Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jurdp.2023.176.1.48
{"title":"Urban Design and Planning: Referees 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.2023.176.1.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.2023.176.1.48","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80798345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1680/jurdp.2023.176.1.47
{"title":"Award-winning paper in 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.2023.176.1.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.2023.176.1.47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136362585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent Onyango, Husam Al Waer, P. Gazzola, Mohammad Radfar
This paper explores the extent to which UK planning system reforms introduced during austerity affected the expectations, purposes and outcomes for and of planning. The perspectives of UK-wide planning system stakeholders were sought and collected through an extensive questionnaire. The findings indicate that though most reforms were welcomed in principle, the anticipated benefits had not been delivered. Instead, a loss of experienced staff and capacity, and the favouring of a neoliberal ideology that inadvertently constrained the purposes and delivery of the reforms, affecting in turn, planning's evolving raison d’être, occurred. With frequent mentioning of austerity as a needed tool for financial management, given the current national economic conditions e.g., in the UK (living cost crisis, post covid need for economic growth, public funding of facilities), the relevance of this paper is in warning about the risks towards planning reforms, that must now be more precautionary, and more evidence driven, during austerity.
{"title":"Exploring austerity and planning reforms: insight from UK stakeholders","authors":"Vincent Onyango, Husam Al Waer, P. Gazzola, Mohammad Radfar","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.21.00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00048","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the extent to which UK planning system reforms introduced during austerity affected the expectations, purposes and outcomes for and of planning. The perspectives of UK-wide planning system stakeholders were sought and collected through an extensive questionnaire. The findings indicate that though most reforms were welcomed in principle, the anticipated benefits had not been delivered. Instead, a loss of experienced staff and capacity, and the favouring of a neoliberal ideology that inadvertently constrained the purposes and delivery of the reforms, affecting in turn, planning's evolving raison d’être, occurred. With frequent mentioning of austerity as a needed tool for financial management, given the current national economic conditions e.g., in the UK (living cost crisis, post covid need for economic growth, public funding of facilities), the relevance of this paper is in warning about the risks towards planning reforms, that must now be more precautionary, and more evidence driven, during austerity.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88102862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tehran's urban management approach has changed from large to small-scale projects in the new period due to the increase in the amount of semi-finished projects and the municipality's budget shortage. The target was to change the concept of “city as a site of permanent construction” to “neighborhoods’ improvement” through which citizens can experience tranquility and stability. Besides, there is a growing concern about the children being exposed to different types of urban problems and providing them with their essential needs in public places in the cities of Iran. Therefore, the municipality subjected dilapidated neighborhoods, focusing on child-friendly small-scale projects. The present study aims to analyze the success of a project named Colorful Alley in the Dastgheib neighborhood in Tehran, Iran. In this regard, the related literature of child-friendly cities was reviewed. Then, the questionnaire was designed based on the conceptual model, to determine the inhabitants’ perceptions. The data analysis includes the Friedman test to determine the ranking between the project's successful aspects and the Correlation test to identify the impact of improving one dimension on the other. The results show a positive response among inhabitants of Colorful Alley. The analyzing criteria include the five successful aspects of collective memory, identity, livability, presence, and distinction. The result confirmed that improving visual-perceptual criteria has a direct and strong correlation with improving social or procedural criteria. In fact, child-friendly city principles can be deemed as a catalyst for improving poor neighborhoods.
