Pub Date : 2022-06-22DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00031-1
R. Nadimi, K. Tokimatsu
Abstract This research utilizes “ time use ” analysis, rather than the “ power ” side of energy consumption, to measure households’ fundamental energy needs (FENs) that is helpful for energy poverty alleviation. Households’ FENs contain energy for cooking, cooling, heating, and lighting/entertainment services, which vary in terms of the family size, their lifestyle, weather parameters, and so on. This research monitors and records time usage of FENs activities for a low-income couple family lived in a triplex kind of house in Japan. After fitting statistical distribution for time usage data, simulation model is used to calculate robust results for household energy consumption. The results indicate that the average daily FENs of this family is around 63 Mega Joule. The results also emphasize that for energy poverty reduction, the investment cost should be prioritized for cooking with the highest share of energy service, followed by heating, cooling, and lighting/entertainment service. Graphical abstract Highlights The results of this study showed that investment on cooking and heating services reduced energy poverty up to 75%. While, the cooling and lighting/entertainment services share was around 25%. Discussion Many studies have analyzed the impact of renewable energies in energy poverty reduction in pre-developing countries. However, the cost of supplying 100% of energy demand through renewable energies to reduce energy poverty, is higher than hybrid power system option. Applying diesel generator along with renewable energies is a viable option with lower cost, while the existence of diesel generator is mostly ignored due to its trivial CO_2 emissions compared with significant amount of CO_2 emissions in developed countries.
{"title":"Applying consumption time analysis to measure fundamental energy needs: A method to quantify households’ energy services","authors":"R. Nadimi, K. Tokimatsu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00031-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00031-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research utilizes “ time use ” analysis, rather than the “ power ” side of energy consumption, to measure households’ fundamental energy needs (FENs) that is helpful for energy poverty alleviation. Households’ FENs contain energy for cooking, cooling, heating, and lighting/entertainment services, which vary in terms of the family size, their lifestyle, weather parameters, and so on. This research monitors and records time usage of FENs activities for a low-income couple family lived in a triplex kind of house in Japan. After fitting statistical distribution for time usage data, simulation model is used to calculate robust results for household energy consumption. The results indicate that the average daily FENs of this family is around 63 Mega Joule. The results also emphasize that for energy poverty reduction, the investment cost should be prioritized for cooking with the highest share of energy service, followed by heating, cooling, and lighting/entertainment service. Graphical abstract Highlights The results of this study showed that investment on cooking and heating services reduced energy poverty up to 75%. While, the cooling and lighting/entertainment services share was around 25%. Discussion Many studies have analyzed the impact of renewable energies in energy poverty reduction in pre-developing countries. However, the cost of supplying 100% of energy demand through renewable energies to reduce energy poverty, is higher than hybrid power system option. Applying diesel generator along with renewable energies is a viable option with lower cost, while the existence of diesel generator is mostly ignored due to its trivial CO_2 emissions compared with significant amount of CO_2 emissions in developed countries.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"501-517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67283147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00028-w
D. Roberts, S. Brown
Abstract The cost of providing near 24-7-365 power from solar panels at a commercial facility in South California was modelled to be similar for vanadium flow batteries (VFB) and lithium ion batteries (LIB) at around $0:20/kWh. In hotter locations, LIB economics suffer due to accelerated background cell ageing. Even within South California there was enough variation to affect the economic comparison. Although LIB degradation could be reduced in a hybrid VFB-LIB system, there was negligible benefit to the overall electricity cost. As a result of falling photovoltaic panel costs in the last decade solar power (PV) is now claimed to be the cheapest source of electricity. However, the intermittent nature of supply means that it cannot solve the energy trilemma alone, and a form of backup power is required for reliability. This application is well suited to batteries, but the cost implications of providing high levels of reliability in this way have not been widely studied. In this work, the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) achievable by optimal combinations of PV and batteries is determined for a large food retailer at a range of self-sufficiency ratios (SSR). Both lithium ion batteries (LIB), vanadium redox flow batteries (VFB) and hybrid systems of the two technologies are modelled. In combination with an over-sized PV array, both systems are capable of providing a SSR of 0.95 for a LCOE of less than $0.22/kWh. The optimal LCOE values overlap across the SSR range for both technologies depending on cost and ambient temperature assumptions. A VFB is more likely to give the lower LCOE at lower SSR, and a LIB is favoured at high SSR as the cycle rate drops as SSR increases. It is also shown that a state of charge (SOC) minimisation strategy has a significant impact on the LIB economics by reducing calendar ageing. Lastly, hybrid systems combining LIB and VFB were modelled, but in no cases showed an improvement over the optimal single choice. The overlap in the LCOE of the two battery types highlights the importance of other considerations, such as sustainability, space requirements and safety. Graphical abstract
