Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030095
S. V. Osipov
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to clarify the system of higher classes of geographical complexes and to identify on their basis natural and natural-technogenic types of layering of the geographical sphere, as well as to discuss the landscape sphere concept. A model of the geographical sphere (geographical envelope, epigeosphere) is proposed on the basis of vertically alternating layers, each of which is a set of laterally bordering geocomplexes of the landscape level at the boundary between geospheres (atmo-, hydro-, and lithosphere) or within one of them. We have substantiated the classification scheme of seven divisions (classes of the highest rank) of natural geocomplexes: atmolithospheric (terrestrial), hydrolithospheric (bottom (underwater) and glacial-mineral (subglacial)), atmohydrospheric (air-water (water-surface) and air-glacial), atmohydrolithospheric (amphibious and glacial), atmospheric (air), hydrospheric (water and glacial), and lithospheric (underground (mineral)). The classification of geocomplexes is a uniform basis for a comparative analysis of the most diverse parts of the geographical sphere. This approach enables us to display not only the layering, but all aspects of the spatial structure and may be used not only at global and regional, but also at local levels. The same model enables us to reflect anthropogenic changes of the spatial structure. Four natural types of the layer structure of the geographical sphere (epigeosphere) are distinguished: terrestrial, amphibious (continental and marine) and glacial, midwater (marine and continental) and glacial, and deepwater (oceanic and marine) and glacial. Five technogenically modified (natural-technogenic) subtypes of the layered structure are identified: two in the terrestrial and one in each of the other types. The concept of the landscape sphere as part of the geographical sphere (epigeosphere) along the contact zones of partial geospheres is supplemented by the idea of the landscape sphere as a sphere allocated to the outer boundary of the lithosphere. In this version of the concept, the landscape sphere is formed by geocomplexes of three classes: atmolithospheric, atmohydrolithospheric, and hydrolithospheric.
{"title":"Higher Classes of Geographical Complexes and Layer Structure of the Geographical Sphere","authors":"S. V. Osipov","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030095","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The aim of this paper is to clarify the system of higher classes of geographical complexes and to identify on their basis natural and natural-technogenic types of layering of the geographical sphere, as well as to discuss the landscape sphere concept. A model of the geographical sphere (geographical envelope, epigeosphere) is proposed on the basis of vertically alternating layers, each of which is a set of laterally bordering geocomplexes of the landscape level at the boundary between geospheres (atmo-, hydro-, and lithosphere) or within one of them. We have substantiated the classification scheme of seven divisions (classes of the highest rank) of natural geocomplexes: atmolithospheric (terrestrial), hydrolithospheric (bottom (underwater) and glacial-mineral (subglacial)), atmohydrospheric (air-water (water-surface) and air-glacial), atmohydrolithospheric (amphibious and glacial), atmospheric (air), hydrospheric (water and glacial), and lithospheric (underground (mineral)). The classification of geocomplexes is a uniform basis for a comparative analysis of the most diverse parts of the geographical sphere. This approach enables us to display not only the layering, but all aspects of the spatial structure and may be used not only at global and regional, but also at local levels. The same model enables us to reflect anthropogenic changes of the spatial structure. Four natural types of the layer structure of the geographical sphere (epigeosphere) are distinguished: terrestrial, amphibious (continental and marine) and glacial, midwater (marine and continental) and glacial, and deepwater (oceanic and marine) and glacial. Five technogenically modified (natural-technogenic) subtypes of the layered structure are identified: two in the terrestrial and one in each of the other types. The concept of the landscape sphere as part of the geographical sphere (epigeosphere) along the contact zones of partial geospheres is supplemented by the idea of the landscape sphere as a sphere allocated to the outer boundary of the lithosphere. In this version of the concept, the landscape sphere is formed by geocomplexes of three classes: atmolithospheric, atmohydrolithospheric, and hydrolithospheric.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030046
O. P. Yermolaev, S. S. Mukharamova, K. A. Maltsev, M. A. Ivanov, A. M. Gafurov, A. A. Saveliev, E. A. Shynbergenov, P. O. Ermolaeva, A. O. Bodrova, R. O. Yantsitov
Abstract
For the first time, an electronic vector map of small river basins and their interfluves with a regional level of spatial detail (1 : 1 000 000) has been created using GIS technology for the territory of mainland Russia with a total area of almost 17 million km2. The GMTED2010 global model is used as a digital elevation model. The total number of basin geosystems is 388 627 and their area averages 47.8 km2. The selected basin geosystems are used as operational–territorial units, in relation to which the geodatabase was created, characterizing the natural resource potential and geoecology of Russia. The open access River Basins of European Russia geoportal was created for a large part of the country, where all information thus obtained is posted. The article provides examples of solutions based on the previously formed GIS and the basin approach. A digital mosaic of small river basins makes it possible to “collect” territories of different scales (from local to transregional) and different taxonomies (from catchments of large rivers to federal districts of Russia) for geographical analysis. Such examples are given with the creation of specialized GIS for the great rivers of Siberia: the Ob and Lena, and a number of federal districts: the Volga and Siberian districts. Based on the map thus created of basins and GIS, a number of major geographical and geoecological problems are solved: the evaluation of current intensity of soil erosion, density of gully erosion, modeling of river runoff and anthropogenic impact on basin geosystems.