{"title":"Exploring the dilapidated neighborhood improvement using child-friendly city principles in Tehran, Iran","authors":"Azin Alipour Tabrizi, Seyed Mostafa Mousavi, Arash Taqipour Akhtari","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.21.00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00035","url":null,"abstract":"Tehran's urban management approach has changed from large to small-scale projects in the new period due to the increase in the amount of semi-finished projects and the municipality's budget shortage. The target was to change the concept of “city as a site of permanent construction” to “neighborhoods’ improvement” through which citizens can experience tranquility and stability. Besides, there is a growing concern about the children being exposed to different types of urban problems and providing them with their essential needs in public places in the cities of Iran. Therefore, the municipality subjected dilapidated neighborhoods, focusing on child-friendly small-scale projects. The present study aims to analyze the success of a project named Colorful Alley in the Dastgheib neighborhood in Tehran, Iran. In this regard, the related literature of child-friendly cities was reviewed. Then, the questionnaire was designed based on the conceptual model, to determine the inhabitants’ perceptions. The data analysis includes the Friedman test to determine the ranking between the project's successful aspects and the Correlation test to identify the impact of improving one dimension on the other. The results show a positive response among inhabitants of Colorful Alley. The analyzing criteria include the five successful aspects of collective memory, identity, livability, presence, and distinction. The result confirmed that improving visual-perceptual criteria has a direct and strong correlation with improving social or procedural criteria. In fact, child-friendly city principles can be deemed as a catalyst for improving poor neighborhoods.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76975159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bryan A. Remache-Patino, Daniel J. Comeau, Thomas M. Brennan, Seri Park
Road diets provide a means to reduce traffic speeds and promote alternative travel modes within the United States. Throughout the state of New Jersey there are approximately 50 existing road diets with more planned. While research has shown that road diets improve safety, no defined means to measure their long-term impact on traffic flow were found. This paper explores some new and existing means for applying intelligent transportation techniques to quantify long-term congestion changes through commercial anonymous probe vehicle (APV) speed data, the annual average daily traffic and other factors. Two case studies are used to evaluate congestion performance metrics, analysing 8 million APV speed records. Although there are a number of variables to consider, this preliminary research establishes a base measure for evaluating the pre- and post-road-diet impact on traffic flow.
{"title":"Measuring congestion at road-diet reductions using probe vehicle data","authors":"Bryan A. Remache-Patino, Daniel J. Comeau, Thomas M. Brennan, Seri Park","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.21.00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00049","url":null,"abstract":"Road diets provide a means to reduce traffic speeds and promote alternative travel modes within the United States. Throughout the state of New Jersey there are approximately 50 existing road diets with more planned. While research has shown that road diets improve safety, no defined means to measure their long-term impact on traffic flow were found. This paper explores some new and existing means for applying intelligent transportation techniques to quantify long-term congestion changes through commercial anonymous probe vehicle (APV) speed data, the annual average daily traffic and other factors. Two case studies are used to evaluate congestion performance metrics, analysing 8 million APV speed records. Although there are a number of variables to consider, this preliminary research establishes a base measure for evaluating the pre- and post-road-diet impact on traffic flow.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75531653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on the restorative quality of environments has grown rapidly, however the majority of existing literature focuses on daytime landscapes, while the restorative quality of evening landscapes is less studied. In particular, the landscape characteristics and(or) lighting features that play an essential role in improving the restorative quality of nightscapes are unknown. To address these gaps, 12 urban green spaces were selected as the study sites and the same scene at each site was photographed during the day and evening. The restorative quality and 14 landscape characteristics of all photographs were evaluated quantitatively, and four lighting features of photographs taken during the evening were measured. Statistical analysis indicated that: (1) the restorative quality of daytime landscapes was significantly higher than that of evening landscapes; (2) abundant colors and natural vegetation suggested higher restorative quality during the daytime; and (3) increasing the brightness of lighting and setting lighting sources in the distant view of visitors could improve the restorative quality of evening landscapes. Combined with the previous literature, the results suggest that lighting has the ability to redesign nightscapes, which consequently improves their restorative quality by concealing the less restorative features and illuminating the key elements to promote mental restoration.
{"title":"Developing evening landscapes: A comparison of the restorative quality of urban green spaces between the evening and daytime","authors":"Jingwei Zhao, Guohua Liu, Xintao Li","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.22.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.22.00024","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the restorative quality of environments has grown rapidly, however the majority of existing literature focuses on daytime landscapes, while the restorative quality of evening landscapes is less studied. In particular, the landscape characteristics and(or) lighting features that play an essential role in improving the restorative quality of nightscapes are unknown. To address these gaps, 12 urban green spaces were selected as the study sites and the same scene at each site was photographed during the day and evening. The restorative quality and 14 landscape characteristics of all photographs were evaluated quantitatively, and four lighting features of photographs taken during the evening were measured. Statistical analysis indicated that: (1) the restorative quality of daytime landscapes was significantly higher than that of evening landscapes; (2) abundant colors and natural vegetation suggested higher restorative quality during the daytime; and (3) increasing the brightness of lighting and setting lighting sources in the distant view of visitors could improve the restorative quality of evening landscapes. Combined with the previous literature, the results suggest that lighting has the ability to redesign nightscapes, which consequently improves their restorative quality by concealing the less restorative features and illuminating the key elements to promote mental restoration.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89377045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A sustainable urban form needs accommodate a mix of varied compatible land uses with ample open space ratio though going through transformation. This study, thus, aims to examine the sustainability of land-use transformation patterns from Sub-Saharan African cities’ perspective. It also analyzes consequences of formal planning interventions and organic developments on open space ratio both in the inner city and the periphery. Hence, land-use mix and open space ratio are compared over time at both plot and neighborhood levels, which are both scholarly and practical. The research covers six cases from three morphological periods. Results indicate that the intensity of mixed-land use declined over time at plot levels, while the figure increased at neighborhood levels. Besides, moving from historic cores to peripheries reduces the intensity of mixed-land use at the neighborhood level. Across years, the intensity of mixed-land use showed a decreasing trend reflecting a reduction in the sustainable urban form. To avert this, cities need to integrate practices and principles of both organic development and formal planning endeavors. In addition, ensuring mixity and the existence of ample open space ratio helps to improve sustainability both at plot and neighborhood levels.
