Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2146184
S. Gruzd, S. Ramani, Cayley Clifford
ABSTRACT This is an introductory essay for the special issue of the South African Journal of International Affairs, ‘Russia in Africa: Who is courting whom?’
摘要：这是《南非国际事务杂志》特刊《俄罗斯在非洲：谁在追求谁？》的介绍性文章
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Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2153728
Isaac Antwi-Boasiako
ABSTRACT This article examines Russian public diplomacy mechanisms in Africa. These include the intentional use of historical ties, various aid programmes in education and health, the targeted use of international broadcasting and digital media, and the exploitation of anti-Western sentiments on the continent. Russia employs these to win the hearts and minds of African publics for its national interest. The article first explores Moscow’s public diplomacy in general and analyses the challenges Russia faces in Africa, which has become a ‘dumping ground’ for public diplomacy campaigns by the US, the EU and its members, the UK, and China. The article argues that Russia’s public diplomacy in Africa is state-centric with little or no civil society involvement. This makes its message appear incredible. The article concludes that Russian public diplomacy efforts in Africa have intensified anti-Western sentiments in African countries where Moscow’s presence is strong.
{"title":"The quest for influence: Examining Russia’s public diplomacy mechanisms in Africa","authors":"Isaac Antwi-Boasiako","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2153728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2153728","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines Russian public diplomacy mechanisms in Africa. These include the intentional use of historical ties, various aid programmes in education and health, the targeted use of international broadcasting and digital media, and the exploitation of anti-Western sentiments on the continent. Russia employs these to win the hearts and minds of African publics for its national interest. The article first explores Moscow’s public diplomacy in general and analyses the challenges Russia faces in Africa, which has become a ‘dumping ground’ for public diplomacy campaigns by the US, the EU and its members, the UK, and China. The article argues that Russia’s public diplomacy in Africa is state-centric with little or no civil society involvement. This makes its message appear incredible. The article concludes that Russian public diplomacy efforts in Africa have intensified anti-Western sentiments in African countries where Moscow’s presence is strong.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"463 - 482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45250154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2142276
Ovigwe Eguegu
ABSTRACT The assumption of many researchers is that Russia’s renewed interest in Africa is driven by its quest for global power status. Few expect Russia’s security engagement to bring peace and development to countries with which it has security partnerships. This article argues that Moscow has found success by providing security solutions to fragile states and weak regimes without political strings attached, thus making Russia a preferred security partner. However, while Moscow’s opportunistic use of private military diplomacy has allowed it to successfully gain a strategic foothold in partner countries, the lack of transparency in interactions, the limited scope of impact and the high financial and diplomatic costs expose the limitations of the partnership in addressing the peace and development challenges of African host countries. The study focused on Mali and the Central African Republic as case studies, establishing the security, diplomatic and economic interests of each and assessing Russia’s role.
{"title":"Russia’s private military diplomacy in Africa: High risk, low reward, limited impact","authors":"Ovigwe Eguegu","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2142276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2142276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The assumption of many researchers is that Russia’s renewed interest in Africa is driven by its quest for global power status. Few expect Russia’s security engagement to bring peace and development to countries with which it has security partnerships. This article argues that Moscow has found success by providing security solutions to fragile states and weak regimes without political strings attached, thus making Russia a preferred security partner. However, while Moscow’s opportunistic use of private military diplomacy has allowed it to successfully gain a strategic foothold in partner countries, the lack of transparency in interactions, the limited scope of impact and the high financial and diplomatic costs expose the limitations of the partnership in addressing the peace and development challenges of African host countries. The study focused on Mali and the Central African Republic as case studies, establishing the security, diplomatic and economic interests of each and assessing Russia’s role.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"445 - 462"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42357051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2136236
Allard Duursma, Niklas Masuhr
ABSTRACT This article contextualises Russia’s involvement in Africa through the lenses of the Soviet past, current rulership architecture in Russia, and its recent operations abroad. Russia deploys normative justifications like anti-colonialism to justify its involvement in Africa. Russian agents in Africa are drawn from vast political-oligarchic patronage networks, making these agents perfectly suited to operate in patronage-political contexts that are widely observed across Africa. The diffusion of Russian power projection is therefore likely a strength and not a weakness. The article further shows that Russian activities during the 2010s have predominantly been driven by opportunism as opposed to an attempt to turn Africa into a theatre of competition with the US and NATO, yet it seems that more strategic guidance is likely in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resultant increase in tensions with the West.
