need to implement language policies (bottom-up and top-down initiatives) to promote compulsory education in a minoritised language. We therefore propose a linguistic model that brings to the forefront minority languages. This study may contribute to research into Aragonese-Castilian bilingualism in contexts of possible language loss.
{"title":"The legal rights of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren","authors":"Maria Torres-Oliva, Cristina Petreñas, Á. Huguet, Cecilio Lapresta","doi":"10.1075/lplp.00045.tor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aragon is an autonomous community within Spain where, historically, three languages are spoken: Aragonese, Catalan, and Castilian Spanish. Both Aragonese and Catalan are minority and minoritised languages within the territory, while Castilian Spanish, the majority language, enjoys total legal protection and legitimation. The fact that we live in the era of the nation-state is crucial for understanding endangered languages in their specific socio-political context. This is why policies at macro-level and micro-level are essential for language maintenance and equality. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of 57 documents: international and national legal documents, education reports, and education curricula. The aims of the paper are: (1) to analyse the current state of Aragonese language teaching in primary education in Aragon, and (2) to suggest solutions and desirable policies to address the passive bilingualism of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren. We conclude that although Aragon is a trilingual community, education policy actually does not reflect this reality. There is also a need to implement language policies (bottom-up and top-down initiatives) to promote compulsory education in a minoritised language. We therefore propose a linguistic model that brings to the forefront minority languages. This study may contribute to research into Aragonese-Castilian bilingualism in contexts of possible language loss.","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":"43 1","pages":"262-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43569793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"40 Years of Bill 101 in Québec","authors":"","doi":"10.1075/lplp.43.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.43.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44312165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rachelle Vessey. (2016). Language and Canadian Media: Representations, Ideologies, Policies","authors":"Saira Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1075/LPLP.00044.FIT","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LPLP.00044.FIT","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45515434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the economic situation of language groups in Quebec since the 1970s. Particular attention is paid to the contexts of economic globalization, where English has become the most used world lingua franca, and of immigration now being the major source of population growth. Viewing language as a market where supply and demand determine outcomes, the purpose of Bill 101 was to increase the value and the use of French. The relative economic position of Francophones has improved and they now have better purchasing power and control of the economy. However, the number of Francophones in the population is not expected to increase much and their proportion in the population will drop significantly. Due to immigration, the number and proportion of Allophones will increase, but Anglophones will also benefit since the proportion of immigrants who assimilate to English is larger than the proportion of Anglophones in the population. In the labor market, working in English pays more than working in French for immigrants. In spite of the progresses made by Francophones, the situation of French in Quebec remains a concern. The challenge is to integrate more immigrants into the French-speaking majority.
{"title":"Quebec’s language policy and economic globalization","authors":"G. Grenier","doi":"10.1075/LPLP.00041.GRE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LPLP.00041.GRE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the economic situation of language groups in Quebec since the 1970s. Particular attention is\u0000 paid to the contexts of economic globalization, where English has become the most used world lingua franca, and of immigration now\u0000 being the major source of population growth. Viewing language as a market where supply and demand determine outcomes, the purpose\u0000 of Bill 101 was to increase the value and the use of French. The relative economic position of Francophones has improved and they\u0000 now have better purchasing power and control of the economy. However, the number of Francophones in the population is not expected\u0000 to increase much and their proportion in the population will drop significantly. Due to immigration, the number and proportion of\u0000 Allophones will increase, but Anglophones will also benefit since the proportion of immigrants who assimilate to English is larger\u0000 than the proportion of Anglophones in the population. In the labor market, working in English pays more than working in French for\u0000 immigrants. In spite of the progresses made by Francophones, the situation of French in Quebec remains a concern. The challenge is\u0000 to integrate more immigrants into the French-speaking majority.","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46499869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Après un bref examen de certains problèmes conceptuels (partie 1), nous présentons les principales mesures introduites par la Charte de la langue française en matière de langue de travail, de langue du commerce et des affaires, et de langue d’affichage, et faisons état des modifications apportées depuis l’adoption de ces mesures en 1977 (partie 2). Nous analysons ensuite (partie 3) l’évolution entre 1977 et 2018 des indicateurs pertinents. En conclusion (partie 4), nous tentons de dégager les principales implications de cette évolution.
