Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275443
Fang Li, Qing-Ming Wang, J.H.-C. Wang
Quartz thickness shear mode (TSM) resonators for monitoring the attachment and spreading of mammalian cells have been investigated in the past years. Recent studies have shown that the TSM resonator signal is not only contributed by cellular body closed to the resonator substrate, but also contributed by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is a protein layer between the cellular body and the resonator surface. Therefore, the quartz TSM resonator is expected to provide a simple, quantitative and effective method to characterize the ECM produced by cells. In this study, we investigate the use of quartz TSM resonators to monitor the ECM production by cells in real time and to characterize the mechanical properties and the thickness of this protein layer. MC3T3-E1 fibroblasts are chosen in our study because they are an established cell line that is stable in culture from passage to passage and they can produce abundant collagenous matrix within a relatively short culture period. AT-cut quartz crystal resonators coated with gold electrodes on both sides are used in this study. An impedance analyzer is used for measuring the admittance spectra and total parallel capacitance of the resonators. Multilayer model is constructed to characterize the mechanical properties and thickness of the ECM layer by using a curve-fitting method. The results obtained by TSM resonator sensors show a good agreement with those obtained by chemical methods
{"title":"Characterization of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Produced by MC3T3 Cells Using Thickness Shear Mode (TSM) Resonators","authors":"Fang Li, Qing-Ming Wang, J.H.-C. Wang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275443","url":null,"abstract":"Quartz thickness shear mode (TSM) resonators for monitoring the attachment and spreading of mammalian cells have been investigated in the past years. Recent studies have shown that the TSM resonator signal is not only contributed by cellular body closed to the resonator substrate, but also contributed by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is a protein layer between the cellular body and the resonator surface. Therefore, the quartz TSM resonator is expected to provide a simple, quantitative and effective method to characterize the ECM produced by cells. In this study, we investigate the use of quartz TSM resonators to monitor the ECM production by cells in real time and to characterize the mechanical properties and the thickness of this protein layer. MC3T3-E1 fibroblasts are chosen in our study because they are an established cell line that is stable in culture from passage to passage and they can produce abundant collagenous matrix within a relatively short culture period. AT-cut quartz crystal resonators coated with gold electrodes on both sides are used in this study. An impedance analyzer is used for measuring the admittance spectra and total parallel capacitance of the resonators. Multilayer model is constructed to characterize the mechanical properties and thickness of the ECM layer by using a curve-fitting method. The results obtained by TSM resonator sensors show a good agreement with those obtained by chemical methods","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121806478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275365
M.K. Kang, Rui Huang, T. Knowles
Thickness-shear mode quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used as liquid-phase sensors, such as viscometers and bio-detectors. However, due to coupling between the in-plane shear motion and the out-of-plane flexure, when used in contact with or immersed in a liquid, the out-of-plane motion generates compressional waves in the liquid that reflect off the liquid surface and return to the crystal. This interference effect causes depth-sensitive perturbations in the sensor response, often undesirable. In this study, we show that torsional-mode resonators may be used for liquid sensing without the depth effect. Samples in form of stepped plates, circular decals, and convex contoured faces are machined in elastic plates (e.g., cast aluminum, stainless steel, and brass). A non-contact electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) was employed to drive torsional-mode vibrations. Efficient energy trapping was observed for first-order torsional modes, leading to high quality factors. When placed in contact with water, the resonance frequency of the torsional mode was found to be independent of the water depth, in contrast to depth-dependent frequency oscillation for the thickness-shear mode. Finite element analyses are conducted to understand the torsional-mode vibrations as well as the effect of material anisotropy
{"title":"Energy-Trapping Torsional-Mode Resonators for Liquid Sensing","authors":"M.K. Kang, Rui Huang, T. Knowles","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275365","url":null,"abstract":"Thickness-shear mode quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used as liquid-phase sensors, such as viscometers and bio-detectors. However, due to coupling between the in-plane shear motion and the out-of-plane flexure, when used in contact with or immersed in a liquid, the out-of-plane motion generates compressional waves in the liquid that reflect off the liquid surface and return to the crystal. This interference effect causes depth-sensitive perturbations in the sensor response, often undesirable. In this study, we show that torsional-mode resonators may be used for liquid sensing without the depth effect. Samples in form of stepped plates, circular decals, and convex contoured faces are machined in elastic plates (e.g., cast aluminum, stainless steel, and brass). A non-contact electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) was employed to drive torsional-mode vibrations. Efficient energy trapping was observed for first-order torsional modes, leading to high quality factors. When placed in contact with water, the resonance frequency of the torsional mode was found to be independent of the water depth, in contrast to depth-dependent frequency oscillation for the thickness-shear mode. Finite element analyses are conducted to understand the torsional-mode vibrations as well as the effect of material anisotropy","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114045316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275348
