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INFLUENCE OF INCORPORATION OF JUTE FIBRE AND FERROCHROME SLAG ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 黄麻纤维和铬铁矿渣掺入对混凝土性能的影响
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-04-16 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2021.1899601
B. Jena, R. Patra, Bibhuti Bhusan Mukharjee
ABSTRACT The present experimental study tries to examine the impact of ferrochrome slag usage as a substitution of coarse aggregates and jute fibre (JF) on different characteristics of concrete. For this, 12 numbers of concrete mixes have been fabricated by introducing 0%, 50% and 100% ferrochrome slag aggregates (FSA) in place of natural coarse aggregates (NCA) and adding 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% JF in concrete. The workability, 7, 28, and 90 days compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), split tensile strength (STS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), rebound number (RN), water absorption (WA), volume of voids (VV), density of designated mixes, have been studied to access the effect of incorporation of FSA and JF in concrete. The experimental outcome analysis depicts the concrete mix having 50%–100% FSA and 0.1% JF has strength, physical and non-destructive parameters similar to those of normal concrete. Furthermore, 50%–100% FSA usage has been recommended as a substitution of coarse aggregates because the incorporation of FSA has no substantial impact on various concrete properties. It is also detected that 0.1% JF could be introduced in concrete without significant degradation of concrete behaviour since, beyond this level, the properties of concrete are adversely affected.
摘要本试验研究试图检验使用铬铁渣代替粗骨料和黄麻纤维(JF)对混凝土不同特性的影响。为此,通过引入0%、50%和100%的铬铁矿渣骨料(FSA)代替天然粗骨料(NCA),并在混凝土中添加0%、0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的JF,制备了12种混凝土混合物。研究了7、28和90天抗压强度(CS)、弯曲强度(FS)、劈裂抗拉强度(STS)、超声波脉冲速度(UPV)、回弹数(RN)、吸水率(WA)、空隙体积(VV)、指定混合料的密度等工作性能,以了解FSA和JF在混凝土中的掺入效果。实验结果分析表明,具有50%–100%FSA和0.1%JF的混凝土混合物具有与普通混凝土相似的强度、物理和无损参数。此外,建议使用50%-100%的FSA来代替粗骨料,因为FSA的加入对各种混凝土性能没有实质性影响。还检测到,0.1%的JF可以引入混凝土中,而不会显著降低混凝土性能,因为超过这个水平,混凝土的性能会受到不利影响。
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引用次数: 5
A trustful transition zone for high-speed rail using stone columns 使用石柱的高铁过渡区
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2021.1906831
Nima Mehrabi, H. Khabbaz
ABSTRACT The high-speed railway projects have encountered several geotechnical challenges. One of the most important challenges is the differential settlement control in transition zones. Cement-treated soil is a common method to prevent the differential settlement at transition zones. An alternative method uses stone columns for controlling the differential settlement in approaching embankment of bridges. In this study, numerical modelling using PLAXIS 2D is selected for the assessment of stone columns in the reduction of total and differential settlements. One of the overpass bridges of the track constructed for the Tehran–Isfahan railway, the first high-speed railway in the country, is chosen as the case study. Three models are created based on the properties of the selected case study. The first one is a typical approaching embankment. The second one is the bridge abutment section, and the last one is a typical reinforced approaching embankment with stone columns.
