Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2229293
K. Chetty, Y. D. Davids, M. Kanyane, T. Madzivhandila, Tahiya Moosa, L. Ndaba
ABSTRACT South Africa's renewable energy independent power producers (REIPPs) largely depend on foreign manufacturers and resources as they generate the power needed to address the country's energy crisis. This foreign dependence contradicts some principles of a just energy transition, which encourage developing local job creation in the renewable energy sector. Although South Africa has increased its power procurement targets and relaxed some regulatory requirements in response to the current energy crisis, the long-term policy framework is unclear. Sustainably expanding renewable energy generation depends on a clear policy framework which plots the transition from coal and develops local manufacturing and skilling capacities. Through a case study review of two South African wind farms, this article examines how REIPPs can shift their reliance on foreign equipment manufacturers and skilled resources to local providers, fostering a sustainable and inclusive just energy transition.
{"title":"Fostering a just energy transition: Lessons from South Africa's Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme","authors":"K. Chetty, Y. D. Davids, M. Kanyane, T. Madzivhandila, Tahiya Moosa, L. Ndaba","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2229293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2229293","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT South Africa's renewable energy independent power producers (REIPPs) largely depend on foreign manufacturers and resources as they generate the power needed to address the country's energy crisis. This foreign dependence contradicts some principles of a just energy transition, which encourage developing local job creation in the renewable energy sector. Although South Africa has increased its power procurement targets and relaxed some regulatory requirements in response to the current energy crisis, the long-term policy framework is unclear. Sustainably expanding renewable energy generation depends on a clear policy framework which plots the transition from coal and develops local manufacturing and skilling capacities. Through a case study review of two South African wind farms, this article examines how REIPPs can shift their reliance on foreign equipment manufacturers and skilled resources to local providers, fostering a sustainable and inclusive just energy transition.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"225 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47108105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2229286
G. Mbungu
whereas they are only partly supported in the cases of Angola and Sudan. Chapter 8 presents four mini-cases (Kazakhstan, Canada, Uzbekistan, and Denmark) to examine the extent to which the conclusions from the African cases can be generalised. The results suggest that the empirical expectations presented are generally supported, with strong support found in Kazakhstan, Canada, and Denmark, and partial support in Uzbekistan. Firstly, it should be noted that, since not all authoritarian regimes are alike, the hypotheses presented may be specific to the characteristics of the Chinese authoritarian state and may not be generalisable across all authoritarian states. Secondly, the independent variables are oil levels and strategic importance, and the operationalisation of these variables may be questioned. For instance, the book suggests that Canada has limited strategic importance to China because due to few diplomatic visits between both nations and Canada’s strong ties to China’s rival, the United States. However, this conclusion can be contested, especially considering the fluctuating nature of Sino-Canadian relations during the Justin Trudeau administration. Finally, Chapter 2 outlines various challenges to the hypotheses that the book is founded upon. One critical challenge is that the relationship between Chinese companies and the Chinese government is not unique to China, as similar associations can be observed in Western countries. As President Xi Jinping departs from the low-profile policy of his predecessors, Chinese foreign policy has become of global importance. The book presents a significant step towards understanding the role of specific actors in shaping China’s foreign policy. The indepth analysis of whether structural factors, elements of the Chinese authoritarian state, or concerns with social stability and legitimacy explain the changes in actors in China’s foreign policy over the last decade is crucial to the current discourse.
