The war in Afghanistan began with the Soviet intervention and geopolitical developments of this crisis somehow attracted all the claiming actors of the international system. In this article, the authors have analysed the role of Russia and Iran by acknowledging the role of local causes and the other actors such as the United States, China, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia in complicating the Afghanistan crisis. The difference between the role of Russia and Iran and that of other countries is that the two countries are trying to drive the US out of Afghanistan. That is, although they also have secondary goals, their priority is to make Afghanistan unsafe for the United States. The authors are thus trying to answer this question: “in a long process what steps have been taken by Russia and Iran to neutralize the US in Afghanistan so far?”
{"title":"RUSSIA’S AND IRAN’S STRATEGIC POLICIES TOWARDS THE AFGHANISTAN CRISIS","authors":"G. Keskin, S. S. Alibabalu, M. Fatah","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"The war in Afghanistan began with the Soviet intervention and geopolitical developments of this crisis somehow attracted all the claiming actors of the international system. In this article, the authors have analysed the role of Russia and Iran by acknowledging the role of local causes and the other actors such as the United States, China, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia in complicating the Afghanistan crisis. The difference between the role of Russia and Iran and that of other countries is that the two countries are trying to drive the US out of Afghanistan. That is, although they also have secondary goals, their priority is to make Afghanistan unsafe for the United States. The authors are thus trying to answer this question: “in a long process what steps have been taken by Russia and Iran to neutralize the US in Afghanistan so far?”","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85120950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sociological approach to the concept of creativity lacks some accuracy, since it is addressed from an a priori perspective and admitted without reflecting on what it means socially and culturally. In this connection, the present article tries to provide a specific description of the term from its genealogy and on the basis of the socio-cultural-historical context where it arises. More precisely, it deals with the idea conveyed by western myths, the narrative about the identification of the instituting generatrix forces or the procreative divinities that lie behind the birth of the cosmos, of the world, of society, of the earth, of gods, of humans, of animals, and of plants. Thus, from an interpretative examination of the myths about Mother Goddess, those about Biblical Genesis, as well as of Greek creation myths, an attempt will be made to draw a conceptual map that delimits the most defining features of creativity (1). The ultimate goal is to check whether such characters have survived to the present day (2).
{"title":"MYTHICAL BASES FOR A SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF CREATIVITY","authors":"Roche Cárcel, Juan Antonio","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"The sociological approach to the concept of creativity lacks some accuracy, since it is addressed from an a priori perspective and admitted without reflecting on what it means socially and culturally. In this connection, the present article tries to provide a specific description of the term from its genealogy and on the basis of the socio-cultural-historical context where it arises. More precisely, it deals with the idea conveyed by western myths, the narrative about the identification of the instituting generatrix forces or the procreative divinities that lie behind the birth of the cosmos, of the world, of society, of the earth, of gods, of humans, of animals, and of plants. Thus, from an interpretative examination of the myths about Mother Goddess, those about Biblical Genesis, as well as of Greek creation myths, an attempt will be made to draw a conceptual map that delimits the most defining features of creativity (1). The ultimate goal is to check whether such characters have survived to the present day (2).","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"72 1","pages":"161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85878816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary observation of this paper is that the common definition of a social protest movement should be revised, following the large-scale popular protest witnessed in the last few years in different areas of the world. The traditional perception of social protest movements – as a phenomenon reserved to non-governmental actors alone, such as workers’ unions, civil society and opposition movements – is deficient. While this perception concentrates on actors from outside of the formal establishment, the definition should focus on the behaviour and patterns of activity of the actors involved in protest, including official ones, such as the armed forces and other security apparatuses. Examples from Egypt, Burkina Faso and Bolivia examined hereinafter, suggest that security forces meet the criteria of a social protest movement, whether they initiate demonstrations against the regime or join a