高速铁路工程遇到了一些岩土工程方面的挑战。其中最重要的挑战之一是过渡带的差异沉降控制。水泥土是防止过渡带不均匀沉降的常用方法。另一种方法是用石柱来控制桥梁接近路堤时的差沉降。在本研究中,选择PLAXIS 2D数值模拟来评估石柱在减少总沉降和差异沉降方面的作用。本文选取了国内第一条高速铁路——德黑兰-伊斯法罕铁路的立交桥之一作为案例研究。根据所选案例研究的属性创建三个模型。第一个是典型的靠近堤防。第二段为桥台段,最后一段为典型的石柱加筋接近路堤。
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引用次数: 0
Determining optimum fly ash content for Stabilized subbase materials in road pavements 道路路面稳定基层材料最佳粉煤灰掺量的确定
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2021.1905250
D. Nguyen, V. P. Le
ABSTRACT The investigation of fly ash content for stabilized subbase materials in road pavements was presented in this study. The effects of partial replacement of cement by 17%, 33%, 50% of fly ash contents by total weight of mixture were investigated to evaluate mechanical properties of stabilized subbase materials using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, indirect tensile (IDT) test, and resilient modulus test. It was found that the replacement of cement by 33% of fly ash can use for stabilized subbase material. In addition, a strong relationship between IDT and UCS strength, and resilient modulus and UCS is given which is the coefficient of determination of developed correlation to be 0.9 and 0.82, respectively. It was suggested that the IDT strength or the resilient modulus can be estimated from a UCS test. Finally, the performance of cement replacement with fly ash was evaluated using mechanistic empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) program. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the cement replacement with 33% fly ash can enhance the performance life significantly and the construction cost reduction can be around 23%, compared to using conventional subbase material.
摘要本研究对路面稳定底基层材料中粉煤灰含量进行了研究。采用无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验、间接拉伸(IDT)试验和弹性模量试验,研究了用混合料总重量的17%、33%、50%粉煤灰含量部分替代水泥的效果,以评估稳定底基层材料的力学性能。研究表明,用33%的粉煤灰代替水泥可用于稳定底基层材料。此外,IDT和UCS强度、弹性模量和UCS之间有很强的关系,这是确定发展相关性的系数,分别为0.9和0.82。有人建议,IDT强度或弹性模量可以通过UCS测试来估计。最后,使用机械经验路面设计指南(MEPDG)程序评估了粉煤灰替代水泥的性能。根据研究结果,可以得出结论,与使用传统底基层材料相比,用33%的粉煤灰代替水泥可以显著提高性能寿命,并且施工成本可以降低23%左右。
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引用次数: 3
Potentiality of tree variables as predictors in pavement roughness progression rate modelling 树变量在路面平整度递进率模型中的预测潜力
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-27 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2021.1904596
Md. Yeasin Ahmed, R. Evans
ABSTRACT This paper presents statistical evidence of roadside vegetation’s contribution to pavement roughness progression rates. Detailed statistical and regression analysis of the roadside vegetation data collected via satellite imageries and road roughness data collected via high speed road profiler was performed. Elaborative investigation on interaction between roadside vegetation and waveband roughness progression has provided a clear indication of tree variable’s contribution on road deterioration. Statistical parameters such as moderate Pearson correlation coefficient (r) values, low mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) values, high Willmott’s index of agreement (d) were obtained for training and validation datasets, that depicted the potentiality of tree variables as predictors in pavement roughness progression rate modelling. Statistical evidence showed that effect of trees on road deterioration was more noticeable on long wavelength roughness progression rates. This can be justified via prevailing soil moisture interaction in expansive soil deposits subjected to moisture withdrawal of deciduous trees in arid climate conditions. Overall, the findings of this paper exemplify on the necessity of considering the presence of roadside vegetation in road deterioration analysis, and suggesting the scope of improvement for prediction performance.