{"title":"Geography and Geoecology of Russia in the Mosaic of River Basins","authors":"O. P. Yermolaev, S. S. Mukharamova, K. A. Maltsev, M. A. Ivanov, A. M. Gafurov, A. A. Saveliev, E. A. Shynbergenov, P. O. Ermolaeva, A. O. Bodrova, R. O. Yantsitov","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030046","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>For the first time, an electronic vector map of small river basins and their interfluves with a regional level of spatial detail (1 : 1 000 000) has been created using GIS technology for the territory of mainland Russia with a total area of almost 17 million km<sup>2</sup>. The GMTED2010 global model is used as a digital elevation model. The total number of basin geosystems is 388 627 and their area averages 47.8 km<sup>2</sup>. The selected basin geosystems are used as operational–territorial units, in relation to which the geodatabase was created, characterizing the natural resource potential and geoecology of Russia. The open access River Basins of European Russia geoportal was created for a large part of the country, where all information thus obtained is posted. The article provides examples of solutions based on the previously formed GIS and the basin approach. A digital mosaic of small river basins makes it possible to “collect” territories of different scales (from local to transregional) and different taxonomies (from catchments of large rivers to federal districts of Russia) for geographical analysis. Such examples are given with the creation of specialized GIS for the great rivers of Siberia: the Ob and Lena, and a number of federal districts: the Volga and Siberian districts. Based on the map thus created of basins and GIS, a number of major geographical and geoecological problems are solved: the evaluation of current intensity of soil erosion, density of gully erosion, modeling of river runoff and anthropogenic impact on basin geosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030083
S. V. Morozova, K. E. Denisov, E. A. Polyanskaya, K. S. Kondakov, N. V. Korotkova, R. R. Gafurov
Abstract
This study examines changes in an AT-500 hPa surface pressure field across two natural periods of the earth’s climate system: a period of stabilization and the second wave of global warming, divided into an active phase and a decelerated warming phase. The study area is the Atlantic-Eurasian sector of the hemisphere, where weather and climate instability is the highest. An analysis of climatic fields is performed for January and July. It is established that in both January and July the highest degree of zonality is typical for the active phase of the second wave of global warming. It is found that in January the climatic baric wave shifted along the west–east direction between natural climatic periods. A westward shift is observed during the stabilization period and the decelerated warming phase. Eastward wave movement is observed in the active phase of the second wave of global warming. In July, in the context of the west–east shift of the baric wave over most of European Russia, during the decelerated warming phase there emerged an anticyclonic core, which indicates an increase in the frequency of anticyclones over this territory. It is suggested that this restructuring of the pressure field contributes to an increase in the role of summer transformation processes in the ongoing climate warming.
