Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3126095
A. Mahmoud, Frederic Vanderveken, F. Ciubotaru, C. Adelmann, S. Hamdioui, S. Cotofana
In this article, we propose an energy-efficient spin wave (SW)-based approximate 4:2 compressor including three- and five-input majority gates. We validate our proposal by means of micromagnetic simulations and assess and compare its performance with state-of-the-art SW 45-nm CMOS and spin-CMOS counterparts. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed compressor consumes 31.5% less energy than its accurate SW-design version. Furthermore, it has the same energy consumption and error rate as a directional coupler (DC)-based approximate compressor, but it exhibits a 3× shorter delay. In addition, it consumes 14% less energy while having a 17% lower average error rate than its approximate 45-nm CMOS counterpart. When compared with other emerging technologies, the proposed compressor outperforms the approximate spin-CMOS-based compressor by three orders of magnitude in terms of energy consumption while providing the same error rate. Finally, the proposed compressor requires the smallest chip real estate measured in terms of devices.
{"title":"A Spin Wave-Based Approximate 4:2 Compressor: Seeking the most energy-efficient digital computing paradigm","authors":"A. Mahmoud, Frederic Vanderveken, F. Ciubotaru, C. Adelmann, S. Hamdioui, S. Cotofana","doi":"10.1109/mnano.2021.3126095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2021.3126095","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose an energy-efficient spin wave (SW)-based approximate 4:2 compressor including three- and five-input majority gates. We validate our proposal by means of micromagnetic simulations and assess and compare its performance with state-of-the-art SW 45-nm CMOS and spin-CMOS counterparts. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed compressor consumes 31.5% less energy than its accurate SW-design version. Furthermore, it has the same energy consumption and error rate as a directional coupler (DC)-based approximate compressor, but it exhibits a 3× shorter delay. In addition, it consumes 14% less energy while having a 17% lower average error rate than its approximate 45-nm CMOS counterpart. When compared with other emerging technologies, the proposed compressor outperforms the approximate spin-CMOS-based compressor by three orders of magnitude in terms of energy consumption while providing the same error rate. Finally, the proposed compressor requires the smallest chip real estate measured in terms of devices.","PeriodicalId":44724,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine","volume":"16 1","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43775911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3113223
W. Vandenberghe
Nanotechnology enables the use of rare elements in commercial electronic applications, vastly increasing the number of possibly useful materials. To focus experimental efforts onto a selected set of the most promising materials, theoretical guidance starting from first principles is indispensable. We present an overview of how the electronic, structural, dielectric, magnetic, and transport properties of novel electronic materials can be predicted from first principles. We give a basic overview of the computational process and the computational expense to predict each of the aforementioned properties. We illustrate the application of the different techniques using various 2D materials.
{"title":"Determining Electronic, Structural, Dielectric, Magnetic, and Transport Properties in Novel Electronic Materials: Using first-principles techniques","authors":"W. Vandenberghe","doi":"10.1109/mnano.2021.3113223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2021.3113223","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology enables the use of rare elements in commercial electronic applications, vastly increasing the number of possibly useful materials. To focus experimental efforts onto a selected set of the most promising materials, theoretical guidance starting from first principles is indispensable. We present an overview of how the electronic, structural, dielectric, magnetic, and transport properties of novel electronic materials can be predicted from first principles. We give a basic overview of the computational process and the computational expense to predict each of the aforementioned properties. We illustrate the application of the different techniques using various 2D materials.","PeriodicalId":44724,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine","volume":"15 1","pages":"68-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41368038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3113218
G. Krylov, J. Kawa, E. Friedman
Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is essential for the design of large-scale microelectronic systems. In this article, EDA methodologies, techniques, and algorithms used to develop superconductive computing systems are reviewed. The semicustom standard cell-based design flow, common in conventional CMOS circuits, is widely adopted in modern superconductive digital circuits. Differences and issues in CAD flows as compared to CMOS design methodologies are highlighted. The most common stages of these design flows, from high-level simulation to physical layout, are described. These stages are grouped into three areas: simulation/modeling, synthesis/place and route, and verification. Modern approaches and tools for superconductive circuits are reviewed for each of these areas.
{"title":"Design Automation of Superconductive Digital Circuits: A review","authors":"G. Krylov, J. Kawa, E. Friedman","doi":"10.1109/mnano.2021.3113218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2021.3113218","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is essential for the design of large-scale microelectronic systems. In this article, EDA methodologies, techniques, and algorithms used to develop superconductive computing systems are reviewed. The semicustom standard cell-based design flow, common in conventional CMOS circuits, is widely adopted in modern superconductive digital circuits. Differences and issues in CAD flows as compared to CMOS design methodologies are highlighted. The most common stages of these design flows, from high-level simulation to physical layout, are described. These stages are grouped into three areas: simulation/modeling, synthesis/place and route, and verification. Modern approaches and tools for superconductive circuits are reviewed for each of these areas.","PeriodicalId":44724,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine","volume":"15 1","pages":"54-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41645728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3113192
D. R. Beahm, Yijie Deng, Tanner G. Riley, R. Sarpeshkar
The boltzmann-exponential thermodynamic laws govern the noisy molecular flux in chemical reactions as well as the noisy subthreshold electron current flux in transistors. These common mathematical laws enable one to map and simulate arbitrary stochastic biochemical reaction networks in highly efficient cytomorphic systems built on subthreshold analog circuits. Such simulations can accurately and automatically model noisy, nonlinear, asynchronous, stiff, and nonmodular feedback dynamics in interconnected networks in physical circuits. The scaling in simulation time for stochastic networks with the number of reactions or molecules is constant in cytomorphic systems. By contrast, it grows rapidly in digital systems, which are not parallelizable. Therefore, cytomorphic systems enable large-scale supercomputing systems-biology simulations of arbitrary and highly computationally intensive biochemical reaction networks that can nevertheless be compiled via digitally programmable parameters and connectivity.