摘要:本文提出了路边植被对路面粗糙度递进率的贡献的统计证据。对卫星影像采集的道路植被数据和高速公路测深仪采集的道路粗糙度数据进行了详细的统计和回归分析。通过对路边植被与波段粗糙度变化之间相互作用的详细研究,可以清楚地表明树木变量对道路劣化的贡献。训练和验证数据集获得了中等Pearson相关系数(r)值、较低的均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)值、较高的Willmott’s一致性指数(d)等统计参数,这些参数描述了树变量作为路面平整度进展率模型预测因子的潜力。统计证据表明,树木对道路劣化的影响在长波长粗糙度进展率上更为显著。这可以通过在干旱气候条件下落叶树木吸湿的膨胀土沉积物中普遍存在的土壤水分相互作用来证明。总体而言,本文的研究结果说明了在道路劣化分析中考虑路边植被存在的必要性,并提出了预测性能的改进范围。
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引用次数: 1
Feasibility Study of Reusing Wash Water and Steel Fibre Simultaneously on Workability, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Toughness of Concrete 水洗水和钢纤维同时回用对混凝土和易性、力学性能和断裂韧性的可行性研究
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2021.1899599
M. Taghizadeh, G. Asadollahfardi, A. Salehi, J. Akbardoost
ABSTRACT Water scarcity is the world’s challenging issue, and every day huge amounts of wash water(W) are produced by the concrete batching plants and concrete mixer trucks. Therefore, wash water reuse can be a method of saving water. This experimental work was conducted to determine the feasibility of using wash water in normal concrete and fibre(F) reinforced concrete. Workability and compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, as well as fracture toughness of concrete specimens, were carried out according to ASTM and BS. The slump test results showed a slight decrease while using wash water or steel fibre and using both of them concurrently. Using wash water instead of tap water increased compressive strength at 7,14 and 28 days. Adding steel fibre in the specimens containing tap water raised compressive strength sharply at all periods. Nevertheless, applying wash water and steel fibre instantaneously in the concrete sample decreased compressive strength. This consequence was confirmed by the SEM image. Both tensile and flexural strength increased while using wash water instead of tap water. The maximum tensile strength was observed when 100% wash water and steel fibre (W + F) were replaced by tap water. Using steel fibre for concrete samples using tap water increased flexural strength by around 14% compared to the control sample. The highest flexural strength was reached while 100% wash water and steel fibre (W + F) were used simultaneously. Substituting wash water with tap water increased fracture toughness, and adding steel fibre to the concrete sample applying tap water similarly raised fracture toughness compared to the control sample. While using wash water and steel fibre in the concrete sample instantaneously, the fracture toughness increased by 49%.
摘要水资源短缺是世界上最具挑战性的问题,混凝土搅拌站和混凝土搅拌车每天都会产生大量的冲洗水。因此,冲洗水回用可以成为一种节水的方法。本试验工作旨在确定在普通混凝土和纤维(F)钢筋混凝土中使用冲洗水的可行性。根据ASTM和BS对混凝土试样的工作性、抗压、抗拉和弯曲强度以及断裂韧性进行了测试。坍落度测试结果显示,使用洗涤水或钢纤维并同时使用两者时,坍落度略有下降。使用洗涤水代替自来水在第7、14和28天增加了抗压强度。在含有自来水的试样中加入钢纤维,在所有时期都能显著提高抗压强度。然而,在混凝土样品中立即加入洗涤水和钢纤维会降低抗压强度。SEM图像证实了这一结果。当使用洗涤水代替自来水时,拉伸强度和弯曲强度都增加了。当用自来水代替100%洗涤水和钢纤维(W+F)时,观察到最大拉伸强度。在使用自来水的混凝土样品中使用钢纤维,与对照样品相比,弯曲强度提高了约14%。当同时使用100%的洗涤水和钢纤维(W+F)时,达到了最高的弯曲强度。与对照样品相比,用自来水代替洗涤水提高了断裂韧性,并在使用自来水的混凝土样品中添加钢纤维同样提高了断裂韧度。当在混凝土样品中瞬时加入洗涤水和钢纤维时,断裂韧性提高了49%。
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引用次数: 6
Recarpeting using cement grouted bituminous mix in urban flexible pavement: a laboratory and field evaluation 水泥灌浆沥青混合料用于城市柔性路面的重铺:实验室和现场评价
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2021.1896125
L. Gupta, Rakesh Kumar
ABSTRACT Cement Grouted Bituminous mix (CGBM) mix is a semi-flexible pavement type that essentially is an open-graded bituminous mix grouted with cement mortar comprising the advantages of both flexible and rigid pavements. CGBM is not popular and widely adopted in India so far may be due to a lack of available performance studies imparting knowledge. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to prepare grouting material and develop the mix design consideration first. Further, CGBM characteristics as an alternative recarpeting and/or wearing course material in the Indian scenario based on laboratory and field evaluation in comparison with bituminous concrete mix that is conventional wearing course is explored. In this regard, a trial stretch of CGBM is constructed in the urban area, and field performance is ensured with the laboratory results. Test results reveal that the CGBM mix possesses higher Marshall stability, compressive strength, tensile strength, resilient modulus, better resistance against the moisture damage and oil spillage condition, and less temperature susceptible than the conventional bituminous concrete mix. This case study of CGBM overlay is substantially increasing the remaining service life of the pavement in terms of fatigue and rutting life.
