Electrical properties of porous oxide layers investigated with the help of specially developed methods. The electrical conductivity measurements made in the wide range of electrical fields by developed pulse method. The method of thin metallic probes and measurements of their spreading resistance in o.l. used to receive the parameters of electron gas in pores. The value of electrical conductivity of contacts between small oxide grains separated from the value of electrical conductivity through electron gas in pores at high temperatures by measurements of spreading resistance and thermoemf, and their changes in magnetic field. The results of these experiments are giving and discussed below.
{"title":"Electrical properties of porous oxides of alkaline-earth metals with high thermoelectric efficiency","authors":"É. Sher","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553285","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical properties of porous oxide layers investigated with the help of specially developed methods. The electrical conductivity measurements made in the wide range of electrical fields by developed pulse method. The method of thin metallic probes and measurements of their spreading resistance in o.l. used to receive the parameters of electron gas in pores. The value of electrical conductivity of contacts between small oxide grains separated from the value of electrical conductivity through electron gas in pores at high temperatures by measurements of spreading resistance and thermoemf, and their changes in magnetic field. The results of these experiments are giving and discussed below.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116871047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermoelectric materials with high Z's have been searched for recently among semiconducting oxide ceramics for the purpose of power generation at high temperatures in an air atmosphere. Metallic oxides consisting of non-transition metal elements which mould possibly have large band widths and high carrier mobility have been the target materials. One possible oxide group is that having In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ as a main component. In the present study, homologous compounds of (ZnO)mIn/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (m=integer) with layer structures were synthesized by reaction-sintering the powder mixtures of ZnO and In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ at 1823 K for 2 h in air. Their thermoelectric characteristics, i.e. electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity were measured at 500-1000 K. Their Z depended on the composition and the microstructure.
{"title":"Thermoelectric characteristics of homologous compounds with layer structures in the ZnO-In2O3 system","authors":"K. Koumoto, H. Ohta, W. Seo","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553286","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectric materials with high Z's have been searched for recently among semiconducting oxide ceramics for the purpose of power generation at high temperatures in an air atmosphere. Metallic oxides consisting of non-transition metal elements which mould possibly have large band widths and high carrier mobility have been the target materials. One possible oxide group is that having In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ as a main component. In the present study, homologous compounds of (ZnO)mIn/sub 2/O/sub 3/ (m=integer) with layer structures were synthesized by reaction-sintering the powder mixtures of ZnO and In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ at 1823 K for 2 h in air. Their thermoelectric characteristics, i.e. electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity were measured at 500-1000 K. Their Z depended on the composition and the microstructure.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126311815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The compact of Cu:Sn:S=8:1:4 composition was prepared by sintering. The thermoelectric properties of the compact were measured as a function of temperature and annealing period. The microstructures were investigated by X-ray diffraction experiments and transmission electron microscopic observation. The compact is desirable in thermoelectric properties and thermal stability below 450 K. The compact consists of mixtures of several compound structures.
{"title":"Thermoelectric properties and structures of the sintered compact of Cu:Sn:S = 8:1:4 composition","authors":"M. Hasaka, T. Morimura, T. Aki, S. Kondo","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553282","url":null,"abstract":"The compact of Cu:Sn:S=8:1:4 composition was prepared by sintering. The thermoelectric properties of the compact were measured as a function of temperature and annealing period. The microstructures were investigated by X-ray diffraction experiments and transmission electron microscopic observation. The compact is desirable in thermoelectric properties and thermal stability below 450 K. The compact consists of mixtures of several compound structures.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124288395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The supply of distant electric devices that cannot be connected to the public electricity grid for reasons of cost, waiting time or due to the need of local flexibility has been a major problem. To date, the power supply of such stand-alone systems has been based mainly on battery-buffered fossil-fueled motor-generators. Apart from the consumption of limited fossil fuel reserves, the disadvantages of these systems include the creation of noise and exhaust gases, the constant need to obtain fuel and, most important, the high amount of maintenance and repairs. For these reasons, and due to the progress in regenerative energy conversion made in the last decade, battery-buffered PV power systems are used more and more often. Their advantages are high reliability and low cost of repairs. However, far away from the equator, where solar radiation is very low during the winter, large PV generators are needed to guarantee sufficient reliability. Therefore, system costs are high. Another disadvantage is that the battery lifetime in PV power systems is significantly reduced compared to its lifetime in fossil fueled systems. To avoid these disadvantages, the PV generator can be combined with fossil fueled power generators. In the medium power range, from 10 W up to several hundred W, thermoelectric generators appear to be particularly qualified because of their reliability and lifetime. In this paper, a (so called) "photovoltaic hybrid system" is compared to a purely PV power system on the basis of model calculations starting with the solar radiation situation on the Earth's surface.
