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Results and Prospects for Cooperation between Russia and Mongolia on the Problems of Tick-Borne Infections 俄罗斯与蒙古在蜱媒感染问题上的合作成果与前景

IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences

Geography and Natural Resources

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823050141

Abstract

This article presents the results of a quarter of a century of cooperation between the Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems (Irkutsk, Russia) and the National Centers for Zoonotic Infections (Ulaanbaatar and Sükhbaatar, Mongolia), as well as the current ecological and epidemiological situation and perspectives of future collaborative research. The current situation in the natural foci of tick-borne infections in the transboundary Russian–Mongolian territories indicates the need to continue joint research and improve existing monitoring. Based on the results of field research, laboratory diagnostics of biomaterials, and data on the official incidence of tick-borne infections, the epidemiological situation in near-border foci in Russia and Mongolia started worsening. In the territories of the taiga and forest-steppe landscapes of Mongolia, the taiga tick, the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and ixodid tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease), occurs with varying frequency and abundance. The second in importance and width of distribution is the steppe tick, which annually reaches several hundred per surveillance count in April–May in the steppe habitats. Up to 81% of the studied ticks contain viral and bacterial pathogens and can transmit these pathogens of dangerous diseases to humans. Since 2005, TBE has been diagnosed in 393 patients, Lyme disease in 276, and North Asian tick typhus in 2003, and patients with mixed infection were also diagnosed. More than half of the tick-borne disease cases were registered in Selenge aimag bordering Russia, which is one of the most affected in Mongolia in terms of tick-borne infections. For 18 years, the mortality comprised 0.9% (23 fatal cases). According to the official data of Rospotrebnadzor in the Republic of Buryatia in the border Tunkinsky district, the incidence of TBE had increased from one case in 2020 to six in 2022, whereas Lyme disease increased from four to seven cases. The results presented here indicate the need for urgent actions to prevent a further increase in tick-borne diseases.

摘要本文介绍了家庭健康和人类生殖问题科学中心（俄罗斯伊尔库茨克）与国家人畜共患病中心（蒙古乌兰巴托和苏赫巴托）四分之一世纪以来的合作成果，以及当前的生态和流行病学状况和未来合作研究的前景。俄罗斯-蒙古跨境地区蜱传感染自然疫源地的现状表明，有必要继续开展联合研究并改进现有的监测工作。根据实地研究、生物材料实验室诊断和蜱媒感染官方发病率数据的结果，俄罗斯和蒙古近边境地区的流行病学状况开始恶化。在蒙古的泰加和森林草原地区，泰加蜱是蜱传脑炎（TBE）和伊科蜱传包虫病（莱姆病）的主要传播媒介，其出现的频率和数量各不相同。草原蜱的重要性和分布范围位居第二，每年 4-5 月在草原栖息地的监测计数中，草原蜱的数量可达数百只。所研究的蜱虫中多达 81% 含有病毒和细菌病原体，可将这些危险疾病的病原体传播给人类。自 2005 年以来，有 393 名患者被确诊为唐氏综合征，276 名患者被确诊为莱姆病，2003 年被确诊为北亚蜱斑疹伤寒，此外还有混合感染的患者。一半以上的蜱媒疾病病例发生在与俄罗斯接壤的色楞格省，该省是蒙古蜱媒感染最严重的地区之一。18 年间，死亡率为 0.9%（23 例死亡病例）。根据布里亚特共和国 Rospotrebnadzor 在边境 Tunkinsky 区的官方数据，蜱媒疾病的发病率从 2020 年的 1 例增加到 2022 年的 6 例，而莱姆病则从 4 例增加到 7 例。本文介绍的结果表明，有必要采取紧急行动，防止蜱媒疾病进一步增加。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial Structure of Equatorial Landscapes of the Merkele Ridge (Seram Island, Indonesia) 默克莱海脊赤道地貌的空间结构（印度尼西亚塞拉姆岛）

IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences

Geography and Natural Resources

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823040042

Abstract

The landscape structure of the equatorial limestone Merkele ridge, on which the highest peak of the Maluku Islands, Mt. Binaya, is located, has been studied. As a result, a spectrum of landscape taxa has been identified that is atypical of extratropical-latitude mountains. The formation of limestone by coral polyps, which was subsequently raised up to 3000 m above the level of the World Ocean by tectonic movements, as well as the hypsometric factor and the humid equatorial climate, became the main factors determining the modern landscape structure of the ridge. The influence of the relief-substrate basis on the differentiation of landscape components is shown. Seven landscape taxa, representing the landscape framework of the Merkele ridge, have been identified. Analysis of spatial distribution of soil types and plant formations has made it possible to distinguish 15 smaller landscape taxa among them. Their vertical differentiation is caused by a decrease in temperatures and a change in moisture with increasing elevation. The taxonomic composition of vegetation becomes simpler in this case. Representatives of the flora from higher latitudes appear in it. The anthropogenic factor has had a strong impact on the geosystems in the lower belt of the ridge. Landscape taxa with dominant plant communities of cultivated plants, as well as those devoid of natural vegetation and soil cover emerged below the 300-m isohypse as a result of cutting down of low-mountain rain forests on gentle and moderately steep slopes. Landscape taxa above the 300-m isohypse have mostly preserved their natural state.

摘要对马鲁古群岛最高峰比纳亚山所在的赤道石灰岩默克莱山脊的地貌结构进行了研究。研究结果表明，地貌类群的分布是非典型的外热带纬度山脉。由珊瑚虫形成的石灰岩，随后由于构造运动而被抬升到世界海平面以上 3000 米的高度，以及湿度因素和潮湿的赤道气候，成为决定山脊现代景观结构的主要因素。图中显示了地貌-基质基础对地貌成分分化的影响。已确定的七个景观类群代表了默克莱尔山脊的景观框架。通过分析土壤类型和植物形态的空间分布，可以在其中区分出 15 个较小的景观类群。随着海拔的升高，温度降低，湿度变化，导致了这些植物的垂直分化。在这种情况下，植被的分类组成变得更加简单。其中出现了高纬度植物区系的代表。人为因素对山脊下带的地质生态系统产生了很大影响。由于砍伐了缓坡和中陡坡上的低山雨林，300 米等高线以下出现了以栽培植物群落为主的地貌类群，以及没有自然植被和土壤覆盖的地貌类群。300 米等高线以上的地貌类群大多保留了其自然状态。

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引用次数: 0

Cartographic Analysis of the Framework of Territorial Nature Protection in Ulaanbaatar 乌兰巴托全境自然保护框架的制图分析

IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences

Geography and Natural Resources

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823050086

Abstract

The problems of landscaping and preservation of the most valuable natural sites of the capital and the largest city of Mongolia are considered. As part of the cartographic analysis, the green framework of the urban agglomeration of Ulaanbaatar is identified, consisting of specially protected natural areas (SPNAs) and urban forests (existing and newly landscaped), as well as other sites valuable for conservation. When mapping the elements that make up the green framework of a megalopolis with almost 2 million people, insufficient landscaping of the central residential part of the city was revealed, and the very high values of the area of green areas are generally ensured by the inclusion of natural forests and protected areas in the city boundaries. They remain confined to the outskirts of the settlement. The main problems for the green system of Ulaanbaatar remain logging, fires, the significant expansion of urban development, the yurt ring and the use of territories by so-called dachas (summer homes), and recreational impact. In addition, the negative impact of climate change and lack of irrigation water on green areas is noted, as is the significant presence of air pollutants in the city’s atmosphere (urban transport, coal heating for homes, and coal-based electricity). The main goal of improving the green framework is recognized as the need to expand landscaping in the populated part of the city and link individual green islands into a single urban system.