摘要水泥灌浆沥青混合料(CGBM)是一种半柔性路面类型,本质上是用水泥砂浆灌浆的开放级配沥青混合料,具有柔性路面和刚性路面的优点。到目前为止,CGBM在印度不受欢迎,也不被广泛采用,这可能是由于缺乏传授知识的可用绩效研究。因此,本研究试图首先制备灌浆材料并制定配合比设计考虑因素。此外,在实验室和现场评估的基础上,与作为传统磨耗层的沥青混凝土混合料进行了比较,探讨了CGBM在印度场景中作为替代再铺层和/或磨耗层材料的特性。在这方面,CGBM在城市地区进行了试验,实验室结果确保了现场性能。试验结果表明,与传统沥青混凝土混合料相比,CGBM混合料具有更高的马歇尔稳定性、抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、更好的防潮损和防溢油性能,以及更低的温度敏感性。CGBM加铺层的案例研究在疲劳和车辙寿命方面大大提高了路面的剩余使用寿命。
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引用次数: 4
Combined influence of waste steel fibre and fly ash on rheological and mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced concrete 废钢纤维和粉煤灰对纤维混凝土流变性能和力学性能的联合影响
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-04 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2020.1857927
Abu Sayed Mohammad Akid, S. Shah, M. H. R. Sobuz, V. Tam, Sazzad Hossain Anik
ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the combined influence of varying concentration of waste steel fibre and fly ash on rheological and mechanical performance of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC). Cement was substituted partially by fly ash at concentration of 5%, 10% and 20% by weight basis and waste steel fibre was incorporated as 1.5% and 3% in volume basis of concrete. Rheological tests of concrete, including slump, density, compacting factor, K-slump, and Kelly ball penetration were evaluated for the fresh state. Mechanical performances of concrete, including compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength were determined at 7 and 28 days. Test results exhibited that fly ash enhanced the workability of all rheological tests; however, waste steel fibre reduced the workability and increased the density of fresh concrete. Substantial enhancement in compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength was found for fly ash and waste steel FRC mixes than the control one. The optimum results of mechanical performance were achieved for mixture with concentration of 10% fly ash and 3% waste steel fibre among all mixes. Adding waste steel fibre with fly ash in concrete provided more pronounced mechanical performance at higher fibre concentration along with the minimisation of disposal problems and environmental damages.