{"title":"Thermoelectric generators in photovoltaic hybrid systems","authors":"R. Kugele, W. Roth, W. Schulz, A. Steinhuser","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553505","url":null,"abstract":"The supply of distant electric devices that cannot be connected to the public electricity grid for reasons of cost, waiting time or due to the need of local flexibility has been a major problem. To date, the power supply of such stand-alone systems has been based mainly on battery-buffered fossil-fueled motor-generators. Apart from the consumption of limited fossil fuel reserves, the disadvantages of these systems include the creation of noise and exhaust gases, the constant need to obtain fuel and, most important, the high amount of maintenance and repairs. For these reasons, and due to the progress in regenerative energy conversion made in the last decade, battery-buffered PV power systems are used more and more often. Their advantages are high reliability and low cost of repairs. However, far away from the equator, where solar radiation is very low during the winter, large PV generators are needed to guarantee sufficient reliability. Therefore, system costs are high. Another disadvantage is that the battery lifetime in PV power systems is significantly reduced compared to its lifetime in fossil fueled systems. To avoid these disadvantages, the PV generator can be combined with fossil fueled power generators. In the medium power range, from 10 W up to several hundred W, thermoelectric generators appear to be particularly qualified because of their reliability and lifetime. In this paper, a (so called) \"photovoltaic hybrid system\" is compared to a purely PV power system on the basis of model calculations starting with the solar radiation situation on the Earth's surface.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121803655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An optimum design is investigated to maximize the coefficient of performance (COP) for a thermoelectric cooling system (TEC system) which consists of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and heat-exchangers at the cold side and the hot side. Optimizing a TEC in the TEC system for the maximum COP can be performed by using the balance equations of nondimensional entropy flow, when the thermal resistances of heat-exchangers for a TEC system are given and the system operates under a constant temperature difference. In these equations, the COP of the TEC system becomes a function of nondimensional thermal resistance of the cold side heat-exchanger and nondimensional entropy flow at the cold side of the TEC system. Therefore the COP of the TEC system is shown as a contour graph on these two variables. By using this graph, not only TEC design parameters for the maximum COP of the TEC system can be determined, but the degrading effect by thermal resistances of the TEC system on the COP can also be evaluated.
{"title":"Optimum design in thermoelectric cooling systems","authors":"M. Yamanashi, Y. Kibayashi, F. Toyada, M. Azechi","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553303","url":null,"abstract":"An optimum design is investigated to maximize the coefficient of performance (COP) for a thermoelectric cooling system (TEC system) which consists of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and heat-exchangers at the cold side and the hot side. Optimizing a TEC in the TEC system for the maximum COP can be performed by using the balance equations of nondimensional entropy flow, when the thermal resistances of heat-exchangers for a TEC system are given and the system operates under a constant temperature difference. In these equations, the COP of the TEC system becomes a function of nondimensional thermal resistance of the cold side heat-exchanger and nondimensional entropy flow at the cold side of the TEC system. Therefore the COP of the TEC system is shown as a contour graph on these two variables. By using this graph, not only TEC design parameters for the maximum COP of the TEC system can be determined, but the degrading effect by thermal resistances of the TEC system on the COP can also be evaluated.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130373653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sharp, E. H. Volckmann, H. Lyon, D. J. Gillespie, G. Kamm, A. Ehrlich
This paper reports the joint effort of Marlow Industries (MI) and members of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to test the usefulness of a carefully constructed conventional apparatus for measurement of the thermal conductivity of thermoelectrics. The design of the NRL apparatus takes into account the listed error sources, but is especially tailored to eliminate radiative exchange. This choice is driven by the fact that the instrument is most often used to measure the thermal conductivity of metals at high temperatures. We have found that as a consequence of using insulation to prevent radiation, the apparatus is not well suited for measurement of low thermal conductivity samples, such as standard thermoelectrics. The samples used as standard materials were taken from ingots grown at MI by a commercial method. The p-type ingot was grown from a melt of Sb/sub 150/Bi/sub 50/Te/sub 291/Se/sub 9/ plus a few percent of excess Te. The n-type ingot was grown from a doped melt of Bi/sub 20/Te/sub 27/Se/sub 3/. With slight variations, these are the compositions used throughout the thermoelectrics industry.
