Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275443
Fang Li, Qing-Ming Wang, J.H.-C. Wang
Quartz thickness shear mode (TSM) resonators for monitoring the attachment and spreading of mammalian cells have been investigated in the past years. Recent studies have shown that the TSM resonator signal is not only contributed by cellular body closed to the resonator substrate, but also contributed by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is a protein layer between the cellular body and the resonator surface. Therefore, the quartz TSM resonator is expected to provide a simple, quantitative and effective method to characterize the ECM produced by cells. In this study, we investigate the use of quartz TSM resonators to monitor the ECM production by cells in real time and to characterize the mechanical properties and the thickness of this protein layer. MC3T3-E1 fibroblasts are chosen in our study because they are an established cell line that is stable in culture from passage to passage and they can produce abundant collagenous matrix within a relatively short culture period. AT-cut quartz crystal resonators coated with gold electrodes on both sides are used in this study. An impedance analyzer is used for measuring the admittance spectra and total parallel capacitance of the resonators. Multilayer model is constructed to characterize the mechanical properties and thickness of the ECM layer by using a curve-fitting method. The results obtained by TSM resonator sensors show a good agreement with those obtained by chemical methods
{"title":"Characterization of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Produced by MC3T3 Cells Using Thickness Shear Mode (TSM) Resonators","authors":"Fang Li, Qing-Ming Wang, J.H.-C. Wang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275443","url":null,"abstract":"Quartz thickness shear mode (TSM) resonators for monitoring the attachment and spreading of mammalian cells have been investigated in the past years. Recent studies have shown that the TSM resonator signal is not only contributed by cellular body closed to the resonator substrate, but also contributed by the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is a protein layer between the cellular body and the resonator surface. Therefore, the quartz TSM resonator is expected to provide a simple, quantitative and effective method to characterize the ECM produced by cells. In this study, we investigate the use of quartz TSM resonators to monitor the ECM production by cells in real time and to characterize the mechanical properties and the thickness of this protein layer. MC3T3-E1 fibroblasts are chosen in our study because they are an established cell line that is stable in culture from passage to passage and they can produce abundant collagenous matrix within a relatively short culture period. AT-cut quartz crystal resonators coated with gold electrodes on both sides are used in this study. An impedance analyzer is used for measuring the admittance spectra and total parallel capacitance of the resonators. Multilayer model is constructed to characterize the mechanical properties and thickness of the ECM layer by using a curve-fitting method. The results obtained by TSM resonator sensors show a good agreement with those obtained by chemical methods","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121806478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275365
M.K. Kang, Rui Huang, T. Knowles
Thickness-shear mode quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used as liquid-phase sensors, such as viscometers and bio-detectors. However, due to coupling between the in-plane shear motion and the out-of-plane flexure, when used in contact with or immersed in a liquid, the out-of-plane motion generates compressional waves in the liquid that reflect off the liquid surface and return to the crystal. This interference effect causes depth-sensitive perturbations in the sensor response, often undesirable. In this study, we show that torsional-mode resonators may be used for liquid sensing without the depth effect. Samples in form of stepped plates, circular decals, and convex contoured faces are machined in elastic plates (e.g., cast aluminum, stainless steel, and brass). A non-contact electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) was employed to drive torsional-mode vibrations. Efficient energy trapping was observed for first-order torsional modes, leading to high quality factors. When placed in contact with water, the resonance frequency of the torsional mode was found to be independent of the water depth, in contrast to depth-dependent frequency oscillation for the thickness-shear mode. Finite element analyses are conducted to understand the torsional-mode vibrations as well as the effect of material anisotropy