{"title":"Land-Use Mix Intensity and Open Space Ratio towards Sustainable Urban Form: Spatio-Temporal Transformation of Cities from Sub Saharan Africa Perspective","authors":"S. Zelelew, Z. Mamo","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.22.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.22.00014","url":null,"abstract":"A sustainable urban form needs accommodate a mix of varied compatible land uses with ample open space ratio though going through transformation. This study, thus, aims to examine the sustainability of land-use transformation patterns from Sub-Saharan African cities’ perspective. It also analyzes consequences of formal planning interventions and organic developments on open space ratio both in the inner city and the periphery. Hence, land-use mix and open space ratio are compared over time at both plot and neighborhood levels, which are both scholarly and practical. The research covers six cases from three morphological periods. Results indicate that the intensity of mixed-land use declined over time at plot levels, while the figure increased at neighborhood levels. Besides, moving from historic cores to peripheries reduces the intensity of mixed-land use at the neighborhood level. Across years, the intensity of mixed-land use showed a decreasing trend reflecting a reduction in the sustainable urban form. To avert this, cities need to integrate practices and principles of both organic development and formal planning endeavors. In addition, ensuring mixity and the existence of ample open space ratio helps to improve sustainability both at plot and neighborhood levels.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86878661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Hooimeijer, J. Bricker, A. Pel, A. Brand, F. V. D. van de Ven, A. Askarinejad
The demand for a more conscious and integrating design process within the field of urban infrastructure development is based in the fact that the environmental crisis can only be dealt with by increasing the resilience of the built environment. Civil engineering and spatial design are fields with very different cultures and languages, yet interdisciplinary cooperation between these fields, as well as among sub-disciplines within each, is at the base of urban infrastructure development. Delft University of Technology (TUD) incorporated interdisciplinary design into its MSc-level education of students in the faculties of civil engineering and architecture focusing on reconstruction projects after crises. Via surveys of the participating students, the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary design methods used, and the interpretation of the terms multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary are revealed. From survey results about Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary understanding it can be concluded that “multidisciplinary” is considered a group process and not an outcome, and mainly communication skills are important. “Interdisciplinary” is considered the outcome and intertwining of knowledge and products. Interdisciplinary design is the integration of sectoral responsibilities, goals and solutions. Interdisciplinary design should entail a conscious and orchestrated process in which the disciplines present their ideas within a shared value system before systematic integration. The challenges are on a personal and cognitive level, an open attitude is necessary to be able to perceive and react, process and understand, retrieve information and make decisions and produce appropriate responses for co-creation. This can be done by training and learning the value of this open attitude and the acknowledgement of the necessity and added quality of the re-integration of engineering within the spatial design process.