{"title":"Validation of thermoelectrics measurements. II","authors":"J. Sharp, E. H. Volckmann, H. Lyon, D. J. Gillespie, G. Kamm, A. Ehrlich","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553518","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the joint effort of Marlow Industries (MI) and members of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to test the usefulness of a carefully constructed conventional apparatus for measurement of the thermal conductivity of thermoelectrics. The design of the NRL apparatus takes into account the listed error sources, but is especially tailored to eliminate radiative exchange. This choice is driven by the fact that the instrument is most often used to measure the thermal conductivity of metals at high temperatures. We have found that as a consequence of using insulation to prevent radiation, the apparatus is not well suited for measurement of low thermal conductivity samples, such as standard thermoelectrics. The samples used as standard materials were taken from ingots grown at MI by a commercial method. The p-type ingot was grown from a melt of Sb/sub 150/Bi/sub 50/Te/sub 291/Se/sub 9/ plus a few percent of excess Te. The n-type ingot was grown from a doped melt of Bi/sub 20/Te/sub 27/Se/sub 3/. With slight variations, these are the compositions used throughout the thermoelectrics industry.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130499714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern fuel thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in the range of 10-500 W. Chemical sources of current (CSC) that do not always satisfy consumers are used at lower powers. Negative factors are large weight, cost, self-discharge amount, problems in storage and maintenance at low temperatures. CSC manufacture is power-intensive, expensive and ecologically dangerous. That is why fuel TEGs capable of competing with CSCs are of interest. The paper is devoted to fuel TEGs on liquefied gas development for 10-100 mW power ranges. Small power heat sources have been developed on the catalytic counter-flow burner base which stably operates on gas and is suitable for continuous operation on a self-sufficiency basis. The catalytic burner feature at separated fuel and air supply is spontaneous burning resumption after short breaks in fuel supply, changes in air supply and combustion products discharge. The burner's temperature can be maintained within 250-400/spl deg/C. A high efficiency promoted catalyst with service life up to 10000 hours is used in heat sources. The use of results of a series research works in this direction ensured the development of such catalytic heat sources (CHS). TEGs design was made by the computer modelling. TEGs maximum is defined by the following optimizing parameters: a collector aerodynamic drag, burner-collector distance, fuel consumption, load impedance and thermoelectric battery properties.
{"title":"Miniature thermoelectric generators (TEG) with catalytic heating","authors":"L. Anatychuk, V. Mikhailovskii, V. Konopelnyuk","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553510","url":null,"abstract":"Modern fuel thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in the range of 10-500 W. Chemical sources of current (CSC) that do not always satisfy consumers are used at lower powers. Negative factors are large weight, cost, self-discharge amount, problems in storage and maintenance at low temperatures. CSC manufacture is power-intensive, expensive and ecologically dangerous. That is why fuel TEGs capable of competing with CSCs are of interest. The paper is devoted to fuel TEGs on liquefied gas development for 10-100 mW power ranges. Small power heat sources have been developed on the catalytic counter-flow burner base which stably operates on gas and is suitable for continuous operation on a self-sufficiency basis. The catalytic burner feature at separated fuel and air supply is spontaneous burning resumption after short breaks in fuel supply, changes in air supply and combustion products discharge. The burner's temperature can be maintained within 250-400/spl deg/C. A high efficiency promoted catalyst with service life up to 10000 hours is used in heat sources. The use of results of a series research works in this direction ensured the development of such catalytic heat sources (CHS). TEGs design was made by the computer modelling. TEGs maximum is defined by the following optimizing parameters: a collector aerodynamic drag, burner-collector distance, fuel consumption, load impedance and thermoelectric battery properties.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133512839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work heat transport in condensed media is examined from the theoretical point of view. We consider the heat flux at the surface of the sample as boundary condition and a fixed temperature on the other surface of the sample those boundary conditions reflect the usual experimental conditions in photoacoustic experiments. From this, we obtain explicitly the electron and phonon temperature distributions in the sample as function of both, time and position, valid for all range of the laser chopper frequency. The characterization of the thermal waves properties is discussed and some practical procedures for this purpose provide us with information about the electron and phonon thermal parameters.