{"title":"A Just Transition to a Low Carbon Future in South Africa","authors":"G. Mbungu","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2229286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2229286","url":null,"abstract":"whereas they are only partly supported in the cases of Angola and Sudan. Chapter 8 presents four mini-cases (Kazakhstan, Canada, Uzbekistan, and Denmark) to examine the extent to which the conclusions from the African cases can be generalised. The results suggest that the empirical expectations presented are generally supported, with strong support found in Kazakhstan, Canada, and Denmark, and partial support in Uzbekistan. Firstly, it should be noted that, since not all authoritarian regimes are alike, the hypotheses presented may be specific to the characteristics of the Chinese authoritarian state and may not be generalisable across all authoritarian states. Secondly, the independent variables are oil levels and strategic importance, and the operationalisation of these variables may be questioned. For instance, the book suggests that Canada has limited strategic importance to China because due to few diplomatic visits between both nations and Canada’s strong ties to China’s rival, the United States. However, this conclusion can be contested, especially considering the fluctuating nature of Sino-Canadian relations during the Justin Trudeau administration. Finally, Chapter 2 outlines various challenges to the hypotheses that the book is founded upon. One critical challenge is that the relationship between Chinese companies and the Chinese government is not unique to China, as similar associations can be observed in Western countries. As President Xi Jinping departs from the low-profile policy of his predecessors, Chinese foreign policy has become of global importance. The book presents a significant step towards understanding the role of specific actors in shaping China’s foreign policy. The indepth analysis of whether structural factors, elements of the Chinese authoritarian state, or concerns with social stability and legitimacy explain the changes in actors in China’s foreign policy over the last decade is crucial to the current discourse.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"316 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48008925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2221227
Pedro Alarcón
ABSTRACT Whereas in the Global North the energy transition narrative focuses on the idea of ‘global sustainability’, in the Global South it is increasingly connected to old and new challenges that derive from dependence on natural resource extractivism and rentierism. In vast regions of South America, for instance, fossil fuels extractivism and the idea of (post-)development are inextricable. On the one hand, capitalist modernisation, energy security, and even political stability hinge on domestic use of fossil fuels and the rent generated by their exports. On the other hand, the idea of ending extractivism, which is again topical in Latin America, invites policymakers to dream on post-development and the possibility of converging toward the ‘green’ energy transition. This contribution builds on insights from Ecuador and Colombia, as paradigmatic examples, to address the juncture triggered by the energy transition in the Global South.
{"title":"Old and new challenges of the energy transition: Insights from South America","authors":"Pedro Alarcón","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2221227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2221227","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Whereas in the Global North the energy transition narrative focuses on the idea of ‘global sustainability’, in the Global South it is increasingly connected to old and new challenges that derive from dependence on natural resource extractivism and rentierism. In vast regions of South America, for instance, fossil fuels extractivism and the idea of (post-)development are inextricable. On the one hand, capitalist modernisation, energy security, and even political stability hinge on domestic use of fossil fuels and the rent generated by their exports. On the other hand, the idea of ending extractivism, which is again topical in Latin America, invites policymakers to dream on post-development and the possibility of converging toward the ‘green’ energy transition. This contribution builds on insights from Ecuador and Colombia, as paradigmatic examples, to address the juncture triggered by the energy transition in the Global South.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"263 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41869715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2230957
Melanie Müller, Meike Schulze, S. Schöneich
ABSTRACT There is growing momentum to address climate change and other environmental challenges through a ‘green energy transition’, that is, a shift from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable sources such as wind and solar. To carry out this global transition, a variety of resources – particularly minerals such as copper, lithium or cobalt – are required, and these are primarily extracted in the ‘Global South’. This means that these resource-rich countries face a double transition: the transition in their energy supplies, and the transition in their mining sectors. This special issue brings together different perspectives on the green energy transition and mineral value chains from Latin America and Africa. The articles investigate challenges for these countries, but also the opportunities that could potentially unfold as part of these far-reaching changes.
{"title":"The energy transition and green mineral value chains: Challenges and opportunities for Africa and Latin America","authors":"Melanie Müller, Meike Schulze, S. Schöneich","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2230957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2230957","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is growing momentum to address climate change and other environmental challenges through a ‘green energy transition’, that is, a shift from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable sources such as wind and solar. To carry out this global transition, a variety of resources – particularly minerals such as copper, lithium or cobalt – are required, and these are primarily extracted in the ‘Global South’. This means that these resource-rich countries face a double transition: the transition in their energy supplies, and the transition in their mining sectors. This special issue brings together different perspectives on the green energy transition and mineral value chains from Latin America and Africa. The articles investigate challenges for these countries, but also the opportunities that could potentially unfold as part of these far-reaching changes.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"169 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2239786
R. Calland
section of its own. Nevertheless, the book has achieved its stated goal ‘to interrogate how South Africa can ensure a just transition to a low carbon economy’ (p. 12). It exposes South Africa’s challenges, but also positions it as a country willing to investigate and consider its past and present and tap into emerging narratives, visions, and international obligations to inform its policy design and implementations. It, however, goes beyond this goal by drawing on diverse examples outside South Africa and lessons from external forces, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing geopolitical contestations, to map out potential risks and opportunities of the energy transition. In so doing, the authors place the just energy transition in South Africa into the broader just transition and socio-economic development discourse. The result is a well-structured and looped manuscript, easy to assess in whole or parts by diverse readers, including policy makers and implementors, academics, students, and civil society.