{"title":"Multi- and interdisciplinary design of urban infrastructure development","authors":"F. Hooimeijer, J. Bricker, A. Pel, A. Brand, F. V. D. van de Ven, A. Askarinejad","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.21.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00019","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for a more conscious and integrating design process within the field of urban infrastructure development is based in the fact that the environmental crisis can only be dealt with by increasing the resilience of the built environment. Civil engineering and spatial design are fields with very different cultures and languages, yet interdisciplinary cooperation between these fields, as well as among sub-disciplines within each, is at the base of urban infrastructure development. Delft University of Technology (TUD) incorporated interdisciplinary design into its MSc-level education of students in the faculties of civil engineering and architecture focusing on reconstruction projects after crises. Via surveys of the participating students, the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary design methods used, and the interpretation of the terms multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary are revealed. From survey results about Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary understanding it can be concluded that “multidisciplinary” is considered a group process and not an outcome, and mainly communication skills are important. “Interdisciplinary” is considered the outcome and intertwining of knowledge and products. Interdisciplinary design is the integration of sectoral responsibilities, goals and solutions. Interdisciplinary design should entail a conscious and orchestrated process in which the disciplines present their ideas within a shared value system before systematic integration. The challenges are on a personal and cognitive level, an open attitude is necessary to be able to perceive and react, process and understand, retrieve information and make decisions and produce appropriate responses for co-creation. This can be done by training and learning the value of this open attitude and the acknowledgement of the necessity and added quality of the re-integration of engineering within the spatial design process.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77154755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coral Zayreth Morando-Figueroa, Carlos Salazar-Briones, José Mizael Ruiz-Gibert, Marcelo A. Lomeli-Banda
Urban growth has compromised the capacity of Ecosystem Services (ES), causing impacts such as degradation, urban heat islands, climate change, and floods. Valuing ES can help improve their condition and management through political and urban planning instruments. The present study was developed by reviewing the literature using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) disclosure guidelines to identify ES valuation methods based on the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework. The literature review included 117 articles that a) were based on the TEV framework and b) offered a quantitative result. The results show that: a) 52 studies evaluated more than one ES and that the regulation service is the most investigated, b) the contingent valuation method is the most used and the least used was the production function, and c) that 78 of the 117 studies conclude with proposals for the implementation of public policies, of which conservation, protection, and restoration policies are the most important and the method most used for public proposals was the contingent valuation method. It is essential to mention that implementing ES valuation in urban planning benefits users and ecosystems.
{"title":"Ecosystem services valuation in developing countries: a review of methods and applicability approach","authors":"Coral Zayreth Morando-Figueroa, Carlos Salazar-Briones, José Mizael Ruiz-Gibert, Marcelo A. Lomeli-Banda","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.21.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.21.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Urban growth has compromised the capacity of Ecosystem Services (ES), causing impacts such as degradation, urban heat islands, climate change, and floods. Valuing ES can help improve their condition and management through political and urban planning instruments. The present study was developed by reviewing the literature using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) disclosure guidelines to identify ES valuation methods based on the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework. The literature review included 117 articles that a) were based on the TEV framework and b) offered a quantitative result. The results show that: a) 52 studies evaluated more than one ES and that the regulation service is the most investigated, b) the contingent valuation method is the most used and the least used was the production function, and c) that 78 of the 117 studies conclude with proposals for the implementation of public policies, of which conservation, protection, and restoration policies are the most important and the method most used for public proposals was the contingent valuation method. It is essential to mention that implementing ES valuation in urban planning benefits users and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88458595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of gamification in the tourism industry is nothing new; nevertheless, it has not been broadly utilized. This paper seeks to propose a mobile platform using gamification with a focus on the pre-visit museum visiting experience. Additionally, this platform deploys a gamified mechanism to make the visit to the museums [in Milan] more effective for the local visitors and more efficient for the providers; that is to say, it strikes a balance between different museum visits in terms of the number of visitors focusing on small and mid-sized venues—the venues that are more susceptible to the financial crisis. Direct communication with museums of interest was picked as the main methodology to gather the required numerical data to calculate museums’ financial performance.
{"title":"The introduction of a gamified platform to enhance museum visiting experience, with a focus on the small and mid-sized Milanese Museums","authors":"Vida Abbasi","doi":"10.1680/jurdp.22.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.22.00007","url":null,"abstract":"The application of gamification in the tourism industry is nothing new; nevertheless, it has not been broadly utilized. This paper seeks to propose a mobile platform using gamification with a focus on the pre-visit museum visiting experience. Additionally, this platform deploys a gamified mechanism to make the visit to the museums [in Milan] more effective for the local visitors and more efficient for the providers; that is to say, it strikes a balance between different museum visits in terms of the number of visitors focusing on small and mid-sized venues—the venues that are more susceptible to the financial crisis. Direct communication with museums of interest was picked as the main methodology to gather the required numerical data to calculate museums’ financial performance.","PeriodicalId":44716,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80834130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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