摘要研究了蒙古首都和最大城市最有价值的自然景观的美化和保护问题。作为制图分析的一部分，确定了乌兰巴托城市群的绿色框架，包括特别保护自然区（SPNAs）和城市森林（现有的和新美化的），以及其他有保护价值的地点。在绘制一个拥有近 200 万人口的特大城市的绿色框架要素图时，发现城市中心居住区的景观美化不足，而绿地面积的极高价值一般是通过将自然森林和保护区纳入城市边界来确保的。它们仍然局限于居住区的外围。乌兰巴托绿化系统的主要问题仍然是伐木、火灾、城市发展的大幅扩张、蒙古包圈、所谓的 "大夏"（避暑别墅）的使用以及对娱乐的影响。此外，气候变化和灌溉用水不足对绿地的负面影响，以及城市大气中大量存在的空气污染物（城市交通、家庭用煤取暖和煤电）也值得注意。改善绿色框架的主要目标是扩大城市人口密集区的景观，并将各个绿岛连接成一个单一的城市系统。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of the Exogeodynamic Hazard of Catastrophic Flash Floods on the Territory of the Ulaanbaatar Agglomeration 乌兰巴托城市群地区灾难性山洪的外地球动力危害评估

IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences

Geography and Natural Resources

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1134/s187537282305013x

Abstract

The study area is located in the Ulaanbaatar basin and is characterized by complicated environmental conditions determined by the peculiarities of an extremely continental climate with high rainfall intensity, a structural–tectonic pattern, the geological structure of the Ulaanbaatar intermountain depression, high seismic activity reaching 8 points, and the occurrence of catastrophic flash floods. In the conditions of rapid urban expansion, the high population density and housing development of Ulaanbaatar, and the implementation of large investment projects, it is an urgent task to assess the exogeodynamic hazard of the Ulaanbaatar catchment basin and develop the concept of geoecological safety of the territory. These methods and approaches consist of combining a complex of methods of engineering geology and geomorphology: monitoring the dynamics of exogenous processes; environmental assessment; the analysis of development factors (climatic, geomorphologic, tectonic, and lithological) and interaction of processes; laboratory methods of analyzing the composition, structure, and properties of soils; a detailed morphometric analysis of catchment areas; and the application of the basin approach. Based on the analysis of topographic maps on a scale of 1 : 50 000 and of digital relief models in GIS programs, the parameters of the drainage network of the catchment areas and of energy and basin geometry were calculated and reflected on map layers, and specialized maps were compiled. A detailed assessment of erosion-prone soils (composition, structure, and specific properties) revealed a moderate resistance of sediments to geodynamic impacts. As a result, maps of flood hazard of catchments under different rainfalls—short intensive heavy rainfalls and long-term rains—were compiled. The elaborated concept of geoecological safety of territories includes successive stages of works aimed at (a) identifying the exogeodynamic hazard, (b) the organization and implementation of monitoring works, (c) assessing geoecological safety with respect to hazardous exogenous geological processes, and (d) the development of recommendations for further use and specification of information.

摘要研究区位于乌兰巴托盆地，其环境条件复杂，这是由降雨强度大的极端大陆性气候、构造-构造格局、乌兰巴托山间坳陷的地质结构、达到 8 级的高地震活动以及灾难性山洪暴发等特殊性决定的。在乌兰巴托城市快速扩张、人口密度高、住房发展和大型投资项目实施的条件下，评估乌兰巴托集水盆地的外地球动力学危害和制定领土地质生态安全概念是一项紧迫的任务。这些方法和途径包括将工程地质学和地貌学的综合方法结合起来：监测外源过程的动态；环境评估；分析发展因素（气候、地貌、构造和岩性）和过程的相互作用；分析土壤组成、结构和性质的实验室方法；集水区的详细形态分析；以及流域方法的应用。根据对比例尺为 1:50 000 的地形图和地理信息系统程序中的数字地形模型的分析，计算了集水区的排水管网参数以及能量和流域几何参数，并将其反映在地图图层上，同时编制了专业地图。对易受侵蚀的土壤（成分、结构和具体特性）进行的详细评估显示，沉积物对地球动力影响的抵抗力适中。因此，编制了不同降雨量--短时强降雨和长期降雨--下的集水区洪水危害图。详细阐述的领土地质生态安全概念包括连续的工作阶段，目的是：(a) 确定外地球动力危害，(b) 组织和实施监测工作，(c) 评估与危险的外源地质过程有关的地质生态安全，(d) 制定进一步使用和规范信息的建议。