{"title":"Russia’s return to Africa in a historical and global context: Anti-imperialism, patronage, and opportunism","authors":"Allard Duursma, Niklas Masuhr","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2136236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2136236","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article contextualises Russia’s involvement in Africa through the lenses of the Soviet past, current rulership architecture in Russia, and its recent operations abroad. Russia deploys normative justifications like anti-colonialism to justify its involvement in Africa. Russian agents in Africa are drawn from vast political-oligarchic patronage networks, making these agents perfectly suited to operate in patronage-political contexts that are widely observed across Africa. The diffusion of Russian power projection is therefore likely a strength and not a weakness. The article further shows that Russian activities during the 2010s have predominantly been driven by opportunism as opposed to an attempt to turn Africa into a theatre of competition with the US and NATO, yet it seems that more strategic guidance is likely in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the resultant increase in tensions with the West.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"407 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48905109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2125064
János Besenyő, G. Sinkó
ABSTRACT This study analyses the successes and challenges of NATO and EU interventions off the coast of Somalia. It begins with identifying the mandate of multinational naval missions to fight piracy. After discussing achievements and significant developments in anti-piracy operations, the paper scrutinises NATO’s successes and challenges in taking up the fight against piracy in the Horn of Africa region. The article continues with providing reasons for the EU’s involvement in combating Somali piracy and explains the need for the continuous expansion of Operation Atalanta’s mandate. It then elaborates on the EU’s successes and challenges with regards to addressing the threat of piracy off the Somali coast. The study argues that piracy can only be eliminated if multilateral coordination at sea and ashore is enhanced; law enforcement becomes more effective; operational information is more widely shared; and security capabilities are strengthened in the Horn of Africa region.
{"title":"Combating piracy strategically: Analysing the successes and challenges of NATO and EU interventions off the Somali coast","authors":"János Besenyő, G. Sinkó","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2125064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2125064","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study analyses the successes and challenges of NATO and EU interventions off the coast of Somalia. It begins with identifying the mandate of multinational naval missions to fight piracy. After discussing achievements and significant developments in anti-piracy operations, the paper scrutinises NATO’s successes and challenges in taking up the fight against piracy in the Horn of Africa region. The article continues with providing reasons for the EU’s involvement in combating Somali piracy and explains the need for the continuous expansion of Operation Atalanta’s mandate. It then elaborates on the EU’s successes and challenges with regards to addressing the threat of piracy off the Somali coast. The study argues that piracy can only be eliminated if multilateral coordination at sea and ashore is enhanced; law enforcement becomes more effective; operational information is more widely shared; and security capabilities are strengthened in the Horn of Africa region.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"295 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2130970
Sadiki Koko
ABSTRACT Since the mid-1990s, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has witnessed several instances of armed conflict, the resolution of which has entailed efforts to bring about the political transformation of rebel movements behind those insurgencies. This article analyses the failed transformation of the National Congress for the Defence of the People (Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple, CNDP), the rebel group behind the Third Congo War (2006-2009). It is argued that this failure was the result of a set of factors, namely the controversial mixage policy agreed upon between government and the CNDP in the 2009 Goma Peace Agreement, the group's nature as a militarily-focused and ethnically-centred organisation, and the continued support of the CNDP by its regional backers well after the signing of the Goma Peace Agreement as well as the United Nations’ decision to withdraw its support for the Goma peace process.
{"title":"A further look at rebel-to-party transformation in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The case of the CNDP","authors":"Sadiki Koko","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2130970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2130970","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the mid-1990s, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has witnessed several instances of armed conflict, the resolution of which has entailed efforts to bring about the political transformation of rebel movements behind those insurgencies. This article analyses the failed transformation of the National Congress for the Defence of the People (Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple, CNDP), the rebel group behind the Third Congo War (2006-2009). It is argued that this failure was the result of a set of factors, namely the controversial mixage policy agreed upon between government and the CNDP in the 2009 Goma Peace Agreement, the group's nature as a militarily-focused and ethnically-centred organisation, and the continued support of the CNDP by its regional backers well after the signing of the Goma Peace Agreement as well as the United Nations’ decision to withdraw its support for the Goma peace process.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"343 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44810863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2125899
Zakeri Ahmad
{"title":"Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development","authors":"Zakeri Ahmad","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2125899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2125899","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"396 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46016225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2123035
Sanya Samtani
opinion that the book could have been more exacting with its economic prescriptions. The recommendations – specifically motivating why India Inc should expand its footprint in Africa and how the Indian government can support Indian companies in this regard – could have been sketched out in greater detail. Additionally, recommendations for how African governments can attract more Indian companies to invest in the region would have been useful. With Africa expected to become a significant driver of global economic growth in the future, Bhatia emphasises that India needs to improve its knowledge and beef up its expertise on Africa. Furthermore, he stresses that if India considers itself to be a serious development partner for Africa, it needs to take the time and effort to understand African needs and concerns, plans, and priorities. In this regard, Bhatia suggests that the Indian government establish an ‘Africa Advisory Group’ to assist in this endeavour (p. 199). Ultimately, in taking a long-term view, the author opines that India needs to hold Africa in much higher regard. Echoing India’s External Affairs Minister, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, the author highlights that cooperation with Africa is not only about ‘historical bonds and shared struggles... it is also an aspect of strategy’ (p. 203). With this in mind, Bhatia’s main argument is that the India-Africa partnership needs to evolve to be more strategic in nature, with both parties working together to advance their interests and address some of the major social, environmental and security challenges of the 21 century.