{"title":"Energy-Trapping Torsional-Mode Resonators for Liquid Sensing","authors":"M.K. Kang, Rui Huang, T. Knowles","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275365","url":null,"abstract":"Thickness-shear mode quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used as liquid-phase sensors, such as viscometers and bio-detectors. However, due to coupling between the in-plane shear motion and the out-of-plane flexure, when used in contact with or immersed in a liquid, the out-of-plane motion generates compressional waves in the liquid that reflect off the liquid surface and return to the crystal. This interference effect causes depth-sensitive perturbations in the sensor response, often undesirable. In this study, we show that torsional-mode resonators may be used for liquid sensing without the depth effect. Samples in form of stepped plates, circular decals, and convex contoured faces are machined in elastic plates (e.g., cast aluminum, stainless steel, and brass). A non-contact electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) was employed to drive torsional-mode vibrations. Efficient energy trapping was observed for first-order torsional modes, leading to high quality factors. When placed in contact with water, the resonance frequency of the torsional mode was found to be independent of the water depth, in contrast to depth-dependent frequency oscillation for the thickness-shear mode. Finite element analyses are conducted to understand the torsional-mode vibrations as well as the effect of material anisotropy","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114045316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275348
S. Pao, M. Chao, T. Wang, D. Chang, C. S. Lam, P.Z. Chang
For miniaturized strip AT-cut quartz resonator, the demand of performance is higher and higher, so the design ability is more important than before. But to get a precise simulation electrical response of the AT-cut quartz plate by a common commercial FEM tool is not easy and time consuming also. Base on Mindlin's (1961) 2D model and Lee-Brebbia's (1978) FEA method, Pao (2004) et al. presented an efficient numerical method in calculating the electrical response different modes of AT-cut strip quartz crystal resonator with electrode. Base on weak coupling of quartz material and mass loading effect of electrode, this problem was solved by separating the mechanical vibration and electrical coupling effects. The method considers not only the pure mechanical vibration but also the electrical response, so different modes can be identified effectively and efficiently. However, to be a practical design tool, the parameters used in the simulation better come from real samples. In this paper, the works was extended to parameters extraction for design optimization. A blank with electrode was built and its acoustic and electrical material parameters (including damping coefficient) of the quartz resonators could be extracted by fitting to few measured sample admittance curves. The extracted parameters could be used for design optimization purpose. To examine the effectiveness of the parameters extraction, another blank with electrode quartz resonator was built and the results showed the calculated impedance curves could match the measured ones, and a practical AT-cut strip quartz resonator design tool could be made based on extended Mindilin's 2D model
{"title":"Parameters Extraction and Design Optimization for AT-cut Quartz Resonator based on Mindlin's 2D Model","authors":"S. Pao, M. Chao, T. Wang, D. Chang, C. S. Lam, P.Z. Chang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275348","url":null,"abstract":"For miniaturized strip AT-cut quartz resonator, the demand of performance is higher and higher, so the design ability is more important than before. But to get a precise simulation electrical response of the AT-cut quartz plate by a common commercial FEM tool is not easy and time consuming also. Base on Mindlin's (1961) 2D model and Lee-Brebbia's (1978) FEA method, Pao (2004) et al. presented an efficient numerical method in calculating the electrical response different modes of AT-cut strip quartz crystal resonator with electrode. Base on weak coupling of quartz material and mass loading effect of electrode, this problem was solved by separating the mechanical vibration and electrical coupling effects. The method considers not only the pure mechanical vibration but also the electrical response, so different modes can be identified effectively and efficiently. However, to be a practical design tool, the parameters used in the simulation better come from real samples. In this paper, the works was extended to parameters extraction for design optimization. A blank with electrode was built and its acoustic and electrical material parameters (including damping coefficient) of the quartz resonators could be extracted by fitting to few measured sample admittance curves. The extracted parameters could be used for design optimization purpose. To examine the effectiveness of the parameters extraction, another blank with electrode quartz resonator was built and the results showed the calculated impedance curves could match the measured ones, and a practical AT-cut strip quartz resonator design tool could be made based on extended Mindilin's 2D model","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128136356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275452
Do-Cheng Chang, Shang-Shian Chen, Shinn-Yan Lin
In this paper, we show that fast Fourier transform (FFT) sampling plays an important role in the calculation of Allan deviation (ADEV) while using the numerical integration as a tool for the time and frequency (T&F) conversion. In order to avoid generation of unreasonable ADEV values, FFT sampling data are re-generated with logarithmic frequency space using an interpolation skill. Therefore, results from both the numerical integration and the power-law processes could match each other quite well. Besides, spurs in spectral density have non-neglectful influences upon ADEV results. For example, when the data of our lab's phase noise measurement system are processed, the ADEV generated from the spectral density with spurs may reach to three times the one while spurs are removed