{"title":"Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy: A Guide for Decision-Makers","authors":"R. Calland","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2239786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2239786","url":null,"abstract":"section of its own. Nevertheless, the book has achieved its stated goal ‘to interrogate how South Africa can ensure a just transition to a low carbon economy’ (p. 12). It exposes South Africa’s challenges, but also positions it as a country willing to investigate and consider its past and present and tap into emerging narratives, visions, and international obligations to inform its policy design and implementations. It, however, goes beyond this goal by drawing on diverse examples outside South Africa and lessons from external forces, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing geopolitical contestations, to map out potential risks and opportunities of the energy transition. In so doing, the authors place the just energy transition in South Africa into the broader just transition and socio-economic development discourse. The result is a well-structured and looped manuscript, easy to assess in whole or parts by diverse readers, including policy makers and implementors, academics, students, and civil society.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"318 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42054497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2225491
Alexander Beyleveld
{"title":"Energy Justice and Energy Law","authors":"Alexander Beyleveld","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2225491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2225491","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"321 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43526372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2233006
S. Fakir
ABSTRACT The essay provides an overview of the South African Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) and the technical and political processes involved to secure the first country platform deal of its kind in the world. The JETP was premised on delivering gigatons of carbon offsets by phasing out coal for a sizeable and attractive climate finance deal. The South African JETP model is being replicated elsewhere in the world and is transforming the landscape of how nationally determined contributions can be used as tools for energy transitions and economic transformation. The essay seeks to demonstrate where international partnerships can be useful in this living experiment in transformative transition in a developing country, and suggests where they are not. The essay provides insights into how the South African JETP process built local ownership and catalysed innovative institutional mechanisms to deliver a substantive climate ambition under the rubric of a just energy transition.
{"title":"South Africa’s Just Energy Transition Partnership: A novel approach transforming the international landscape on delivering NDC financial goals at scale","authors":"S. Fakir","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2233006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2233006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The essay provides an overview of the South African Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) and the technical and political processes involved to secure the first country platform deal of its kind in the world. The JETP was premised on delivering gigatons of carbon offsets by phasing out coal for a sizeable and attractive climate finance deal. The South African JETP model is being replicated elsewhere in the world and is transforming the landscape of how nationally determined contributions can be used as tools for energy transitions and economic transformation. The essay seeks to demonstrate where international partnerships can be useful in this living experiment in transformative transition in a developing country, and suggests where they are not. The essay provides insights into how the South African JETP process built local ownership and catalysed innovative institutional mechanisms to deliver a substantive climate ambition under the rubric of a just energy transition.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"297 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44519215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2228317
F. Ismail
ABSTRACT This article argues that South Africa’s climate change policy and engagement should go beyond advancing its transition to a low carbon economy, and should include adaptation, green industrialisation, and resilience. In this context the article argues that South Africa and other African countries should go beyond the narrow limits of the just energy transition framework and adopt the more holistic concept of climate resilient development. It is proposed that South Africa should support the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the African Union (AU) to strengthen renewable energy infrastructure, green industrial value chains, adaptation and resilience – thus adopting a climate resilient developmental regionalism approach. The EU carbon border adjustment measure is critically discussed. The AfCFTA and the AU are urged to build more coherent approaches between their negotiating positions in the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
{"title":"Beyond the just energy transition narrative: How South Africa can support the AfCFTA to advance climate resilient development","authors":"F. Ismail","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2228317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2228317","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article argues that South Africa’s climate change policy and engagement should go beyond advancing its transition to a low carbon economy, and should include adaptation, green industrialisation, and resilience. In this context the article argues that South Africa and other African countries should go beyond the narrow limits of the just energy transition framework and adopt the more holistic concept of climate resilient development. It is proposed that South Africa should support the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and the African Union (AU) to strengthen renewable energy infrastructure, green industrial value chains, adaptation and resilience – thus adopting a climate resilient developmental regionalism approach. The EU carbon border adjustment measure is critically discussed. The AfCFTA and the AU are urged to build more coherent approaches between their negotiating positions in the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"245 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41781491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2231889