{"title":"Interacted electron and phonon thermal waves in semiconductors: application to photothermal effects","authors":"G. González de la Cruz, Y. Gurevich","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553302","url":null,"abstract":"In this work heat transport in condensed media is examined from the theoretical point of view. We consider the heat flux at the surface of the sample as boundary condition and a fixed temperature on the other surface of the sample those boundary conditions reflect the usual experimental conditions in photoacoustic experiments. From this, we obtain explicitly the electron and phonon temperature distributions in the sample as function of both, time and position, valid for all range of the laser chopper frequency. The characterization of the thermal waves properties is discussed and some practical procedures for this purpose provide us with information about the electron and phonon thermal parameters.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131978692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, a new application for low-temperature thermoelectric modules has emerged in the fields of biology and medicine. Laboratory instruments that thermally cycle small biological samples for purposes of DNA amplification are now common in research laboratories throughout the world, and instruments based upon several different technologies have been developed. Market forces are increasing showing that thermoelectrics are very well suited to this task, but several hurdles must first be overcome in order to build a quality instrument. Chief among these is the need to build modules optimized for thermal cycling. Data are presented here to document a particularly rugged design of module that works well in this demanding application.
{"title":"Application of bismuth-telluride thermoelectrics in driving DNA amplification and sequencing reactions","authors":"J. Hansen, M. Nussbaum","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553312","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a new application for low-temperature thermoelectric modules has emerged in the fields of biology and medicine. Laboratory instruments that thermally cycle small biological samples for purposes of DNA amplification are now common in research laboratories throughout the world, and instruments based upon several different technologies have been developed. Market forces are increasing showing that thermoelectrics are very well suited to this task, but several hurdles must first be overcome in order to build a quality instrument. Chief among these is the need to build modules optimized for thermal cycling. Data are presented here to document a particularly rugged design of module that works well in this demanding application.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116218179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Kloc, K. Fess, W. Kaefer, K. Friemelt, H. Riazi-Nejad, M. Wendl, E. Bucher
Recently, there has been a growing interest in small integrated cooling units. This prompted us to establish a screening program for the search of new efficient thermoelectric materials requiring the optimization of figure of merit. Preparation and crystal growth experiments on possible thermoelectric compounds: TiNiSn, ZrNiSn, CoSb/sub 3/, SrAs/sub 3/, /spl beta/-FeSi/sub 2/, FeSi, NiS, La/sub 3/Cu/sub 3/Sb/sub 4/, Ce/sub 3/Cu/sub 3/Sb/sub 4/, Gd/sub 3/Cu/sub 3/Sb/sub 4/ are presented. Single crystals of congruently melting compounds were obtained by the Czochralski or Bridgman techniques. The peritectic decomposing compounds were prepared by flux-growth. Low defect crystals were obtained by vapor transport. Whenever it was possible, more than one technique was studied for the preparation of the same compound. Transport properties and thermoelectric properties were measured and discussed.
{"title":"Crystal growth of narrow gap semiconductors for thermoelectric applications","authors":"C. Kloc, K. Fess, W. Kaefer, K. Friemelt, H. Riazi-Nejad, M. Wendl, E. Bucher","doi":"10.1109/ICT.1996.553281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.1996.553281","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there has been a growing interest in small integrated cooling units. This prompted us to establish a screening program for the search of new efficient thermoelectric materials requiring the optimization of figure of merit. Preparation and crystal growth experiments on possible thermoelectric compounds: TiNiSn, ZrNiSn, CoSb/sub 3/, SrAs/sub 3/, /spl beta/-FeSi/sub 2/, FeSi, NiS, La/sub 3/Cu/sub 3/Sb/sub 4/, Ce/sub 3/Cu/sub 3/Sb/sub 4/, Gd/sub 3/Cu/sub 3/Sb/sub 4/ are presented. Single crystals of congruently melting compounds were obtained by the Czochralski or Bridgman techniques. The peritectic decomposing compounds were prepared by flux-growth. Low defect crystals were obtained by vapor transport. Whenever it was possible, more than one technique was studied for the preparation of the same compound. Transport properties and thermoelectric properties were measured and discussed.","PeriodicalId":447328,"journal":{"name":"Fifteenth International Conference on Thermoelectrics. Proceedings ICT '96","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125406772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：