{"title":"Technology and the Public Interest","authors":"Sanya Samtani","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2123035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2123035","url":null,"abstract":"opinion that the book could have been more exacting with its economic prescriptions. The recommendations – specifically motivating why India Inc should expand its footprint in Africa and how the Indian government can support Indian companies in this regard – could have been sketched out in greater detail. Additionally, recommendations for how African governments can attract more Indian companies to invest in the region would have been useful. With Africa expected to become a significant driver of global economic growth in the future, Bhatia emphasises that India needs to improve its knowledge and beef up its expertise on Africa. Furthermore, he stresses that if India considers itself to be a serious development partner for Africa, it needs to take the time and effort to understand African needs and concerns, plans, and priorities. In this regard, Bhatia suggests that the Indian government establish an ‘Africa Advisory Group’ to assist in this endeavour (p. 199). Ultimately, in taking a long-term view, the author opines that India needs to hold Africa in much higher regard. Echoing India’s External Affairs Minister, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, the author highlights that cooperation with Africa is not only about ‘historical bonds and shared struggles... it is also an aspect of strategy’ (p. 203). With this in mind, Bhatia’s main argument is that the India-Africa partnership needs to evolve to be more strategic in nature, with both parties working together to advance their interests and address some of the major social, environmental and security challenges of the 21 century.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"390 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43774972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2119161
Friedrich Plank
ABSTRACT With the mushrooming of overlapping regionalism in Africa, there has also evolved a dense web of relationships between Africa and the European Union (EU) on matters of interregional security relations. In this context, the EU increasingly favours regional groups such as the G5 Sahel instead of its established partnerships with regional economic communities or the African Union. To account for these rather puzzling preferences, this study argues that the EU’s emphasis on the security-development-migration nexus overrides rational forum shopping logic, leading to cooperation with the G5 Sahel in response to the crisis in that region rather than with traditional partners embedded in the African Peace and Security Architecture. Drawing on a wide range of data including interviews, this study considers the dynamics of interregional forum shopping and the security-development-migration nexus. It thus relates these to current trends in the Africa–EU partnership on peace and security, considering both sides of the relationship.
{"title":"Interregional forum shopping in Africa–EU relations: Regional groups and the evolving security-development-migration nexus","authors":"Friedrich Plank","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2119161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2119161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With the mushrooming of overlapping regionalism in Africa, there has also evolved a dense web of relationships between Africa and the European Union (EU) on matters of interregional security relations. In this context, the EU increasingly favours regional groups such as the G5 Sahel instead of its established partnerships with regional economic communities or the African Union. To account for these rather puzzling preferences, this study argues that the EU’s emphasis on the security-development-migration nexus overrides rational forum shopping logic, leading to cooperation with the G5 Sahel in response to the crisis in that region rather than with traditional partners embedded in the African Peace and Security Architecture. Drawing on a wide range of data including interviews, this study considers the dynamics of interregional forum shopping and the security-development-migration nexus. It thus relates these to current trends in the Africa–EU partnership on peace and security, considering both sides of the relationship.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"271 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45212445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2022.2122548
Mandira Bagwandeen
India-Africa relations, the of international a ff airs the evolution of the India-Africa relationship. deep the scholarly activities a detailed account the past, present, and future of the India-Africa relationship. Students, researchers, and practitioners in the fi eld of international relations with an interest in South-South cooperation and global political economy
{"title":"India-Africa Relations: Changing Horizons","authors":"Mandira Bagwandeen","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2022.2122548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2122548","url":null,"abstract":"India-Africa relations, the of international a ff airs the evolution of the India-Africa relationship. deep the scholarly activities a detailed account the past, present, and future of the India-Africa relationship. Students, researchers, and practitioners in the fi eld of international relations with an interest in South-South cooperation and global political economy","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"29 1","pages":"389 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44781888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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