S. Pao, M. Chao, T. Wang, D. Chang, C. S. Lam, P.Z. Chang
For miniaturized strip AT-cut quartz resonator, the demand of performance is higher and higher, so the design ability is more important than before. But to get a precise simulation electrical response of the AT-cut quartz plate by a common commercial FEM tool is not easy and time consuming also. Base on Mindlin's (1961) 2D model and Lee-Brebbia's (1978) FEA method, Pao (2004) et al. presented an efficient numerical method in calculating the electrical response different modes of AT-cut strip quartz crystal resonator with electrode. Base on weak coupling of quartz material and mass loading effect of electrode, this problem was solved by separating the mechanical vibration and electrical coupling effects. The method considers not only the pure mechanical vibration but also the electrical response, so different modes can be identified effectively and efficiently. However, to be a practical design tool, the parameters used in the simulation better come from real samples. In this paper, the works was extended to parameters extraction for design optimization. A blank with electrode was built and its acoustic and electrical material parameters (including damping coefficient) of the quartz resonators could be extracted by fitting to few measured sample admittance curves. The extracted parameters could be used for design optimization purpose. To examine the effectiveness of the parameters extraction, another blank with electrode quartz resonator was built and the results showed the calculated impedance curves could match the measured ones, and a practical AT-cut strip quartz resonator design tool could be made based on extended Mindilin's 2D model
{"title":"Parameters Extraction and Design Optimization for AT-cut Quartz Resonator based on Mindlin's 2D Model","authors":"S. Pao, M. Chao, T. Wang, D. Chang, C. S. Lam, P.Z. Chang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275348","url":null,"abstract":"For miniaturized strip AT-cut quartz resonator, the demand of performance is higher and higher, so the design ability is more important than before. But to get a precise simulation electrical response of the AT-cut quartz plate by a common commercial FEM tool is not easy and time consuming also. Base on Mindlin's (1961) 2D model and Lee-Brebbia's (1978) FEA method, Pao (2004) et al. presented an efficient numerical method in calculating the electrical response different modes of AT-cut strip quartz crystal resonator with electrode. Base on weak coupling of quartz material and mass loading effect of electrode, this problem was solved by separating the mechanical vibration and electrical coupling effects. The method considers not only the pure mechanical vibration but also the electrical response, so different modes can be identified effectively and efficiently. However, to be a practical design tool, the parameters used in the simulation better come from real samples. In this paper, the works was extended to parameters extraction for design optimization. A blank with electrode was built and its acoustic and electrical material parameters (including damping coefficient) of the quartz resonators could be extracted by fitting to few measured sample admittance curves. The extracted parameters could be used for design optimization purpose. To examine the effectiveness of the parameters extraction, another blank with electrode quartz resonator was built and the results showed the calculated impedance curves could match the measured ones, and a practical AT-cut strip quartz resonator design tool could be made based on extended Mindilin's 2D model","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128136356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275452
Do-Cheng Chang, Shang-Shian Chen, Shinn-Yan Lin
In this paper, we show that fast Fourier transform (FFT) sampling plays an important role in the calculation of Allan deviation (ADEV) while using the numerical integration as a tool for the time and frequency (T&F) conversion. In order to avoid generation of unreasonable ADEV values, FFT sampling data are re-generated with logarithmic frequency space using an interpolation skill. Therefore, results from both the numerical integration and the power-law processes could match each other quite well. Besides, spurs in spectral density have non-neglectful influences upon ADEV results. For example, when the data of our lab's phase noise measurement system are processed, the ADEV generated from the spectral density with spurs may reach to three times the one while spurs are removed
