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Discrepancy between theory and practice: Democratic recession or a crisis of state legitimacy? 理论与实践的差异:民主衰退还是国家合法性危机?
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2265892
M A Mohamed Salih
The discrepancy between democratic theory and practice is common to all democratic and quasi-democratic governments. Democratic recession manifests where there is an extreme discrepancy between normative democratic values and their practice – for instance where the state has flouted democratic normative rules (theory) and rendered major democratic institutions dysfunctional. This article posits that democratic recession can be seen in the 21st century as a reaction to at least four factors: 1) shifts in global geopolitics, 2) a crisis of representative democracy, 3) democratic silence, and 4) the rise of populism and post-truth framing. Indices of democracy do not, however, reveal the extent of the state’s role in undermining democratic institutions (ie, political parties, election monitoring bodies, parliaments, the media, civil society), due to a bias of liberal individualism. The outcome has been a crisis of state legitimacy, where citizens lose trust in the state rather than in democratic governance.
民主理论与实践的矛盾是所有民主和准民主政府的共同特点。民主衰退表现在规范的民主价值观与其实践之间存在极端差异的地方——例如,在国家藐视民主规范规则(理论)并使主要民主机构功能失调的地方。本文认为,21世纪的民主衰退可以被视为对至少四个因素的反应:1)全球地缘政治的转变,2)代议制民主的危机,3)民主的沉默,以及4)民粹主义和后真相框架的兴起。然而,由于自由个人主义的偏见,民主指数并没有揭示国家在破坏民主制度(即政党、选举监督机构、议会、媒体、公民社会)方面的作用程度。其结果是一场国家合法性危机,公民失去了对国家的信任,而不是对民主治理的信任。
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引用次数: 0
Liberalism and Its Discontents Liberalism and Its Discontents , by Francis Fukuyama, London, Profile Books Limited, 2022, 178 pp., R235, ISBN: 978-1-80081-014-3 《自由主义及其不满》,弗朗西斯·福山著,伦敦,Profile Books Limited, 2022, 178页,R235, ISBN: 978-1-80081-014-3
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2265898
Sishuwa Sishuwa
"Liberalism and Its Discontents." South African Journal of International Affairs, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
“自由主义及其不满”。南非国际事务杂志,印前(印前),第1-2页
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引用次数: 0
Reconstructing elections in a digital world 在数字世界中重建选举
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2265886
Nighat Dad, Shmyla Khan
ABSTRACTThe nature of elections has been transformed by the rise of digital technologies in the last few years, in large part due to the rise of social media platforms and their impact on election campaigning, dissemination of information and opinion formation. Furthermore, digital technologies have been employed in the administration of elections, and are being adopted by electoral management bodies. This article seeks to understand these transformations in light of ongoing debates regarding the regulation of elections and digital technologies by positing an approach focused on international human rights frameworks.KEYWORDS: Digital democracyelectionselection regulationdigital technologytechnology platformsartificial intelligencedisinformationsynthetic media Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Sutton Meagher, ‘When Personal Computers are Transformed into Ballot Boxes: How Internet Elections in Estonia Comply with the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,’ American University International Law Review 23, no.2 (2009): 349–86.2 Emma Baulch, Ariadna Matamoros Fernandez, and Fiona Suwana, ‘Memetic persuasion and WhatsAppification in Indonesia’s 2019 presidential election,’ New Media & Society (2022); Kristin English, Kaye D. Sweetser, and Monica Ancu, ‘YouTube-ification of Political Talk: An Examination of Persuasion Appeals in Viral Video,’ American Behavioral Scientist, 55, no. 6 (2011): 733–48.3 José Luis Vargas, ‘Study on the Role of Social Media and the Internet in Democratic Development’ (European Commission for Democracy through Law, CDL-LA(2018)001, 2018), https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-LA(2018)001-e.4 Bisam Gyawali, ‘How digital media impacts voter education in Nepal,’ UNDP (blog), August 10, 2022, https://www.undp.org/nepal/blog/how-digital-media-impacts-voter-education-nepal.5 ‘Voters can now check details via SMS free of charge: ECP,’ Geo News, November 26, 2021, https://www.geo.tv/latest/384465-ecp-introduces-sms-service-to-check-votes-for-free.6 European Commission and United Nations Development Programme, Information Technology and Elections Management: Informed Decisions for Sustainable Outcomes: Summary Report (Mombasa, 2012), https://www.ec-undp-electoralassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/undp-contents-publications-thematic-workshop-ICT-elections-management-English.pdf.7 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Introducing Biometric Technology in Elections (Stockholm, Sweden: International IDEA, 2017), https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/introducing-biometric-technology-in-elections-reissue.pdf.8 EC and UNDP, Information Technology and Elections Management, 25.9 Mark Maguire, Ursula Rao, and Nils Zurawski, Bodies as Evidence: Security, Knowledge, and Power (London: Duke University Press, 2018).10 Privacy International, ‘Exclusion by design: how national ID syste
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引用次数: 0
Why Bother With Elections Why Bother With Elections ?, by Adam Przeworski, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2018, Vii + 141 pp., £12.99(paperback), ISBN: 978-1-50952-660-4 《为何烦扰选举?》亚当·普泽沃斯基著,剑桥,政体出版社,2018年,Vii + 141页,12.99英镑(平装本),ISBN: 978-1-50952-660-4
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2262980
Victor Shale
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 James C. McKinley Jr 1997 Zambia Arrests Former President In Crackdown After Failed Coup. Online at: https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/world/zambia-arrests-former-president-in-crackdown-after-failed-coup.html. Also see Michael Chawe (June) 2021 Kenneth Kaunda: Son of Malawian Preacher Who Became Zambia’s Liberation Hero. Online at: https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/kenneth-kaunda-son-of-malawian-preacher-who-became-zambia-s-liberation-hero-3441328.2 Nic Cheeseman and Brian Klaas (2018) label this “election rigging”. See Cheeseman, N. & Klaas, B. How to Rig an Election (London: Yale University Press, 2018).
点击增加图片大小点击减少图片大小注1詹姆斯·c·麦金利1997赞比亚在政变失败后的镇压中逮捕前总统。在线网址:https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/world/zambia-arrests-former-president-in-crackdown-after-failed-coup.html。肯尼斯·卡翁达:马拉维传教士之子,成为赞比亚的解放英雄。Nic Cheeseman和Brian Klaas(2018)将这称为“选举操纵”。参见Cheeseman, N.和Klaas, B. How to Rig an Election(伦敦:耶鲁大学出版社,2018)。
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引用次数: 0
Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order , by Sarah Birch, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2020, pp. x + 211, £28.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-691-20363-8 《选举暴力、腐败和政治秩序》,莎拉·伯奇著,普林斯顿,新泽西州,普林斯顿大学出版社,2020年,第x + 211页,28.00英镑(平装本),ISBN: 978-0-691-20363-8
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2263418
Leontine Loeber
"Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order." South African Journal of International Affairs, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
“选举暴力、腐败和政治秩序。”南非国际事务杂志,印前(印前),第1-2页
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引用次数: 0
How to Rig an Election How to Rig an Election , N Cheeseman, and B Klaas, London, Yale University Press, 2018, pp.320, £18.58, ISBN 978-0-300-20443-8 《如何操纵选举》,N Cheeseman和B Klaas,伦敦,耶鲁大学出版社,2018年,第320页,18.58英镑,ISBN 978-0-300-20443-8
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2262963
Mpilo Pearl Sithole
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Cheeseman, N & Klaas, B, How to Rig an Election (London: Yale University Press, 2018).2 Fukuyama, F. The End of History and the Last Man (London: Free Press, 1989).3 Mills, G. Why Africa is Poor: And What Africans Can Do About It (Johannesburg: Penguin Books, 2010).4 Sithole, M.P. (2020) “Land in South Africa: A Permanent Question; thanks to History, Law and Economics” in The Covid-19 Pandemic in South Africa: A Review of selected Local Governance and Policy Responses, ed. Kariuki, P.; Reddy, P.S.; Wissink, H., Vol 2, 2020, 256–268.