{"title":"Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation Regime in the Context of Global Climate Trends in the Atlantic-Eurasian Sector of the Northern Hemisphere","authors":"S. V. Morozova, K. E. Denisov, E. A. Polyanskaya, K. S. Kondakov, N. V. Korotkova, R. R. Gafurov","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030083","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study examines changes in an AT-500 hPa surface pressure field across two natural periods of the earth’s climate system: a period of stabilization and the second wave of global warming, divided into an active phase and a decelerated warming phase. The study area is the Atlantic-Eurasian sector of the hemisphere, where weather and climate instability is the highest. An analysis of climatic fields is performed for January and July. It is established that in both January and July the highest degree of zonality is typical for the active phase of the second wave of global warming. It is found that in January the climatic baric wave shifted along the west–east direction between natural climatic periods. A westward shift is observed during the stabilization period and the decelerated warming phase. Eastward wave movement is observed in the active phase of the second wave of global warming. In July, in the context of the west–east shift of the baric wave over most of European Russia, during the decelerated warming phase there emerged an anticyclonic core, which indicates an increase in the frequency of anticyclones over this territory. It is suggested that this restructuring of the pressure field contributes to an increase in the role of summer transformation processes in the ongoing climate warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030010
V. R. Alekseev, O. M. Makarieva, A. N. Shikhov, N. V. Nesterova, A. A. Zemlyanskova, A. A. Ostashov
Abstract
This article describes the compilation procedure and contents of the Atlas of giant taryn aufeis, a specific form of glaciation in the northeastern part of the Eurasian continent resulting from the freezing of groundwater that has come to the surface. The Atlas consists of two parts: analytical with illustrations and cartographic. Part I presents an overview of the extensive history of research on aufeis and the results of the digitization of small-scale maps that describe the dependence of aufeis fields on permafrost–hydrogeological, hydroclimatic, geomorphological, and geotectonic conditions. A special section of the Atlas is devoted to hazardous glacial and permafrost–geological phenomena that affect the engineering development of the territory. The results of the study indicate that about 5% of the territory of northeastern Russia can be described as an aufeis-prone zone. Part II of the Atlas contains over 100 maps of the distribution of taryn aufeis along the basins of major rivers of northeastern Russia (Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, and Penzhina). The maps indicate the current positions and sizes of about 7000 aufeis fields as identified from Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite images; they are compared with the Cadastre of Aufeis by A.S. Simakov and Z.G. Shil’nikovskaya (1958). An analysis of the data has revealed ambiguous trends of changes in aufeis fields. On the one hand, their number increased by the 21st century, but, on the other hand, the total preablation aufeis area decreased. Information on retrospective and current locations of aufeis fields is presented in the form of a digital database for large rivers of northeastern Russia. Most of the data collected in the Atlas requires detailed analysis.
{"title":"Giant Taryn Aufeis in the Northeast of Russia","authors":"V. R. Alekseev, O. M. Makarieva, A. N. Shikhov, N. V. Nesterova, A. A. Zemlyanskova, A. A. Ostashov","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030010","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article describes the compilation procedure and contents of the Atlas of giant taryn aufeis, a specific form of glaciation in the northeastern part of the Eurasian continent resulting from the freezing of groundwater that has come to the surface. The Atlas consists of two parts: analytical with illustrations and cartographic. Part I presents an overview of the extensive history of research on aufeis and the results of the digitization of small-scale maps that describe the dependence of aufeis fields on permafrost–hydrogeological, hydroclimatic, geomorphological, and geotectonic conditions. A special section of the Atlas is devoted to hazardous glacial and permafrost–geological phenomena that affect the engineering development of the territory. The results of the study indicate that about 5% of the territory of northeastern Russia can be described as an aufeis-prone zone. Part II of the Atlas contains over 100 maps of the distribution of taryn aufeis along the basins of major rivers of northeastern Russia (Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Anadyr, and Penzhina). The maps indicate the current positions and sizes of about 7000 aufeis fields as identified from Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite images; they are compared with the Cadastre of Aufeis by A.S. Simakov and Z.G. Shil’nikovskaya (1958). An analysis of the data has revealed ambiguous trends of changes in aufeis fields. On the one hand, their number increased by the 21st century, but, on the other hand, the total preablation aufeis area decreased. Information on retrospective and current locations of aufeis fields is presented in the form of a digital database for large rivers of northeastern Russia. Most of the data collected in the Atlas requires detailed analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030125
S. B. Sosorova
Abstract
This article analyzes patterns of potassium sorption from an aqueous solution of KCl by three types of soils (lowland peaty, light chestnut, and alluvial soddy types) formed under conditions of Western Transbaikalia and by their treated analogs. Potassium sorption in soil is measured in laboratory conditions based on an experiment in which soils are balanced using a solution with different initial concentrations of KCl (0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mmol/L) for 24 h. The resulting potassium sorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Parameters of these equations indicate an inhomogeneity of the bonds of potassium ions with the solid phase of soils. The maximum potassium uptake by the studied soils varies from 53.2 to 87.8% at the initial KCl concentration of 1 mmol/L, while the coefficient of distribution (Kd) of potassium between the solid and liquid phases of the soils used in the study varies from 11.37 to 72.11 L/kg. The highest Kd value has been determined for the lowland peaty soil and the lowest value for the alluvial soddy soil. The patterns of changes in Kd of potassium are correlated with the degree of its absorption by the soil. The maximum sorption capacity of potassium by the soils varies from 54.05 to 98.04 mmol/kg in the upper humus horizons and from 35.71 to 100.0 mmol/kg in the lower horizons. The values of the KL coefficient of the Langmuir equation are slightly lower in humus horizons (0.272‒0.668 L/mmol) than in mineral horizons (0.102–1.511 L/mmol), which indicates that potassium binds more strongly in mineral horizons. The KF coefficient of the Freundlich equation varies from 9.98 to 23.51 mmol/kg in humus horizons and from 6.63 to 26.77 mmol/kg in mineral horizons. It has been established that the studied soils are characterized by different sorption activities with respect to potassium and form the following decreasing series with respect to the level of potassium absorption: lowland peaty > light chestnut > alluvial soddy soils.