{"title":"ADEV Calculated from Phase Noise Measurements and Its Possible Errors Due to FFT Sampling","authors":"Do-Cheng Chang, Shang-Shian Chen, Shinn-Yan Lin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275452","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we show that fast Fourier transform (FFT) sampling plays an important role in the calculation of Allan deviation (ADEV) while using the numerical integration as a tool for the time and frequency (T&F) conversion. In order to avoid generation of unreasonable ADEV values, FFT sampling data are re-generated with logarithmic frequency space using an interpolation skill. Therefore, results from both the numerical integration and the power-law processes could match each other quite well. Besides, spurs in spectral density have non-neglectful influences upon ADEV results. For example, when the data of our lab's phase noise measurement system are processed, the ADEV generated from the spectral density with spurs may reach to three times the one while spurs are removed","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132925871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275505
J. Kwon, I. Kim
This paper reports that the output signal power of a series feedback FET DRO (dielectric resonator oscillator), at the second harmonic frequency, can be significantly enhanced with an additional DR (dielectric resonator) at the drain port. This enhancement has been observed by an experiment and analyzed based on reflection and feedback mechanism between two DRs. Finally we propose that there is an optimum reflection condition and location of the second DR to extract the maximum output power at the second harmonic frequency from the FET DRO
{"title":"2nd Harmonic Power Enhancement of FET DRO with Additional Dielectric Resonator","authors":"J. Kwon, I. Kim","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275505","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports that the output signal power of a series feedback FET DRO (dielectric resonator oscillator), at the second harmonic frequency, can be significantly enhanced with an additional DR (dielectric resonator) at the drain port. This enhancement has been observed by an experiment and analyzed based on reflection and feedback mechanism between two DRs. Finally we propose that there is an optimum reflection condition and location of the second DR to extract the maximum output power at the second harmonic frequency from the FET DRO","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125048528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275485
N. Ashby, D. Howe
XNAV is a technology demonstration involving many organizations that will use photons from X-ray pulsars for navigation and spacecraft attitude determination. This paper summarizes relativistic effects in the context of XNAV. It also characterizes the primary task in the time domain of realizing an on-board master clock that time-tags detected X-ray photons with sufficient accuracy to permit meaningful navigation solutions. XNAV must first estimate the periods of uncatalogued X-ray pulsars to determine suitable candidate pulsars for navigation. This task will use an efficient search algorithm to determine the pulsar period from a sensor aimed at the pulsar. As a part of this search and catalogue task, an accumulator that integrates photon counts will compute average counts per sampling time interval, in time bins that are small compared to the pulsar's period. This operation is dubbed the pulsar profiler function. It is intended to build a reference or standard profile of a chosen pulsar for later use. The search and catalogue need to be sufficient for navigation based on times-of-arrival of pulsar signals in real time vs. the on-board reference clock. Operationally, the timing module locates in time the highest peak (or other defined phase center) in the group velocity of received, periodic plane-wave pulses from catalogued pulsars. The goal is to permit navigation accuracy approaching 100 m. This will be accomplished by cross-correlation of catalogued profiles to incoming profiles based on X-ray sensor data collected in real time
{"title":"Relativity and Timing in X-ray Pulsar Navigation","authors":"N. Ashby, D. Howe","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275485","url":null,"abstract":"XNAV is a technology demonstration involving many organizations that will use photons from X-ray pulsars for navigation and spacecraft attitude determination. This paper summarizes relativistic effects in the context of XNAV. It also characterizes the primary task in the time domain of realizing an on-board master clock that time-tags detected X-ray photons with sufficient accuracy to permit meaningful navigation solutions. XNAV must first estimate the periods of uncatalogued X-ray pulsars to determine suitable candidate pulsars for navigation. This task will use an efficient search algorithm to determine the pulsar period from a sensor aimed at the pulsar. As a part of this search and catalogue task, an accumulator that integrates photon counts will compute average counts per sampling time interval, in time bins that are small compared to the pulsar's period. This operation is dubbed the pulsar profiler function. It is intended to build a reference or standard profile of a chosen pulsar for later use. The search and catalogue need to be sufficient for navigation based on times-of-arrival of pulsar signals in real time vs. the on-board reference clock. Operationally, the timing module locates in time the highest peak (or other defined phase center) in the group velocity of received, periodic plane-wave pulses from catalogued pulsars. The goal is to permit navigation accuracy approaching 100 m. This will be accomplished by cross-correlation of catalogued profiles to incoming profiles based on X-ray sensor data collected in real time","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134216649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275379