Christopher Vandome
ABSTRACT This article uses a broad conceptual framework of economic diplomacy to examine the efficacy of Zambia’s engagement with foreign governments, regional and international organisations, and companies, in the pursuit of investment and trade partners for its mining industry. It argues that successive presidents have had an important impact on investment in mining in two ways – through their balancing of international partnerships and economic diplomacy, and through their national economic and social policy agendas. The article provides an initial examination of the Hichilema government in Zambia and how it has balanced implicit tensions among international actors, international and local priorities, and domestic stakeholders, in the context of the growing demand for ‘green minerals’. This article concludes that further investment in Zambia’s mining sector to meet national development ambitions requires a broadening of the government’s economic diplomacy beyond a presidency-centric approach to a holistic strategy encompassing domestic institution development and regional cooperation.
{"title":"Zambia’s economic diplomacy and the mining industry: An African case study of presidential impact and hopes of a New Dawn","authors":"Christopher Vandome","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2231889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2231889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article uses a broad conceptual framework of economic diplomacy to examine the efficacy of Zambia’s engagement with foreign governments, regional and international organisations, and companies, in the pursuit of investment and trade partners for its mining industry. It argues that successive presidents have had an important impact on investment in mining in two ways – through their balancing of international partnerships and economic diplomacy, and through their national economic and social policy agendas. The article provides an initial examination of the Hichilema government in Zambia and how it has balanced implicit tensions among international actors, international and local priorities, and domestic stakeholders, in the context of the growing demand for ‘green minerals’. This article concludes that further investment in Zambia’s mining sector to meet national development ambitions requires a broadening of the government’s economic diplomacy beyond a presidency-centric approach to a holistic strategy encompassing domestic institution development and regional cooperation.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"205 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43142348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10220461.2023.2191988
Mzukisi Qobo, M. Mzyece
ABSTRACT Ongoing US–China geopolitical rivalry could harm Africa. As in the case of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, when African countries were treated like pawns on a global chessboard, African countries risk getting caught in current US–China geopolitical tensions. These are intensifying following the COVID-19 pandemic when many Africa states are facing their worst socio-economic crisis since independence, as well as a sovereign debt crisis not seen since the 1980s. Africa is institutionally underprepared for the combined effects of these developments. Partly, this is due to persistent governance deficiencies, a constrained global trading environment, and economic under-performance continent-wide. And partly, this is accounted for by Africa’s marginal position in the global system. This article outlines Africa’s potential development pathways against this harsh backdrop, assessing the options for African agency in response to geopolitical rivalries playing out in technology, global supply chains and trade.
{"title":"Geopolitics, technology wars and global supply chains: Implications for Africa","authors":"Mzukisi Qobo, M. Mzyece","doi":"10.1080/10220461.2023.2191988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2023.2191988","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ongoing US–China geopolitical rivalry could harm Africa. As in the case of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, when African countries were treated like pawns on a global chessboard, African countries risk getting caught in current US–China geopolitical tensions. These are intensifying following the COVID-19 pandemic when many Africa states are facing their worst socio-economic crisis since independence, as well as a sovereign debt crisis not seen since the 1980s. Africa is institutionally underprepared for the combined effects of these developments. Partly, this is due to persistent governance deficiencies, a constrained global trading environment, and economic under-performance continent-wide. And partly, this is accounted for by Africa’s marginal position in the global system. This article outlines Africa’s potential development pathways against this harsh backdrop, assessing the options for African agency in response to geopolitical rivalries playing out in technology, global supply chains and trade.","PeriodicalId":44641,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of International Affairs-SAJIA","volume":"30 1","pages":"29 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44319439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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