{"title":"RETHINKING SOCIAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS’ THEORIZATION: LESSONS FROM EGYPT, BURKINA FASO AND BOLIVIA","authors":"G. Hitman","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.1.05","url":null,"abstract":"The primary observation of this paper is that the common definition of a social protest movement should be revised, following the large-scale popular protest witnessed in the last few years in different areas of the world. The traditional perception of social protest movements – as a phenomenon reserved to non-governmental actors alone, such as workers’ unions, civil society and opposition movements – is deficient. While this perception concentrates on actors from outside of the formal establishment, the definition should focus on the behaviour and patterns of activity of the actors involved in protest, including official ones, such as the armed forces and other security apparatuses. Examples from Egypt, Burkina Faso and Bolivia examined hereinafter, suggest that security forces meet the criteria of a social protest movement, whether they initiate demonstrations against the regime or join a","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76361581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scholars have long recognized the existence of myriad widespread deep disagreements on values, justice, morality, and ethics. In order to come to terms with such deep disagreements, resistant to rational solution, this article asserts the need for developing an ethics of disagreement. The reality that theoretical disagreements often turn into practical conflicts is a major justification for why such an ethics is necessary. This paper outlines an ethics of deep disagreement that is primarily conceived of as a form of virtue ethics. Such an ethics asks opposing parties in moral and intellectual conflicts to acknowledge that (a) deep disagreements exist, (b) opposing positions should be recognized as worthy of respect, and that (c) one should seek dialogue and mutual understanding. This ethical approach conceives of toleration as a moral and political virtue and presents an argument for toleration based on
{"title":"DEEP DISAGREEMENTS ON VALUES, JUSTICE, AND MORAL ISSUES: TOWARDS AN ETHICS OF DISAGREEMENT","authors":"M. Knoll","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have long recognized the existence of myriad widespread deep disagreements on values, justice, morality, and ethics. In order to come to terms with such deep disagreements, resistant to rational solution, this article asserts the need for developing an ethics of disagreement. The reality that theoretical disagreements often turn into practical conflicts is a major justification for why such an ethics is necessary. This paper outlines an ethics of deep disagreement that is primarily conceived of as a form of virtue ethics. Such an ethics asks opposing parties in moral and intellectual conflicts to acknowledge that (a) deep disagreements exist, (b) opposing positions should be recognized as worthy of respect, and that (c) one should seek dialogue and mutual understanding. This ethical approach conceives of toleration as a moral and political virtue and presents an argument for toleration based on","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77231541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An improved Indicator of a Nation’s Scientific Impact ( INSI ), which, in addition to citation rates, takes into account how many research areas in which each nation has exceeded the entrance thresholds of the Essential Science Indicators ( ESI ; Clarivate Analytics), was proposed. This indicator provided a more realistic estimate of nations’ scientific impact, which was better predicted from the societal factors that are related to the quality of scientific output. The strongest predictor of countries’ scientific impact was good governance, while economic wealth and research and development expenditure played a relatively minor role in predicting research impact. We conclude that good governance is needed to create an environment, which can facilitate the translation of money invested into the production of high-impact scientific output.
{"title":"INDICATORS OF THE SCIENTIFIC IMPACT OF NATIONS REVISITED","authors":"J. Allik, K. Lauk, A. Realo","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"An improved Indicator of a Nation’s Scientific Impact ( INSI ), which, in addition to citation rates, takes into account how many research areas in which each nation has exceeded the entrance thresholds of the Essential Science Indicators ( ESI ; Clarivate Analytics), was proposed. This indicator provided a more realistic estimate of nations’ scientific impact, which was better predicted from the societal factors that are related to the quality of scientific output. The strongest predictor of countries’ scientific impact was good governance, while economic wealth and research and development expenditure played a relatively minor role in predicting research impact. We conclude that good governance is needed to create an environment, which can facilitate the translation of money invested into the production of high-impact scientific output.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79251840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two thematic lines: the omnipresence of the theme of the maritime voyage in Portuguese culture – which António Quadros calls the ‘myth of Henry’, – and its inflections in literature, more specifically, in Camões’s The Lusiads (Os Lusíadas) and Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Pilgrimage (Peregrinação) were examined. Thus, we focus on the state of the art about the topic of Henryism/the maritime voyage, taking into account the perspective of today’s Portuguese scholars, and we look at how this theme is expressed in The Lusiads and Pilgrimage, thereby proving that these Renaissance works remain vital for the actual imaginary of the Portuguese people.