{"title":"Patterns of Potassium Sorption by Soils in Western Transbaikalia","authors":"S. B. Sosorova","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030125","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article analyzes patterns of potassium sorption from an aqueous solution of KCl by three types of soils (lowland peaty, light chestnut, and alluvial soddy types) formed under conditions of Western Transbaikalia and by their treated analogs. Potassium sorption in soil is measured in laboratory conditions based on an experiment in which soils are balanced using a solution with different initial concentrations of KCl (0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mmol/L) for 24 h. The resulting potassium sorption isotherms are described by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Parameters of these equations indicate an inhomogeneity of the bonds of potassium ions with the solid phase of soils. The maximum potassium uptake by the studied soils varies from 53.2 to 87.8% at the initial KCl concentration of 1 mmol/L, while the coefficient of distribution (<i>K</i><sub>d</sub>) of potassium between the solid and liquid phases of the soils used in the study varies from 11.37 to 72.11 L/kg. The highest <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> value has been determined for the lowland peaty soil and the lowest value for the alluvial soddy soil. The patterns of changes in <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> of potassium are correlated with the degree of its absorption by the soil. The maximum sorption capacity of potassium by the soils varies from 54.05 to 98.04 mmol/kg in the upper humus horizons and from 35.71 to 100.0 mmol/kg in the lower horizons. The values of the <i>K</i><sub>L</sub> coefficient of the Langmuir equation are slightly lower in humus horizons (0.272‒0.668 L/mmol) than in mineral horizons (0.102–1.511 L/mmol), which indicates that potassium binds more strongly in mineral horizons. The <i>K</i><sub>F</sub> coefficient of the Freundlich equation varies from 9.98 to 23.51 mmol/kg in humus horizons and from 6.63 to 26.77 mmol/kg in mineral horizons. It has been established that the studied soils are characterized by different sorption activities with respect to potassium and form the following decreasing series with respect to the level of potassium absorption: lowland peaty > light chestnut > alluvial soddy soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030022
I. A. Belozertseva, I. B. Vorobyeva, N. V. Vlasova
Abstract
As a result of soil-geochemical studies, we have determined the degree of hydrogenic transformation of soils on the most developed and periodically flooded territories of the western and southern coast of Lake Baikal. Indicators are selected and a scale is proposed for a point assessment of hydrogenic transformation of soils and soil cover. The following indicators are used as indicators of the hydrogenic transformation of soils and soil cover: morphological signs of hydromorphism, soil pollution, reduction of physical clay content, increased area of exposed soil-forming and underlying rock, reduction of humus reserves, the area of natural forage land and arable land removed from land use, and others. An assessment is made of the environmental damage caused to the soil cover of the coastal area as a result of the influence of fluctuations in the lake level. It is revealed that most of the key areas of the western coast of Lake Baikal are characterized by an average degree of soil transformation. A high degree of soil transformation is noted at the mouths of the Goloustnaya and Anga rivers and on the coast of the Gulf of Shida and Lake Ulan-Khan. On most of the studied territory of the southern coast of Baikal (the mouth of the Snezhnaya, Utulik, Pokhabikha, and Kultuk rivers), a high degree of transformation of soil cover has been established, where an anthropogenic impact is also observed. In all periodically flooded soils of the lake coast, geomorphological signs of hydromorphism are observed, and in some areas there are processes of increasing the fraction of physical sand, sediment from organic remains of dead vegetation, a decrease and increase in humus reserves, and a decrease in the area of forage land. Increased concentrations of petroleum products and some heavy metals have been detected in the soils of the estuaries of the southern coast of Lake Baikal. The soils of most of the key areas are characterized by low levels of plant nutrients.