{"title":"ADEV Calculated from Phase Noise Measurements and Its Possible Errors Due to FFT Sampling","authors":"Do-Cheng Chang, Shang-Shian Chen, Shinn-Yan Lin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275452","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we show that fast Fourier transform (FFT) sampling plays an important role in the calculation of Allan deviation (ADEV) while using the numerical integration as a tool for the time and frequency (T&F) conversion. In order to avoid generation of unreasonable ADEV values, FFT sampling data are re-generated with logarithmic frequency space using an interpolation skill. Therefore, results from both the numerical integration and the power-law processes could match each other quite well. Besides, spurs in spectral density have non-neglectful influences upon ADEV results. For example, when the data of our lab's phase noise measurement system are processed, the ADEV generated from the spectral density with spurs may reach to three times the one while spurs are removed","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132925871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275479
Ji Wang, Guojun Chen, J. Du
Lee plate equations for high frequency vibrations of piezoelectric plates have been established and improved over the decades with the sole objective to obtain the accurate prediction of frequency and mode shapes to aid crystal resonator design. The latest improvement includes extra terms related to derivatives of the flexural displacement to adjust the accuracy and for the consideration of the electrode for practical applications. As part of the efforts to make the equations more practical for resonator design with the improved of frequency accuracy and consideration of electrodes, the authors derived Lee plate equations for electroded plates by changing the integration limits in the dimension reduction procedure to signify the dominant role of the crystal plate. As a result, the equations are modified for the inclusion of the electrode effects. To improve the accuracy in the vicinity of thickness-shear vibration frequency of electroded plates, we modified the density terms in plate equations to reflect the contribution of both electrode stiffness and density, which makes the frequency more accurate for commonly used electrode materials
{"title":"Modified Lee Plate Equations for the Vibration Analysis of Piezoelectric Plates with Consideration of Stiffness and Mass of Electrodes","authors":"Ji Wang, Guojun Chen, J. Du","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275479","url":null,"abstract":"Lee plate equations for high frequency vibrations of piezoelectric plates have been established and improved over the decades with the sole objective to obtain the accurate prediction of frequency and mode shapes to aid crystal resonator design. The latest improvement includes extra terms related to derivatives of the flexural displacement to adjust the accuracy and for the consideration of the electrode for practical applications. As part of the efforts to make the equations more practical for resonator design with the improved of frequency accuracy and consideration of electrodes, the authors derived Lee plate equations for electroded plates by changing the integration limits in the dimension reduction procedure to signify the dominant role of the crystal plate. As a result, the equations are modified for the inclusion of the electrode effects. To improve the accuracy in the vicinity of thickness-shear vibration frequency of electroded plates, we modified the density terms in plate equations to reflect the contribution of both electrode stiffness and density, which makes the frequency more accurate for commonly used electrode materials","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122104947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275482
V. Reinhardt
This paper discusses the behavior of sample, standard, bandpass, and Allan variances of the time and phase error in the presence of negative power law or fbeta noise for a variety of systems. These systems include those in the digital, communications, signal processing, radar, ranging, and time transfer areas. A theory is presented which spectrally defines these variances by explicitly incorporating a system phase response function Hs(f) into the spectral integral. For many of the above systems, Hs(f) is shown to contain highpass as well as lowpass filtering properties, and these highpass properties, when present, are shown to enable both the sample and standard variances, as well as Allan variances, to be used in the presence of fbeta noise for beta>-4. It is also shown that the sample variance defined in this way can be used to justify the heuristic low and high frequency cut-offs that appear in the spectral definition of the bandpass variance (also known as the jitter). Hs(f) is further shown to fall into four general classes for the purposes of characterizing variance behavior. These classes we call: digital sampling, delay, delay with averaging, and PLL. The final part of the paper consists of a detailed discussion of the properties of these variances in the presence of negative power law noise for the above systems, organized by class of Hs(f)