摘要本研究旨在研究不同浓度的废钢纤维和粉煤灰对纤维混凝土流变和力学性能的综合影响。水泥部分由浓度为5%、10%和20%(重量)的粉煤灰代替,废钢纤维以混凝土体积的1.5%和3%掺入。评估了混凝土的流变试验,包括坍落度、密度、压实系数、K坍落度和方钻杆贯入度。在第7天和第28天测定了混凝土的力学性能,包括抗压强度、劈拉强度和弯曲强度。试验结果表明,粉煤灰提高了所有流变试验的工作性;但废钢纤维降低了新拌混凝土的工作性能,增加了新拌密度。与对照相比,粉煤灰和废钢FRC混合物的抗压、劈拉和抗弯强度显著提高。在所有混合料中,粉煤灰浓度为10%、废钢纤维浓度为3%的混合料力学性能最佳。在混凝土中加入废钢纤维和粉煤灰,在纤维浓度较高的情况下提供了更显著的机械性能,同时将处理问题和环境破坏降至最低。
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引用次数: 14
Extending the service life of asphalt concrete pavements through the addition of conductive metallic waste particles for induced crack healing 通过在沥青混凝土路面中添加导电性金属废料颗粒来诱导裂缝愈合,从而延长沥青混凝土路面的使用寿命
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2020.1795566
Lucas Cenci Aragão, Eduarda Fontoura, Luiza Carbunk Godoi, M. Garcez, G. Colpo, S. da Dalt, A. B. Rohden, L. Brito
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the potential application of a metallic waste addition obtained from the cutlery industry to improve the electrical conductivity and allow crack healing of asphalt concrete mixtures through electromagnetic induction heating. The effects of three different metallic waste content on the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete mixtures have investigated. The crack healing potential by electromagnetic induction heating has been assessed in fully and partially cracked asphalt concrete specimens to simulate preventive and corrective maintenance. The crack healing potential has been evaluated through the results of load versus displacement curves obtained through SCB tests, based on a fracture-based approach by the ratio of fracture strength recovery after electromagnetic induction heating. Potential benefits such as simple mixing process and the possibility of using habitual design methods with satisfactory physical and mechanical properties can be achieved by using 10% of metallic waste by volume of bitumen added to asphalt concrete mixtures. The addition of metallic waste modified the fracture behaviour of the asphalt concrete mixtures, which indicates that after crack healing, samples may present a loss of ability to resist crack propagation. Healing indexes of 0.77 and 0.83 obtained for fully and partially cracked specimens produced with 10% of metallic waste by volume of bitumen.
摘要:本文研究了从餐具工业中获得的金属废料添加剂通过电磁感应加热提高沥青混凝土混合料的导电性和裂缝愈合的潜在应用。研究了三种不同金属废料掺量对沥青混凝土混合料物理力学性能的影响。采用电磁感应加热的方法,对沥青混凝土全裂和部分裂试件进行了裂缝修复潜力评估,模拟了预防性维修和纠正性维修。基于基于断裂的方法,通过电磁感应加热后断裂强度恢复比,通过SCB试验获得的载荷与位移曲线结果来评估裂纹的愈合潜力。在沥青混凝土混合料中加入按体积计10%的金属废料,可以获得诸如简单的混合过程和使用具有令人满意的物理和机械性能的习惯设计方法的可能性等潜在好处。金属废料的加入改变了沥青混凝土混合料的断裂行为,这表明在裂纹愈合后,样品可能表现出抵抗裂纹扩展的能力的丧失。10%的金属废料(按体积计)沥青制成的完全开裂和部分开裂试样的愈合指数分别为0.77和0.83。
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引用次数: 3
Comparing cyclic behaviour of RBS, DFC and proposed rigid connections in a steel moment frame with CFT column 具有CFT柱的钢框架中RBS、DFC和拟议刚性连接的循环性能比较
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2020.1854941
Ali Parvari, S. M. Zahrai, S. M. Mirhosseini, E. Zeighami
ABSTRACT Beam-to-column connection is one of the main parts of steel structures that its failure induces local and/or overall structural failure. This paper aims at examining the impact of different rigid connections (including conventional, reduced beam section (RBS), drilled flange connection (DFC), those stiffened with exchangeable box components and variable-diameter DFC with concrete-filled box columns on the flexural behavior of a steel moment frames. A rhombic connection with a cutting vector pattern like RBS is designed and proposed; then its behavior is compared to those of RBS and DFC connections. The connections are modeled in Abaqus software and then their moment-rotation diagrams are plotted and compared. The results reveal that the DFC connection with holes of different diameters has proper energy absorption and performance. In conclusion, the rhombus DFC connection has a more reliable performance than other DFC connections. In this research, by placing the proposed stiffening components in the connection, it is observed that these components act as dampers increasing the bearing capacity and improve the connection behavior by absorbing the imposed energy. The results indicate that the proposed connection prevents from beam failure as most of input energy is absorbed by the proposed components.