{"title":"Soil Transformation along the Coast of Baikal Due to Lake Level Fluctuations (Irkutsk Oblast)","authors":"I. A. Belozertseva, I. B. Vorobyeva, N. V. Vlasova","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030022","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>As a result of soil-geochemical studies, we have determined the degree of hydrogenic transformation of soils on the most developed and periodically flooded territories of the western and southern coast of Lake Baikal. Indicators are selected and a scale is proposed for a point assessment of hydrogenic transformation of soils and soil cover. The following indicators are used as indicators of the hydrogenic transformation of soils and soil cover: morphological signs of hydromorphism, soil pollution, reduction of physical clay content, increased area of exposed soil-forming and underlying rock, reduction of humus reserves, the area of natural forage land and arable land removed from land use, and others. An assessment is made of the environmental damage caused to the soil cover of the coastal area as a result of the influence of fluctuations in the lake level. It is revealed that most of the key areas of the western coast of Lake Baikal are characterized by an average degree of soil transformation. A high degree of soil transformation is noted at the mouths of the Goloustnaya and Anga rivers and on the coast of the Gulf of Shida and Lake Ulan-Khan. On most of the studied territory of the southern coast of Baikal (the mouth of the Snezhnaya, Utulik, Pokhabikha, and Kultuk rivers), a high degree of transformation of soil cover has been established, where an anthropogenic impact is also observed. In all periodically flooded soils of the lake coast, geomorphological signs of hydromorphism are observed, and in some areas there are processes of increasing the fraction of physical sand, sediment from organic remains of dead vegetation, a decrease and increase in humus reserves, and a decrease in the area of forage land. Increased concentrations of petroleum products and some heavy metals have been detected in the soils of the estuaries of the southern coast of Lake Baikal. The soils of most of the key areas are characterized by low levels of plant nutrients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823030034
R. S. Chalov, E. R. Chalova
Abstract
A geographical analysis of the manifestation of various forms of meandering of river flows and conditions for the occurrence of bends of channels and bends of branches of channels is given for the first time. It is shown that the instability of rectilinear movement of the flows, causing their sinuosity (meandering), is reflected primarily in the formation and development of river bends (the formation of meandering channels), which are the most common morphodynamic type of channel in small and medium-sized rivers. It has been established that channel bends dominate in the rivers of the southern part of the East European Plain, in Western Siberia, and in other lowlands, which are characterized (according to geological and geomorphological conditions) by the free development of channel deformations. In large rivers of these regions, bends are complicated by islands on their wings or in the apical parts, whereas in the Lower Volga and the Middle and Lower Ob, which are the largest, are characteristic for the arms of bifurcated channels (the Volga and Akhtuba and the Malaya, Gornaya, and Bolshaya Ob). It has been revealed that a specific feature of meandering and branching channels is floodplain-channel branching with meandering arms (up to 3‒6 bends each). In branched rivers of any type, the meandering process manifests itself in the formation of branching arms and, in rectilinear unbranched channels, in the sinuosity of the meandering flow among side channels located in a staggered order. Under conditions of the limited development of channel deformations (the northwest of European Russia and Central Siberian plateau), incised bends and bends of branching arms of the incised channel on large rivers prevail. In areas of complex geological and geomorphological structure, there occurs a complex alternation of free and incised bends and a braided channel with bends of branches of the incised and broad floodplain channel. In mountain rivers there occur incised bends and structurally conditioned bends of the channel. The distribution of various forms of meandering is displayed on a small-scale map that combines the zoning for small and medium-sized rivers and the linear form (off-scale strips) for large and major rivers.