{"title":"THE LITERARY AND CULTURAL RESONANCES OF THE MYTH OF HENRY: THE LUSIADS AND PILGRIMAGE","authors":"M. Soares, M. Soares","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Two thematic lines: the omnipresence of the theme of the maritime voyage in Portuguese culture – which António Quadros calls the ‘myth of Henry’, – and its inflections in literature, more specifically, in Camões’s The Lusiads (Os Lusíadas) and Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Pilgrimage (Peregrinação) were examined. Thus, we focus on the state of the art about the topic of Henryism/the maritime voyage, taking into account the perspective of today’s Portuguese scholars, and we look at how this theme is expressed in The Lusiads and Pilgrimage, thereby proving that these Renaissance works remain vital for the actual imaginary of the Portuguese people.","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"110 1","pages":"179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79605820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides an introduction to Estonian clinical ethics recommendations concerning the distribution of limited health care resources during the COVID-19 pandemic We will give a short overview of the process of compiling the Estonian document, including stakeholder involvement, engagements with comparable international documents, main internal debates and lessons learned for the future
{"title":"DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF SCARCE MEDICAL RESOURCES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. THE ESTONIAN CASE","authors":"M. Sutrop, K. Simm","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.2.08","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an introduction to Estonian clinical ethics recommendations concerning the distribution of limited health care resources during the COVID-19 pandemic We will give a short overview of the process of compiling the Estonian document, including stakeholder involvement, engagements with comparable international documents, main internal debates and lessons learned for the future","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"63 1","pages":"251-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87152490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IN THE SEARCH FOR DEFENSE SPENDING IMPACT: LITHUANIAN CASE STUDY, 2009–2018; pp. 567–588","authors":"D. Palavenis","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":"567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76606691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PRINCIPLES OF DISAGREEMENT, THE PRACTICAL CASE FOR EPISTEMIC SELF-TRUST, AND WHY THE TWO DON’T GET ALONG","authors":"S. Barker","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.3.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88110971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fact of moral disagreement is often raised as a problem for moral realism. The idea is that disagreement amongst people or communities on moral issues is to be taken as evidence that there are no objective moral facts. While the fact of ‘folk’ moral disagreement has been of interest, the fact of expert moral disagreement, that is, widespread and longstanding disagreement amongst expert moral philosophers, is even more compelling. In this paper, I present three arguments against the anti-realist explanation for widespread and longstanding disagreement amongst expert moral philosophers. Each argument shows the argument from expert disagreement for moral anti-realism, that is, denial of morality’s objectivity, to be in one way or another self-undermining. I conclude that widespread and longstanding disagreement amongst expert moral philosophers is not a problem for moral
{"title":"MORAL REALISM AND EXPERT DISAGREEMENT","authors":"Prabhpal Singh","doi":"10.3176/tr.2020.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/tr.2020.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"The fact of moral disagreement is often raised as a problem for moral realism. The idea is that disagreement amongst people or communities on moral issues is to be taken as evidence that there are no objective moral facts. While the fact of ‘folk’ moral disagreement has been of interest, the fact of expert moral disagreement, that is, widespread and longstanding disagreement amongst expert moral philosophers, is even more compelling. In this paper, I present three arguments against the anti-realist explanation for widespread and longstanding disagreement amongst expert moral philosophers. Each argument shows the argument from expert disagreement for moral anti-realism, that is, denial of morality’s objectivity, to be in one way or another self-undermining. I conclude that widespread and longstanding disagreement amongst expert moral philosophers is not a problem for moral","PeriodicalId":44498,"journal":{"name":"Trames-Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86322483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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