{"title":"The economics of firm solar power from Li-ion and vanadium flow batteries in California","authors":"D. Roberts, S. Brown","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00028-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00028-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cost of providing near 24-7-365 power from solar panels at a commercial facility in South California was modelled to be similar for vanadium flow batteries (VFB) and lithium ion batteries (LIB) at around $0:20/kWh. In hotter locations, LIB economics suffer due to accelerated background cell ageing. Even within South California there was enough variation to affect the economic comparison. Although LIB degradation could be reduced in a hybrid VFB-LIB system, there was negligible benefit to the overall electricity cost. As a result of falling photovoltaic panel costs in the last decade solar power (PV) is now claimed to be the cheapest source of electricity. However, the intermittent nature of supply means that it cannot solve the energy trilemma alone, and a form of backup power is required for reliability. This application is well suited to batteries, but the cost implications of providing high levels of reliability in this way have not been widely studied. In this work, the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) achievable by optimal combinations of PV and batteries is determined for a large food retailer at a range of self-sufficiency ratios (SSR). Both lithium ion batteries (LIB), vanadium redox flow batteries (VFB) and hybrid systems of the two technologies are modelled. In combination with an over-sized PV array, both systems are capable of providing a SSR of 0.95 for a LCOE of less than $0.22/kWh. The optimal LCOE values overlap across the SSR range for both technologies depending on cost and ambient temperature assumptions. A VFB is more likely to give the lower LCOE at lower SSR, and a LIB is favoured at high SSR as the cycle rate drops as SSR increases. It is also shown that a state of charge (SOC) minimisation strategy has a significant impact on the LIB economics by reducing calendar ageing. Lastly, hybrid systems combining LIB and VFB were modelled, but in no cases showed an improvement over the optimal single choice. The overlap in the LCOE of the two battery types highlights the importance of other considerations, such as sustainability, space requirements and safety. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"129-141"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47278054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00032-0
Tzu-Ho Wu, Jing Zhan, B. Hou, Ziwei Qiu
This work reveals that nickel disulfide and reduced graphene oxide can be integrated by one-step hydrothermal method. Compared to pure nickel disulfide, the prepared composite renders boosted electrocatalytic performance toward urea oxidation with high reaction rate constant and turnover frequency. Urea electrolysis receives increasing attention, because it can remediate urea-contaminated wastewater and produce hydrogen fuel simultaneously. Developing advanced catalysts for urea oxidation reaction is highly desirable but still challenging. In this work, we reveal that nickel disulfide (NiS_2) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal reaction. NiS_2/rGO composite material is characterized to exhibit improved electrical conductivity and larger electrochemical active surface area, which hold the key to promote the reaction kinetics of urea oxidation. The overall reaction rate constant is determined as 2.88 × 10^5 cm^3 mol^−1 s^−1 for NiS_2/rGO, which is $$approx$$ ≈ 75 times higher than that of NiS_2 counterpart (3.87 × 10^3 cm^3 mol^−1 s^−1). As a result, the NiS_2/rGO electrocatalyst demonstrates superior catalytic performance toward urea oxidation with high catalytic current responses (220 vs. 113 mA cm^−2 at 1.5 V), low Tafel slope (51 vs 87 mV dec^−1), and turn–over frequency (0.055 vs. 0.024 s^−1) in comparison with pure NiS_2. Moreover, NiS_2/rGO renders stable catatlytic performance in a 30,000 s test, addressing the crucial role of rGO in the composite sample. Graphical abstract