{"title":"Geographical Patterns of River Channel Meandering in Russia","authors":"R. S. Chalov, E. R. Chalova","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823030034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823030034","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>A geographical analysis of the manifestation of various forms of meandering of river flows and conditions for the occurrence of bends of channels and bends of branches of channels is given for the first time. It is shown that the instability of rectilinear movement of the flows, causing their sinuosity (meandering), is reflected primarily in the formation and development of river bends (the formation of meandering channels), which are the most common morphodynamic type of channel in small and medium-sized rivers. It has been established that channel bends dominate in the rivers of the southern part of the East European Plain, in Western Siberia, and in other lowlands, which are characterized (according to geological and geomorphological conditions) by the free development of channel deformations. In large rivers of these regions, bends are complicated by islands on their wings or in the apical parts, whereas in the Lower Volga and the Middle and Lower Ob, which are the largest, are characteristic for the arms of bifurcated channels (the Volga and Akhtuba and the Malaya, Gornaya, and Bolshaya Ob). It has been revealed that a specific feature of meandering and branching channels is floodplain-channel branching with meandering arms (up to 3‒6 bends each). In branched rivers of any type, the meandering process manifests itself in the formation of branching arms and, in rectilinear unbranched channels, in the sinuosity of the meandering flow among side channels located in a staggered order. Under conditions of the limited development of channel deformations (the northwest of European Russia and Central Siberian plateau), incised bends and bends of branching arms of the incised channel on large rivers prevail. In areas of complex geological and geomorphological structure, there occurs a complex alternation of free and incised bends and a braided channel with bends of branches of the incised and broad floodplain channel. In mountain rivers there occur incised bends and structurally conditioned bends of the channel. The distribution of various forms of meandering is displayed on a small-scale map that combines the zoning for small and medium-sized rivers and the linear form (off-scale strips) for large and major rivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1134/s187537282303006x
O. V. Kudryavtseva, K. S. Sitkina, A. V. Baraboshkina
Abstract
This article discusses some approaches to building a system of indicators reflecting the state and dynamics of the transition to low-carbon development in Russia. To this end, the authors have analyzed a system of indicators reflecting progress in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals in the context of transitioning to a low-carbon economy. As part of the study, additional indicators are proposed and partially calculated for inclusion in the system (such as the carbon footprint of use and production in Russia in order to use the net carbon export indicator). CO2 emissions contained in manufactured goods and implicit in exports are calculated on the basis of an input–output model. In addition, the indicators of carbon dioxide absorption by forests in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are considered. This indicator is obtained on the basis of conversion–volumetric coefficients in the context of age groups. The experience of China and Germany in the develpment of renewable energy is considered, an analysis of the energy intensity indicators of regions of Russia is conducted, indicators of the absorption of greenhouse gases by forests are calculated, and proposals are made to improve the indicators of low-carbon development. The study reveals a significant gap between produced and consumed carbon dioxide emissions, which is determined by the large export of carbon emissions, while the volume of carbon emissions from the forests of the Russian Arctic is 168.8 million t of CO2 per year. The proposed system of indicators of the transition to low-carbon development for various levels complements the known indicators of the low-carbon segment of the Sustainable Development Goals with relevant indicators, such as an increase in electricity production from renewable sources, the share of public transport running on batteries, and carbon absorption by ecosystems. Currently, the system includes ten indicators, representing four main areas (energy intensity, carbon intensity, introduction of cleaner energy sources, and carbon uptake by ecosystems).