S. Goka, Y. Mase, H. Sekimoto, Y. Watanabe
We calculated an improved bimesa structure, ones that has two mesa steps and is suitable for mounting using a two-dimensional finite element method in the X-Y' region. The frequency differences between clamp and free X-edge conditions were estimated as an index of mounting influences. When the outer mesa height was lower than 20% of the thick area, the frequency differences were less than 10% of standard-type bimesa resonator values. These results indicate that our bi-mesa structure has good separation from the mounting influences
{"title":"Calculation of Bi-mesa Structures Suitable for Mounting","authors":"S. Goka, Y. Mase, H. Sekimoto, Y. Watanabe","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275379","url":null,"abstract":"We calculated an improved bimesa structure, ones that has two mesa steps and is suitable for mounting using a two-dimensional finite element method in the X-Y' region. The frequency differences between clamp and free X-edge conditions were estimated as an index of mounting influences. When the outer mesa height was lower than 20% of the thick area, the frequency differences were less than 10% of standard-type bimesa resonator values. These results indicate that our bi-mesa structure has good separation from the mounting influences","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132579574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275420
P. Dubé, A. Madej, J. Bernard, A. Shiner
The electric quadrupole shift is an important source of systematic uncertainty in several single-ion optical frequency standards. In this paper, we review the electric quadrupole shift cancellation method based on the Zeeman spectrum of the clock transition. The method is demonstrated with an actual frequency measurement of the 5s2S 1/2-4d2D5/2 transition of 88Sr+. This cancellation method also removes shifts from the tensor part of the Stark effect. Further analysis of the data provides an evaluation of the micromotion shifts which are then applied to correct the observed ion clock frequency. Recent improvements to our probe laser system and the observation of Fourier-transform limited linewidths of 5 Hz at 445 THz are also reported
{"title":"88Sr+ Single-Ion Optical Frequency Standard","authors":"P. Dubé, A. Madej, J. Bernard, A. Shiner","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275420","url":null,"abstract":"The electric quadrupole shift is an important source of systematic uncertainty in several single-ion optical frequency standards. In this paper, we review the electric quadrupole shift cancellation method based on the Zeeman spectrum of the clock transition. The method is demonstrated with an actual frequency measurement of the 5s2S 1/2-4d2D5/2 transition of 88Sr+. This cancellation method also removes shifts from the tensor part of the Stark effect. Further analysis of the data provides an evaluation of the micromotion shifts which are then applied to correct the observed ion clock frequency. Recent improvements to our probe laser system and the observation of Fourier-transform limited linewidths of 5 Hz at 445 THz are also reported","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121102511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275434
J.R. Clark, Minfan Pai, B. Wissman, G. He, W. Hsu
Large, parallel-coupled arrays of micromechanical square resonators have been demonstrated, greatly reducing the equivalent impedance of the aggregate resonator by up to a factor of 30 in an array of 30 strongly-coupled devices while retaining quality factors approaching 10,000. In addition, multiple strong-coupled arrays have been weakly coupled via mechanical linkage in order to form a 10.7MHz IF filter, such as would be required in a heterodyning FM radio system, with greatly reduced matching impedance requirements
{"title":"Parallel-Coupled Square-Resonator Micromechanical Filter Arrays","authors":"J.R. Clark, Minfan Pai, B. Wissman, G. He, W. Hsu","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275434","url":null,"abstract":"Large, parallel-coupled arrays of micromechanical square resonators have been demonstrated, greatly reducing the equivalent impedance of the aggregate resonator by up to a factor of 30 in an array of 30 strongly-coupled devices while retaining quality factors approaching 10,000. In addition, multiple strong-coupled arrays have been weakly coupled via mechanical linkage in order to form a 10.7MHz IF filter, such as would be required in a heterodyning FM radio system, with greatly reduced matching impedance requirements","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116395104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275397
M. Yasuda, F. Hong, T. Kurosu, T. Kohno, J. Ishikawa, A. Onae, S. Ohshima, H. Katori
A development plan and the present status of the optical lattice clock in NMIJ, especially the details of the vacuum system and the laser sources, are described
介绍了NMIJ光学晶格钟的发展计划和现状，特别是真空系统和激光源的细节
{"title":"Development of an Optical Lattice Clock in NMIJ, AIST","authors":"M. Yasuda, F. Hong, T. Kurosu, T. Kohno, J. Ishikawa, A. Onae, S. Ohshima, H. Katori","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275397","url":null,"abstract":"A development plan and the present status of the optical lattice clock in NMIJ, especially the details of the vacuum system and the laser sources, are described","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123798971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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