{"title":"One-step synthesis of NiS_2/rGO composite for efficient electrocatalytic urea oxidation","authors":"Tzu-Ho Wu, Jing Zhan, B. Hou, Ziwei Qiu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00032-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00032-0","url":null,"abstract":"This work reveals that nickel disulfide and reduced graphene oxide can be integrated by one-step hydrothermal method. Compared to pure nickel disulfide, the prepared composite renders boosted electrocatalytic performance toward urea oxidation with high reaction rate constant and turnover frequency. Urea electrolysis receives increasing attention, because it can remediate urea-contaminated wastewater and produce hydrogen fuel simultaneously. Developing advanced catalysts for urea oxidation reaction is highly desirable but still challenging. In this work, we reveal that nickel disulfide (NiS_2) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal reaction. NiS_2/rGO composite material is characterized to exhibit improved electrical conductivity and larger electrochemical active surface area, which hold the key to promote the reaction kinetics of urea oxidation. The overall reaction rate constant is determined as 2.88 × 10^5 cm^3 mol^−1 s^−1 for NiS_2/rGO, which is $$approx$$ ≈ 75 times higher than that of NiS_2 counterpart (3.87 × 10^3 cm^3 mol^−1 s^−1). As a result, the NiS_2/rGO electrocatalyst demonstrates superior catalytic performance toward urea oxidation with high catalytic current responses (220 vs. 113 mA cm^−2 at 1.5 V), low Tafel slope (51 vs 87 mV dec^−1), and turn–over frequency (0.055 vs. 0.024 s^−1) in comparison with pure NiS_2. Moreover, NiS_2/rGO renders stable catatlytic performance in a 30,000 s test, addressing the crucial role of rGO in the composite sample. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"324-331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47505003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-24DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00029-9
Baharak Sayahpour, H. Hirsh, Saurabh Parab, L. Nguyen, Minghao Zhang, Y. Meng
Manufacturing sustainable sodium ion batteries with high energy density and cyclability requires a uniquely tailored technology and a close attention to the economical and environmental factors. In this work, we summarized the most important design metrics in sodium ion batteries with the emphasis on cathode materials and outlined a transparent data reporting approach based on common metrics for performance evaluation of future technologies. Sodium-ion batteries are considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-based battery technologies. Despite the growing research in this field, the implementation of this technology has been practically hindered due to a lack of high energy density cathode materials with a long cycle-life. In this perspective, we first provide an overview of the milestones in the development of Na-ion battery (NIB) systems over time. Next, we discuss critical metrics in extraction of key elements used in NIB cathode materials which may impact the supply chain in near future. Finally, in the quest of most promising cathode materials for the next generation of NIBs, we overlay an extensive perspective on the main findings in design and test of more than 295 reports in the past 10 years, exhibiting that layered oxides, Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) and polyanions are leading candidates for cathode materials. An in-depth comparison of energy density and capacity retention of all the currently available cathode materials is also provided. In this perspective, we also highlight the importance of large data analysis for sustainable material design based on available datasets. The insights provided in this perspective, along with a more transparent data reporting approach and an implementation of common metrics for performance evaluation of NIBs can help accelerate future cathode materials design in the NIB field. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Perspective: Design of cathode materials for sustainable sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Baharak Sayahpour, H. Hirsh, Saurabh Parab, L. Nguyen, Minghao Zhang, Y. Meng","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00029-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00029-9","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing sustainable sodium ion batteries with high energy density and cyclability requires a uniquely tailored technology and a close attention to the economical and environmental factors. In this work, we summarized the most important design metrics in sodium ion batteries with the emphasis on cathode materials and outlined a transparent data reporting approach based on common metrics for performance evaluation of future technologies. Sodium-ion batteries are considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-based battery technologies. Despite the growing research in this field, the implementation of this technology has been practically hindered due to a lack of high energy density cathode materials with a long cycle-life. In this perspective, we first provide an overview of the milestones in the development of Na-ion battery (NIB) systems over time. Next, we discuss critical metrics in extraction of key elements used in NIB cathode materials which may impact the supply chain in near future. Finally, in the quest of most promising cathode materials for the next generation of NIBs, we overlay an extensive perspective on the main findings in design and test of more than 295 reports in the past 10 years, exhibiting that layered oxides, Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) and polyanions are leading candidates for cathode materials. An in-depth comparison of energy density and capacity retention of all the currently available cathode materials is also provided. In this perspective, we also highlight the importance of large data analysis for sustainable material design based on available datasets. The insights provided in this perspective, along with a more transparent data reporting approach and an implementation of common metrics for performance evaluation of NIBs can help accelerate future cathode materials design in the NIB field. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"183-197"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49039797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00030-2