{"title":"The Properties of Time and Phase Variances in the Presence of Power Law Noise for Various Systems","authors":"V. Reinhardt","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275482","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the behavior of sample, standard, bandpass, and Allan variances of the time and phase error in the presence of negative power law or fbeta noise for a variety of systems. These systems include those in the digital, communications, signal processing, radar, ranging, and time transfer areas. A theory is presented which spectrally defines these variances by explicitly incorporating a system phase response function Hs(f) into the spectral integral. For many of the above systems, Hs(f) is shown to contain highpass as well as lowpass filtering properties, and these highpass properties, when present, are shown to enable both the sample and standard variances, as well as Allan variances, to be used in the presence of fbeta noise for beta>-4. It is also shown that the sample variance defined in this way can be used to justify the heuristic low and high frequency cut-offs that appear in the spectral definition of the bandpass variance (also known as the jitter). Hs(f) is further shown to fall into four general classes for the purposes of characterizing variance behavior. These classes we call: digital sampling, delay, delay with averaging, and PLL. The final part of the paper consists of a detailed discussion of the properties of these variances in the presence of negative power law noise for the above systems, organized by class of Hs(f)","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122170186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275397
M. Yasuda, F. Hong, T. Kurosu, T. Kohno, J. Ishikawa, A. Onae, S. Ohshima, H. Katori
A development plan and the present status of the optical lattice clock in NMIJ, especially the details of the vacuum system and the laser sources, are described
介绍了NMIJ光学晶格钟的发展计划和现状，特别是真空系统和激光源的细节
{"title":"Development of an Optical Lattice Clock in NMIJ, AIST","authors":"M. Yasuda, F. Hong, T. Kurosu, T. Kohno, J. Ishikawa, A. Onae, S. Ohshima, H. Katori","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275397","url":null,"abstract":"A development plan and the present status of the optical lattice clock in NMIJ, especially the details of the vacuum system and the laser sources, are described","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123798971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275463
Li Gun, Huang Hui, Zhong Chong-xia, Zhou Wei
Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) and GPS C/A code based common view (GPS CV) are the two primary methods for international time and frequency transfer. TWSTFT technique has been made significant improvement in the last several years, and demonstrated to show a higher precision of T&F transfer than that of GPS CV. So it has been utilized for in the computation of TAI (international atomic time) and the GPS CV link is regarded as a back up if the links have both TWSTFT and GPS CV time transfer links. Actually, the TWSTFT is unavailable frequently for some unknown reasons or failure of instrument. More important, in some links, the comparison result of GPS CV has valuable information in the calculation of TAI and UTC (coordinated universal time). Considering these two cases, we have been used GPS CV C/A code and TWSTFT observations in attempt to form a more stable and reliable composite time transfer links. In this study we have focused on the unavailability when the system has malfunction or abnormality, in this case, the GPS CV data will be used in TAI computation which will cause a systematic error that should be deduct in some links. Finally, to avoid the above mentioned shortcomings, a new optimal algorithm for combining the two types time transfer data is given, the details of the optimal algorithm has been presented in this paper. A more stable and reliable time comparison result has been achieved in time comparison between some national time laboratories. The UTC(USNO)-UTC(PTB) and the UTC(ROA)-UTC(PTB) are given as a example
{"title":"Study of an Optimal Algorithm for Combing TWSTFT and GPS CV Comparisons","authors":"Li Gun, Huang Hui, Zhong Chong-xia, Zhou Wei","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275463","url":null,"abstract":"Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) and GPS C/A code based common view (GPS CV) are the two primary methods for international time and frequency transfer. TWSTFT technique has been made significant improvement in the last several years, and demonstrated to show a higher precision of T&F transfer than that of GPS CV. So it has been utilized for in the computation of TAI (international atomic time) and the GPS CV link is regarded as a back up if the links have both TWSTFT and GPS CV time transfer links. Actually, the TWSTFT is unavailable frequently for some unknown reasons or failure of instrument. More important, in some links, the comparison result of GPS CV has valuable information in the calculation of TAI and UTC (coordinated universal time). Considering these two cases, we have been used GPS CV C/A