{"title":"Indicators of the Transition of Russia to Low-Carbon Development","authors":"O. V. Kudryavtseva, K. S. Sitkina, A. V. Baraboshkina","doi":"10.1134/s187537282303006x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s187537282303006x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This article discusses some approaches to building a system of indicators reflecting the state and dynamics of the transition to low-carbon development in Russia. To this end, the authors have analyzed a system of indicators reflecting progress in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals in the context of transitioning to a low-carbon economy. As part of the study, additional indicators are proposed and partially calculated for inclusion in the system (such as the carbon footprint of use and production in Russia in order to use the net carbon export indicator). CO<sub>2</sub> emissions contained in manufactured goods and implicit in exports are calculated on the basis of an input–output model. In addition, the indicators of carbon dioxide absorption by forests in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are considered. This indicator is obtained on the basis of conversion–volumetric coefficients in the context of age groups. The experience of China and Germany in the develpment of renewable energy is considered, an analysis of the energy intensity indicators of regions of Russia is conducted, indicators of the absorption of greenhouse gases by forests are calculated, and proposals are made to improve the indicators of low-carbon development. The study reveals a significant gap between produced and consumed carbon dioxide emissions, which is determined by the large export of carbon emissions, while the volume of carbon emissions from the forests of the Russian Arctic is 168.8 million t of CO<sub>2</sub> per year. The proposed system of indicators of the transition to low-carbon development for various levels complements the known indicators of the low-carbon segment of the Sustainable Development Goals with relevant indicators, such as an increase in electricity production from renewable sources, the share of public transport running on batteries, and carbon absorption by ecosystems. Currently, the system includes ten indicators, representing four main areas (energy intensity, carbon intensity, introduction of cleaner energy sources, and carbon uptake by ecosystems).</p>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823050190
Abstract
The factors of formation and patterns of spatial differentiation of soils within the floodplain landscapes of the River Selenga and its tributaries (on the territory of Mongolia and Russian Federation) depending on zonal–belt location are revealed. This factor has been established to significantly affect the genesis, structure, morphology, and properties of soils within river floodplains. Soil diversity is due to different types of synlithogenic trunk of the alluvial section and the trunk of primary soil formation of the department of underdeveloped soils. Soils of halomorphic section of the postlithogenic trunk are of a landscape significance in steppe and dry-steppe zones. Alluvial dark-humus soils are close to optimal in properties and regimes Alluvial humus–gley soils develop under excessive flood–ground moisture, the influence of the permafrost–thermal factor, and the low activity of soil microbiota. It is proposed to include the type of alluvial light-humus soils, which are quite widespread in the floodplain landscapes of the region, in the soil classification. These soils develop under conditions of sufficient heat supply, but severe moisture deficit and intensive mineralization of organic matter, and are characterized by low humus content. A comprehensive agrochemical assessment of the level of fertility of alluvial soils and hydromorphic solonchaks and the biological productivity of natural meadow communities is given.
{"title":"Soils of Floodplain Landscapes of the River Selenga Basin","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823050190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823050190","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The factors of formation and patterns of spatial differentiation of soils within the floodplain landscapes of the River Selenga and its tributaries (on the territory of Mongolia and Russian Federation) depending on zonal–belt location are revealed. This factor has been established to significantly affect the genesis, structure, morphology, and properties of soils within river floodplains. Soil diversity is due to different types of synlithogenic trunk of the alluvial section and the trunk of primary soil formation of the department of underdeveloped soils. Soils of halomorphic section of the postlithogenic trunk are of a landscape significance in steppe and dry-steppe zones. Alluvial dark-humus soils are close to optimal in properties and regimes Alluvial humus–gley soils develop under excessive flood–ground moisture, the influence of the permafrost–thermal factor, and the low activity of soil microbiota. It is proposed to include the type of alluvial light-humus soils, which are quite widespread in the floodplain landscapes of the region, in the soil classification. These soils develop under conditions of sufficient heat supply, but severe moisture deficit and intensive mineralization of organic matter, and are characterized by low humus content. A comprehensive agrochemical assessment of the level of fertility of alluvial soils and hydromorphic solonchaks and the biological productivity of natural meadow communities is given.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139476505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1134/s1875372823050098
Abstract
An original scheme of faunal zoning in the south of Eastern Siberia and Northern Mongolia on the basis of a basin approach is proposed using the example of regional faunas of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with the identification of the zonal–provincial structure of the region. It is proposed to consider the transition zone an independent province and the Baikal border a provincial border. It is revealed that the mixed transitional nature of the ground beetles fauna is associated with its position at the junction of large zoogeographic regions of the Palearctic. The zonal–provincial structure of the region’s ground beetles fauna includes 3 areas, 3 provinces, and 31 districts.
{"title":"Faunal Zoning South of Eastern Siberia and Northern Mongolia Using the Example of the Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae)","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1875372823050098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1875372823050098","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>An original scheme of faunal zoning in the south of Eastern Siberia and Northern Mongolia on the basis of a basin approach is proposed using the example of regional faunas of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with the identification of the zonal–provincial structure of the region. It is proposed to consider the transition zone an independent province and the Baikal border a provincial border. It is revealed that the mixed transitional nature of the ground beetles fauna is associated with its position at the junction of large zoogeographic regions of the Palearctic. The zonal–provincial structure of the region’s ground beetles fauna includes 3 areas, 3 provinces, and 31 districts.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":44739,"journal":{"name":"Geography and Natural Resources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139476804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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