1 . Cheeseman, N & Klaas, B, How to Rig an Election(伦敦:耶鲁大学出版社,2018)2 .《历史的终结与最后的人》(伦敦:自由出版社,1989)3 .《为什么非洲贫穷:非洲人能做些什么》(约翰内斯堡:企鹅出版社,2010)Sithole, M.P.(2020)“南非的土地:一个永久的问题;感谢历史、法律和经济学”,《南非Covid-19大流行:对选定地方治理和政策应对的回顾》,Kariuki主编;Reddy,注:;中国生物工程学报,2002,26(2):526 - 526。
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引用次数: 0
Chinese Energy Companies in Africa: Implications for the Foreign Policy of an Authoritarian State 中国能源公司在非洲:对威权国家外交政策的启示
IF 1.1 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2232350
F. Akeredolu
notes that companies are increasingly being held accountable for their extraterritorial impacts on human rights, as well as environmental and climate issues. As a result, she concludes that companies can now be held responsible for adverse impacts throughout their entire value chain. Part IV is devoted entirely to the negotiations for an internationally binding treaty recounting the previous negotiation rounds, providing a critical assessment, and exploring challenges as well as opportunities. The concluding section highlights the remaining actions required to effectively implement human rights and environmental due diligence. It ends with a strong statement that the business and human rights movement has not yet addressed systemic issues and continues to promote a system founded on growth and free trade. These principles lie at the root of power imbalances and unjust business practices. The book stands out for its inclusion of numerous real cases, successfully illustrating how environmental, and climate due diligence is put into practice. Through this approach, Macchi effectively demonstrates the actual and ‘hard’ consequences of soft law instruments. Furthermore, the use of several current examples, particularly in legislative processes, is a significant advantage of the book, highlighting the topicality of the issue and providing helpful tools for advocating for environmental due diligence. However, this also means that the content may quickly become outdated. One area where the book falls short is its theoretical grounding. Despite consistently referencing the so-called ‘functionalist approach’ (p. 25), it adds little value to the already sound argumentation. To strengthen the theoretical underpinning the functionalist perspective should be applied in other parts of the book, beyond just chapter 2, to demonstrate its usefulness and applicability in the environmental due diligence debate. Macchi has skilfully provided an overview of the evolution of the business and human rights debate, which ultimately led to the adoption of the UNGPs. The UNGPs served as a catalyst (p. 155), not only for moving beyond voluntary approaches in corporate due diligence but also to include environmental and climate issues. The book has an introductory character that may remind readers of a textbook, as evidenced by its clear structure and the abstracts and keywords at the beginning of each part. As such, it is a valuable contribution to students and scholars of political science and law, as well as practitioners and policy makers seeking a comprehensive introduction to environmental due diligence. The thorough footnotes and precise citations are also noteworthy and appreciated by readers.
注意到越来越多的公司被要求对其对人权以及环境和气候问题的域外影响负责。因此,她得出结论,企业现在可以对整个价值链的不利影响负责。第四部分完全致力于一项具有国际约束力的条约的谈判,叙述了前几轮谈判,提供了一个关键的评估,并探讨了挑战和机遇。最后一节强调了有效执行人权和环境尽职调查所需的其余行动。它以一项强有力的声明结束,即商业和人权运动尚未解决系统性问题,并继续推动建立在增长和自由贸易基础上的体系。这些原则是权力不平衡和不公正商业行为的根源。这本书因其包含了许多真实案例而脱颖而出,成功地说明了如何将环境和气候尽职调查付诸实践。通过这种方法,马基有效地展示了软法律文书的实际和“硬”后果。此外,使用几个当前的例子,特别是在立法程序中,是本书的一个显著优势,突出了问题的时效性,并为倡导环境尽职调查提供了有用的工具。然而,这也意味着内容可能很快就会过时。这本书的一个不足之处是它的理论基础。尽管一直引用所谓的“功能主义方法”(第25页),但它对已经合理的论证几乎没有增加价值。为了加强理论基础,功能主义观点应该应用于本书的其他部分,而不仅仅是第2章,以证明其在环境尽职调查辩论中的有用性和适用性。马基巧妙地概述了商业与人权辩论的演变,并最终促成了《联合国人权指导原则》的通过。《联合国全球指导方针》起到了催化剂的作用(第155页),不仅推动企业在尽职调查方面超越自愿的做法,而且还将环境和气候问题纳入其中。这本书有一个介绍性的特点,可能会让读者想起教科书,因为它的结构清晰,每个部分的开头都有摘要和关键词。因此,它对政治科学和法律的学生和学者,以及寻求全面介绍环境尽职调查的从业者和政策制定者是一个宝贵的贡献。详尽的脚注和精确的引用也值得读者注意和欣赏。