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引用次数: 0

Cryogenic Landforms of the Altai Highlands (a Case Study of the Tavan Bogd National Park, Western Mongolia) 阿尔泰高原的低温地貌（蒙古西部塔万博格达国家公园案例研究）

IF 0.3 Q4 Social Sciences

Geography and Natural Resources

Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030071

Abstract

The transboundary part of the Altai mountains has been investigated. It is established that it is characterized by a set of geomorphological elements due to the altitudinal position, geological structure, neotectonic activity, modern and paleo-climatic conditions, and exogenous relief-forming processes. In the highlands of the Mongolian Altai, landforms associated with the formation, movement, and melting of ice are widespread. The geological activity of glaciers, the work of melt water, and the presence of permafrost give rise to bright forms. The formation of the appearance of mountain landscapes and the transformation of the surface are associated with actively ongoing slope processes: avalanches, mudflows, landslides, and rock falls. It is found that the objects of cryogenic genesis are landforms differing in scale, structure, and location. They include snow–ice and rock–ice formations, solifluction forms, areas with frost mounds (palza), polygonal and structural soils, aufeis, etc. It is concluded that the most representative objects of cryogenic genesis illustrating the geological work of ice are modern glacial complexes, rock glaciers, and rock streams. Glaciers constitute the main element of the high-mountain zone for complex conjugated cryogenic forms. In addition to them, smaller forms stand out, the formation of which is associated with the processes of soil change under the influence of permafrost and gravitational processes. Regularities are observed in the structure and arrangement of the landforms in the alpine zone. On the basis of information from field routes, satellite data interpretation, and the use of GIS capabilities, we have analyzed the distribution of cryogenic landforms. Material is prepared on the basis of working with a digital elevation model. A list (catalog) of natural cryogenic objects of different categories identified within the Altai Tavan Bogd National Park has been compiled. The study confirms that the landforms of the highlands are of interest for further study, the replenishment of the catalog of objects, and the development of thematic tourism.

摘要对阿尔泰山的跨界部分进行了调查。研究表明，由于海拔位置、地质结构、新构造活动、现代和古气候条件以及外源地貌形成过程，阿尔泰山具有一系列地貌要素。在蒙古阿尔泰高原，与冰的形成、移动和融化有关的地貌十分普遍。冰川的地质活动、融水的作用以及永久冻土的存在，都会形成亮丽的地貌。山地景观外观的形成和地表的变化与活跃的斜坡过程有关：雪崩、泥石流、滑坡和落石。研究发现，低温成因的对象是在规模、结构和位置上各不相同的地貌。它们包括雪冰和岩冰地貌、溶蚀地貌、霜丘（palza）地区、多边形土壤和结构性土壤、冻土等。结论是，最能体现冰地质作用的低温成因对象是现代冰川群、岩冰川和岩流。冰川是高山地带复合共轭低温形态的主要元素。除此之外，还有一些较小的冰川，它们的形成与永久冻土和重力作用下的土壤变化过程有关。高寒地带地貌的结构和排列具有规律性。在实地路线信息、卫星数据解读和利用地理信息系统功能的基础上，我们对低温地貌的分布进行了分析。材料是在使用数字高程模型的基础上准备的。在阿尔泰塔万博格达国家公园内发现的各类天然低温物体的清单（目录）已经编制完成。研究证实，高原地貌值得进一步研究、补充对象目录和发展主题旅游。

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