梁柱连接是钢结构的主要组成部分之一,它的破坏会引起结构的局部或整体破坏。本文旨在研究不同刚性连接(包括传统的简化梁截面(RBS)、钻孔法兰连接(DFC)、可交换箱形构件加筋连接和带混凝土填充箱形柱的变直径DFC连接)对钢弯矩框架抗弯性能的影响。设计并提出了一种具有切割矢量模式的菱形连接;然后将其行为与RBS和DFC连接的行为进行比较。在Abaqus软件中对连接进行建模,然后绘制和比较它们的力矩旋转图。结果表明,不同孔径的DFC连接具有较好的吸能性能。综上所述,菱形DFC连接比其他DFC连接具有更可靠的性能。在本研究中,通过在连接中放置所提出的加劲组件,观察到这些组件作为阻尼器,通过吸收施加的能量来增加承载能力并改善连接性能。结果表明,由于输入能量的大部分被所提出的组件吸收,所提出的连接可以防止光束破坏。
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引用次数: 1
Fatigue behaviour of conventional and rubber-modified gap-graded asphalt mixtures using bending and axial fatigue tests 使用弯曲和轴向疲劳试验研究常规和橡胶改性间隙级配沥青混合料的疲劳特性
IF 1.3 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2020-12-07 DOI: 10.1080/14488353.2020.1854943
W. Zeiada, Mena I. Souliman, M. Arab, B. Underwood, Kmail Kaloush
ABSTRACT The study presented in this paper assesses and compares the laboratory fatigue performance of two gap-graded asphalt concrete (AC) mixture: one using crumb rubber (CR) (rubber-modified) and without using CR (conventional). The rubber-modified and conventional gap-graded mixtures were sampled from the E18 highway located in the Stockholm area of Sweden. The testing program consisted of dynamic modulus, |E*|, bending beam, and axial fatigue tests. The |E*| master curves of the respective AC mixtures and their generalised fatigue model coefficients (k 1, k 2, k 3) from the axial fatigue tests were used to predict and compare the long-term pavement performance of each mixture using the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design software. This analysis was performed systematically using parametric variations to assess the sensitivity of the predicted performance to individual material factors. Fatigue test results from both bending beam and axial fatigue tests showed clear evidence of improved fatigue behaviour for the rubber-modified gap-graded mixture compared to the conventional gap-graded mixture. The Pavement ME design analysis showed that the rubber-modified gap-graded mixture outperformed the conventional mixture. The parametric sensitivity analysis showed that this improved behaviour was the result of an increase in k 1 and decrease in k 2 of the fatigue life relationships at individual test temperatures of the rubber-modified gap-graded mixture. It was also found that the |E*| and the fatigue coefficient k 3 of the rubber-modified gap-graded mixture has an adverse impact on its fatigue performance compared to that of the conventional gap-graded mixture.
摘要本文评估并比较了两种间隙级配沥青混凝土(AC)混合料的实验室疲劳性能:一种是使用橡胶屑(CR)(橡胶改性),另一种是不使用CR(常规)。橡胶改性和传统间隙级配混合物是从位于瑞典斯德哥尔摩地区的E18公路上取样的。测试程序包括动态模量、|E*|、弯曲梁和轴向疲劳测试。使用AASHTOWare路面ME设计软件,使用各自AC混合料的|E*|主曲线及其来自轴向疲劳试验的广义疲劳模型系数(k1,k2,k3)来预测和比较每种混合料的长期路面性能。该分析是使用参数变化系统地进行的,以评估预测性能对单个材料因素的敏感性。弯曲梁和轴向疲劳试验的疲劳试验结果表明,与传统间隙级配混合物相比,橡胶改性间隙级配混合物的疲劳性能得到了改善。路面ME设计分析表明,橡胶改性间隙级配混合料的性能优于传统混合料。参数敏感性分析表明,这种改善的行为是橡胶改性间隙级配混合物在单个试验温度下疲劳寿命关系的k1增加和k2减少的结果。研究还发现,与传统间隙级配混合物相比,橡胶改性间隙级配混合物的|E*|和疲劳系数k3对其疲劳性能有不利影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Australian Journal of Civil Engineering
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