Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1829833
Miranda Nell
Dominic Smith’s Exceptional Technologies has a specific project, a bridge it is hoping to build, between a philosophy of technology which has become too standardised and a continental tradition tha...
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Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1788348
Moti Mizrahi
ABSTRACT It is generally accepted among philosophers of science that hypothesis testing (or confirmation) is a key methodological feature of science. As far as philosophical theories of confirmation are concerned, some emphasize the role of deduction in confirmation (e.g. the H-D method), whereas others emphasize the role of induction in confirmation (e.g. Bayesian theories of confirmation). The aim of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of scientific confirmation (or hypothesis testing) in scientific practice by taking an empirical approach. I propose that it would be illuminating to learn how practicing scientists describe their methods when they test hypotheses and/or theories. I use the tools of data science and corpus linguistics to study patterns of usage in a large corpus of scientific publications mined from the JSTOR database. Overall, the results of this empirical survey suggest that there is an emphasis on mostly the inductive aspects of confirmation in the life sciences and the social sciences, but not in the physical and the formal sciences. The results also point to interesting and significant differences between the scientific subjects within these disciplinary groups that are worth investigating in future studies.
{"title":"Hypothesis Testing in Scientific Practice: An Empirical Study","authors":"Moti Mizrahi","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2020.1788348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1788348","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is generally accepted among philosophers of science that hypothesis testing (or confirmation) is a key methodological feature of science. As far as philosophical theories of confirmation are concerned, some emphasize the role of deduction in confirmation (e.g. the H-D method), whereas others emphasize the role of induction in confirmation (e.g. Bayesian theories of confirmation). The aim of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of scientific confirmation (or hypothesis testing) in scientific practice by taking an empirical approach. I propose that it would be illuminating to learn how practicing scientists describe their methods when they test hypotheses and/or theories. I use the tools of data science and corpus linguistics to study patterns of usage in a large corpus of scientific publications mined from the JSTOR database. Overall, the results of this empirical survey suggest that there is an emphasis on mostly the inductive aspects of confirmation in the life sciences and the social sciences, but not in the physical and the formal sciences. The results also point to interesting and significant differences between the scientific subjects within these disciplinary groups that are worth investigating in future studies.","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2020.1788348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45918443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1796038
M. Andreoletti
Among the philosophies of special sciences, Philosophy of Medicine is an emerging field, even though the relationship between philosophy and medicine dates back to ancient times. Since the 1980s, t...
{"title":"Care & Cure. An Introduction to Philosophy of Medicine","authors":"M. Andreoletti","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2020.1796038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1796038","url":null,"abstract":"Among the philosophies of special sciences, Philosophy of Medicine is an emerging field, even though the relationship between philosophy and medicine dates back to ancient times. Since the 1980s, t...","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2020.1796038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44152154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1831258
S. Hansson
ABSTRACT This is a reply to a comment by Kåre Letrud [Letrud, Kåre. 2019. “The Gordian Knot of Demarcation: Tying Up Some Loose Ends.” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 32 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1080/02698595.2019.1618031] on the author's definition of pseudoscience. Pseudosciences are doctrines. An epistemic discipline that is defined solely by its area of study cannot be a pseudoscience, but if a discipline is bound to a doctrine, then it will be pseudoscientific if that doctrine is a pseudoscience. Contrary to most other types of shortcomings in science, pseudoscience involves the sustained promotion of teachings that block or impede the self-correcting and self-improving mechanisms in science. What makes pseudoscience more dangerous than other types of bad science is its doctrinal resistance to correction.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1813530
James Read
ABSTRACT I draw together some recent literature on the debate between dynamical versus geometrical approaches to spacetime theories, in order to argue that (i) there exist defensible versions of the geometrical approach; (ii) these versions of the geometrical approach can provide constructive explanations (in the sense of Einstein) of dynamical effects; (iii) light can be shed upon different relationalist views about spacetime which have been articulated in the context of this debate by appeal to the distinction between modal versus non-modal relationalism.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1784585
T. Arabatzis
As indicated by its title, this book provides an overview of philosophy of science in the twentieth century. It focuses mostly on post-WWII philosophy of science, but it discusses earlier developme...
{"title":"20th Century Philosophy of Science in Focus","authors":"T. Arabatzis","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2020.1784585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1784585","url":null,"abstract":"As indicated by its title, this book provides an overview of philosophy of science in the twentieth century. It focuses mostly on post-WWII philosophy of science, but it discusses earlier developme...","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2020.1784585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48723630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1767893
T. Grammenos
{"title":"Metaphysical experiments – Physics and the invention of the universe","authors":"T. Grammenos","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2020.1767893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2020.1767893","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2020.1767893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46673019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2019.1814040
V. Kindi
{"title":"Editorial Report 2019","authors":"V. Kindi","doi":"10.1080/02698595.2019.1814040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02698595.2019.1814040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44433,"journal":{"name":"International Studies in the Philosophy of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02698595.2019.1814040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49564506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1767890
C. Howson
ABSTRACT Kripke's theory of partial truth offers a natural solution of the Liar paradox and an appealing explanation of why the Liar sentence seems to lack definite content. It seems vulnerable, however, to the objection that it cannot state important facts about partial truth. I point out that the same vulnerability infects the quantum logic developed by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, among others. It is often claimed that the only way to record these facts is within a classical metalanguage, but Kripke showed that the same language can function both as the language of partial truth and also as a classically bivalent language. An explanation of why we need a classical explanation of a non-classical system was advanced in the context of quantum mechanics by Niels Bohr, and it applies also, I argue, to the partial truth situation.
摘要克里普克的部分真理理论为说者悖论提供了一个自然的解决方案，并对为什么说者句子似乎缺乏明确的内容做出了有吸引力的解释。然而，它似乎很容易受到反对，即它不能陈述关于部分真相的重要事实。我指出，同样的漏洞也感染了Garrett Birkhoff和John von Neumann等人开发的量子逻辑。人们经常声称，记录这些事实的唯一方法是在古典元语言中，但克里普克表明，同一种语言既可以作为部分真理的语言，也可以作为经典的二价语言。尼尔斯·玻尔在量子力学的背景下提出了一种解释，解释为什么我们需要对非经典系统进行经典解释，我认为这也适用于部分真理的情况。
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Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/02698595.2020.1767891
A. Fasce
ABSTRACT In this article, I develop a philosophical framework, or ‘metacriterion’, for the demarcation of pseudoscience. Firstly, ‘gradualist demarcation’ is discussed in depth, considering an approach to the demarcation problem that presupposes the existence of a spectrum between science and pseudoscience; six general problems are found by means of this analysis. Secondly, based on the subsequent discussion of these problems, a discriminant metacriterion composed of four philosophical requirements is proposed. Lastly, it is shown that this metacriterion is able to guide the development of a workable and well-founded demarcation criterion for pseudoscience.
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