code and TWSTFT observations in attempt to form a more stable and reliable composite time transfer links. In this study we have focused on the unavailability when the system has malfunction or abnormality, in this case, the GPS CV data will be used in TAI computation which will cause a systematic error that should be deduct in some links. Finally, to avoid the above mentioned shortcomings, a new optimal algorithm for combining the two types time transfer data is given, the details of the optimal algorithm has been presented in this paper. A more stable and reliable time comparison result has been achieved in time comparison between some national time laboratories. The UTC(USNO)-UTC(PTB) and the UTC(ROA)-UTC(PTB) are given as a example","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130254939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275459
Li Gun, Hu Yong-hui, Zhou Wei
Detecting and reconstructing the cycle slip are very important in GPS carrier phase time transfer (GPS CPTT). Many kinds of algorithms have been developed in the past several years especially using GIPSY OASIS software developed by JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for estimating ambiguity resolution and solving cycle slip problem. NTSC has installed one geodetic like dual frequency Ashtech Z12T receiver for GPS CPTT investigation. The GPS carrier phase time transfer data have been obtained using this receiver at NTSC (National time service center, Chinese Academy of Sciences). In this paper, a new algorithm of TWO STEP method for detecting outliers and cycle slips in dual-frequency GPS is presented. Firstly, using Kalman filter in the model of the 3rd order polynomial for a larger cycle slips, such as larger than 2cycles. Secondly, estimating and reconstruction small cycle slips(less than 1) by using Daubechies wavelet. The details of algorithm are given. The processing result using the algorithm is presented. It is applicable to the carrier phase measurement with one sample per 30 second. The calculated results using data of GPS on NTSC show that the algorithm is so efficiency that it can accurately find the small cycle slip less than one cycle
{"title":"A New Algorithm of Detecting and Correction Cycle Slips in Dual-Frequency GPS","authors":"Li Gun, Hu Yong-hui, Zhou Wei","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275459","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting and reconstructing the cycle slip are very important in GPS carrier phase time transfer (GPS CPTT). Many kinds of algorithms have been developed in the past several years especially using GIPSY OASIS software developed by JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for estimating ambiguity resolution and solving cycle slip problem. NTSC has installed one geodetic like dual frequency Ashtech Z12T receiver for GPS CPTT investigation. The GPS carrier phase time transfer data have been obtained using this receiver at NTSC (National time service center, Chinese Academy of Sciences). In this paper, a new algorithm of TWO STEP method for detecting outliers and cycle slips in dual-frequency GPS is presented. Firstly, using Kalman filter in the model of the 3rd order polynomial for a larger cycle slips, such as larger than 2cycles. Secondly, estimating and reconstruction small cycle slips(less than 1) by using Daubechies wavelet. The details of algorithm are given. The processing result using the algorithm is presented. It is applicable to the carrier phase measurement with one sample per 30 second. The calculated results using data of GPS on NTSC show that the algorithm is so efficiency that it can accurately find the small cycle slip less than one cycle","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129633279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-06-01DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2006.275371
V. Kulkarni, K. Prasad, B. Barber
In this paper, the results of a stacked crystal filter (SCF) are presented. It is shown that the bandwidth of the SCF can be designed by choice of electrode materials, device dimensions and use of external components such as inductors. This paper also discusses the fabrication of SCF along with the device layouts. A single stage and a two-stage SCF are designed and it is shown that the bandwidth of two-stage can only be increased if the inductor is connected between stages
{"title":"Bandwidth Improvement Methods In Acoustically-Coupled Thin Film BAW Devices","authors":"V. Kulkarni, K. Prasad, B. Barber","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2006.275371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2006.275371","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the results of a stacked crystal filter (SCF) are presented. It is shown that the bandwidth of the SCF can be designed by choice of electrode materials, device dimensions and use of external components such as inductors. This paper also discusses the fabrication of SCF along with the device layouts. A single stage and a two-stage SCF are designed and it is shown that the bandwidth of two-stage can only be increased if the inductor is connected between stages","PeriodicalId":445945,"journal":{"name":"2006 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128509244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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