{"title":"L’utilisation du français dans la sphère publique","authors":"Marc Termote","doi":"10.1075/LPLP.00040.TER","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LPLP.00040.TER","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Après un bref examen de certains problèmes conceptuels (partie 1), nous présentons les principales mesures\u0000 introduites par la Charte de la langue française en matière de langue de travail, de langue du commerce et des affaires, et de\u0000 langue d’affichage, et faisons état des modifications apportées depuis l’adoption de ces mesures en 1977\u0000 (partie 2). Nous analysons ensuite (partie 3) l’évolution entre 1977 et 2018 des indicateurs pertinents. En conclusion\u0000 (partie 4), nous tentons de dégager les principales implications de cette évolution.","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48931353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Centré sur la langue d’enseignement, ce bilan de la Charte de la langue française (loi 101) fait état de la connaissance, de l’apprentissage et de l’usage du français. Il montre que cette loi s’est avérée très efficace pour conduire les enfants des immigrants dans les écoles françaises plutôt que dans celles du réseau scolaire anglophone. Malgré cette réussite, illustrée par des comparaisons avec l’Ontario, l’anglais exerce encore une forte attraction. C’est le cas notamment des jeunes qui, entreprenant des études collégiales, profitent d’une pleine liberté pour poursuivre leurs études en anglais. L’auteur aborde également la politique de sélection d’immigrants francophones, ainsi que le programme de francisation des immigrants ne connaissant pas le français. Absentes de la loi 101, ces importantes mesures sont les éléments les plus faibles de la politique linguistique québécoise. Enfin, l’auteur constate que l’apprentissage de l’anglais chez les francophones s’est poursuivi comme prévu, mais note que de nombreux francophones bilingues s’expriment spontanément en anglais devant des personnes sachant pourtant parler français. Inspiré par Max Weber, l’auteur conclut que « l’honneur linguistique » n’est pas encore au rendez-vous.
{"title":"Succès et faiblesses de l’intégration des immigrants par la scolarisation obligatoire en français au\u0000 Québec","authors":"M. Paillé","doi":"10.1075/LPLP.00039.PAI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LPLP.00039.PAI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Centré sur la langue d’enseignement, ce bilan de la Charte de la langue française (loi\u0000 101) fait état de la connaissance, de l’apprentissage et de l’usage du français. Il montre que cette loi\u0000 s’est avérée très efficace pour conduire les enfants des immigrants dans les écoles françaises plutôt que dans celles du\u0000 réseau scolaire anglophone. Malgré cette réussite, illustrée par des comparaisons avec l’Ontario, l’anglais exerce\u0000 encore une forte attraction. C’est le cas notamment des jeunes qui, entreprenant des études collégiales, profitent d’une\u0000 pleine liberté pour poursuivre leurs études en anglais. L’auteur aborde également la politique de sélection d’immigrants\u0000 francophones, ainsi que le programme de francisation des immigrants ne connaissant pas le français. Absentes de la loi 101, ces\u0000 importantes mesures sont les éléments les plus faibles de la politique linguistique québécoise. Enfin, l’auteur constate\u0000 que l’apprentissage de l’anglais chez les francophones s’est poursuivi comme prévu, mais note que de\u0000 nombreux francophones bilingues s’expriment spontanément en anglais devant des personnes sachant pourtant parler français.\u0000 Inspiré par Max Weber, l’auteur conclut que « l’honneur linguistique » n’est pas encore au\u0000 rendez-vous.","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43277612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Bill 101 after 40 years","authors":"F. Vaillancourt","doi":"10.1075/LPLP.00037.VAI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LPLP.00037.VAI","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44345,"journal":{"name":"Language Problems & Language Planning","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41534809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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