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引用次数: 0
Business, Human Rights and the Environment: The Evolving Agenda 商业、人权和环境:不断演变的议程
IF 1.1 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2232346
Viktoria Reisch
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引用次数: 0
Green energy transitions and the temptation of natural resource rents: Experiences from Ecuador 绿色能源转型与自然资源租金的诱惑:来自厄瓜多尔的经验
IF 1.1 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2221219
J. Ickler
ABSTRACT In the last two decades, the Ecuadorian state, under the presidencies of left-wing Rafael Correa and his successor Lenín Moreno, has pursued a clearly marked development strategy based on the extraction and export of raw materials, especially oil. In Ecuador’s natural resource-driven development model, the appropriation and distribution of natural resource rents play a significant role. These rents render economic, institutional, and political reforms and development projects possible. However, the dependence of large strata of the Ecuadorian population on these rents presents hurdles for sustainable development in general and a green energy transition in particular. The article explores these challenges, emphasising the economic and political conditions defined by a rent-based logic. Although governments in Ecuador have started to acknowledge the role of green mining in the energy sector, a wholehearted energy transition or a push toward sustainable development might fail because of the formative power of rent.
摘要在过去的二十年里,厄瓜多尔政府在左翼总统拉斐尔·科雷亚及其继任者Lenín Moreno的领导下,推行了一项基于原材料(尤其是石油)开采和出口的明确发展战略。在厄瓜多尔自然资源驱动的发展模式中,自然资源租金的分配和分配发挥着重要作用。这些租金使经济、体制和政治改革以及发展项目成为可能。然而,厄瓜多尔人口的大部分阶层对这些租金的依赖阻碍了总体可持续发展,尤其是绿色能源转型。文章探讨了这些挑战,强调了基于租金的逻辑所定义的经济和政治条件。尽管厄瓜多尔政府已经开始承认绿色采矿在能源部门的作用,但由于租金的形成力,全心全意的能源转型或推动可持续发展可能会失败。
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引用次数: 0
The ‘new geopolitics’ of mineral supply chains: A window of opportunity for African countries 矿产供应链的“新地缘政治”:非洲国家的机会之窗
IF 1.1 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2023-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2226108
Melanie Müller
ABSTRACT Following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the focus of many industrialised states has shifted regarding where they secure raw materials; a revised geopolitical perspective has impelled states to reduce strong dependencies on certain countries. For the European Union, its proposed Critical Raw Materials Act could have a crucial impact on the economic relationship of EU countries with China, currently the most important source of processed minerals to the EU, causing them to set ambitious diversification targets. How will this rise of a ‘new geopolitics’ of mineral supply chains shape the relationship between the EU and other trading partners, such as mineral-rich countries on the African continent? And how might African economies work to maximise their own benefit from this refocus? The article explores current geopolitical dynamics as they relate to the restructuring of supply chains, as well as opportunities for African economies.
摘要新冠肺炎疫情和俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后,许多工业化国家的重点转移到了原材料的安全保障上;修改后的地缘政治观点促使各国减少对某些国家的强烈依赖。对欧盟来说,其拟议的《关键原材料法》可能会对欧盟国家与中国的经济关系产生关键影响,中国目前是欧盟最重要的加工矿产来源,促使它们制定雄心勃勃的多元化目标。矿产供应链“新地缘政治”的兴起将如何影响欧盟与其他贸易伙伴(如非洲大陆矿产丰富国家)之间的关系?非洲经济体如何从这一重新聚焦中最大限度地实现自身利益?这篇文章探讨了当前与供应链重组有关的地缘政治动态,以及非洲经济的机遇。
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引用次数: 0
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South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA
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