{"title":"Cytomorphic Electronic Systems: A review and perspective","authors":"D. R. Beahm, Yijie Deng, Tanner G. Riley, R. Sarpeshkar","doi":"10.1109/mnano.2021.3113192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2021.3113192","url":null,"abstract":"The boltzmann-exponential thermodynamic laws govern the noisy molecular flux in chemical reactions as well as the noisy subthreshold electron current flux in transistors. These common mathematical laws enable one to map and simulate arbitrary stochastic biochemical reaction networks in highly efficient cytomorphic systems built on subthreshold analog circuits. Such simulations can accurately and automatically model noisy, nonlinear, asynchronous, stiff, and nonmodular feedback dynamics in interconnected networks in physical circuits. The scaling in simulation time for stochastic networks with the number of reactions or molecules is constant in cytomorphic systems. By contrast, it grows rapidly in digital systems, which are not parallelizable. Therefore, cytomorphic systems enable large-scale supercomputing systems-biology simulations of arbitrary and highly computationally intensive biochemical reaction networks that can nevertheless be compiled via digitally programmable parameters and connectivity.","PeriodicalId":44724,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine","volume":"15 1","pages":"41-53"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42894546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, annealing-based computing is emerging as a new type of high-performance computing (HPC) technology for solving computationally intractable combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Inspired by thermal annealing in metallurgy, the cost function of a COP is encoded in an energy function (Hamiltonian), with its lowest energy state being searched using an annealer and finally transformed to the global or global approximate optimal solution to a target problem. We address the key technology underlying annealing-based methods along with an experimental study with a commercial digital annealer (DA). We hope to shed light on how industries could benefit from this emerging computing technology to explore the challenges and opportunities in the quantum computing age.
{"title":"Annealing in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Era: Key concepts and approaches","authors":"Lien-Po Yu, Chih-Yu Chen, Chao-Sung Lai, Bing J. Sheu, Shao-Ku Kao, Ching-Ray Chang","doi":"10.1109/mnano.2021.3113217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2021.3113217","url":null,"abstract":"In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, annealing-based computing is emerging as a new type of high-performance computing (HPC) technology for solving computationally intractable combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Inspired by thermal annealing in metallurgy, the cost function of a COP is encoded in an energy function (Hamiltonian), with its lowest energy state being searched using an annealer and finally transformed to the global or global approximate optimal solution to a target problem. We address the key technology underlying annealing-based methods along with an experimental study with a commercial digital annealer (DA). We hope to shed light on how industries could benefit from this emerging computing technology to explore the challenges and opportunities in the quantum computing age.","PeriodicalId":44724,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine","volume":"15 1","pages":"21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62412768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3113215
Namita Bindal, Arshid Nisar, Seema Dhull, B. Kaushik
Magnetic skyrmions are particle-like, nanometer-sized topological spin textures observed in several magnetic materials. They have emerged as an alternative to conventional spintronic memories and domain walls (DWs) and offer high storage density, more robust stability, low critical currents, and increased scalability. Recent advances have set the stage for their use in quantum computing, logic circuits, and neuromorphic computing. With the aid of electrical methods, it is possible to precisely create, manipulate, and destroy skyrmions in device-compatible materials. However, the maximum speed achievable by magnetic skyrmions and the reliable detection of data have been restricted by the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE). Other issues include a low read margin and a lack of proper skyrmion motion control in nanowires. Most of these can be addressed by exploiting novel materials, such as antiferromagnets; employing specialized fabrication techniques; tuning driving current profiles; and circuit-level engineering. In this article, theoretical and experimental breakthroughs and challenges relevant to magnetic skyrmions and their applications in data storage, logic computing, and neuromorphic computing are highlighted.
{"title":"Magnetic Skyrmions: Recent advances and applications","authors":"Namita Bindal, Arshid Nisar, Seema Dhull, B. Kaushik","doi":"10.1109/mnano.2021.3113215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mnano.2021.3113215","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic skyrmions are particle-like, nanometer-sized topological spin textures observed in several magnetic materials. They have emerged as an alternative to conventional spintronic memories and domain walls (DWs) and offer high storage density, more robust stability, low critical currents, and increased scalability. Recent advances have set the stage for their use in quantum computing, logic circuits, and neuromorphic computing. With the aid of electrical methods, it is possible to precisely create, manipulate, and destroy skyrmions in device-compatible materials. However, the maximum speed achievable by magnetic skyrmions and the reliable detection of data have been restricted by the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE). Other issues include a low read margin and a lack of proper skyrmion motion control in nanowires. Most of these can be addressed by exploiting novel materials, such as antiferromagnets; employing specialized fabrication techniques; tuning driving current profiles; and circuit-level engineering. In this article, theoretical and experimental breakthroughs and challenges relevant to magnetic skyrmions and their applications in data storage, logic computing, and neuromorphic computing are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":44724,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine","volume":"15 1","pages":"28-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47274204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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