A. Sircar, Krishna P. Solanki, N. Bist, K. Yadav, Kabyashree Mahanta
Hydrogen has emerged as an alternative feasible substitute for green economy in India. The production and transportation of green hydrogen are reviewed extensively in this study. The constraints related to policy framework and remedies for the same are discussed. Comparative outlook of green hydrogen in lieu of Indian economy is shared. Considering the automotive sector's phenomenal economic and environmental significance, the introduction of renewable fuels will be essential in achieving long-term mobility globally. Hydrogen has the potential to be a feasible and effective fuel for green economy since it is abundant, sustainable, safe and inexpensive. Hydrogen proves to be an alternative chemical fuel that will potentially replace fossil energy, due to a number attributes like increased energy density, abundance, ease of transportation, a variety of different manufacturing processes from clean renewable energy fuels with zero or negligible emissions. Internal combustion engines that uses hydrogen could help optimize efficiencies, provide larger power outputs per vehicle, and produce fewer greenhouse gases. The production methods and transportation of green hydrogen are reviewed in this study. The study critically addresses the impact of green hydrogen on the environment, as well as the hazards and safety issues. The study also discusses the challenges associated with the green hydrogen and deliberates on the pillars for developing policies and the strategies for green hydrogen in India. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Green hydrogen: Alternate fuel for Indian energy basket","authors":"A. Sircar, Krishna P. Solanki, N. Bist, K. Yadav, Kabyashree Mahanta","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00030-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00030-2","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen has emerged as an alternative feasible substitute for green economy in India. The production and transportation of green hydrogen are reviewed extensively in this study. The constraints related to policy framework and remedies for the same are discussed. Comparative outlook of green hydrogen in lieu of Indian economy is shared. Considering the automotive sector's phenomenal economic and environmental significance, the introduction of renewable fuels will be essential in achieving long-term mobility globally. Hydrogen has the potential to be a feasible and effective fuel for green economy since it is abundant, sustainable, safe and inexpensive. Hydrogen proves to be an alternative chemical fuel that will potentially replace fossil energy, due to a number attributes like increased energy density, abundance, ease of transportation, a variety of different manufacturing processes from clean renewable energy fuels with zero or negligible emissions. Internal combustion engines that uses hydrogen could help optimize efficiencies, provide larger power outputs per vehicle, and produce fewer greenhouse gases. The production methods and transportation of green hydrogen are reviewed in this study. The study critically addresses the impact of green hydrogen on the environment, as well as the hazards and safety issues. The study also discusses the challenges associated with the green hydrogen and deliberates on the pillars for developing policies and the strategies for green hydrogen in India. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"392-406"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46796519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00027-x
Zhejun Li, Yi‐Chun Lu
Critical developments of advanced aqueous redox flow battery technologies are reviewed. Long duration energy storage oriented cell configuration and materials design strategies for the developments of aqueous redox flow batteries are discussed Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is playing an increasingly significant role in the integration of intermittent and unstable renewable energy resources into future decarbonized grids. Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) with intrinsic high scalability, safety and power capability can be promising candidates for LDES if a substantially decreased levelized cost of storage is achieved. In this Perspective, we present a top-down analysis of existing ARFBs for long-duration applications, including ARFB cell configurations and materials design strategies for both membranes and redox active materials. In addition, we discuss the types of testing and demonstration needed at the lab-scale for feasible projection for future large-scale systems. The LDES-oriented materials design strategies serve as a guidance for the research and developments for future advanced ARFBs in large-scale deployments. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Advanced aqueous redox flow batteries design: Ready for long-duration energy storage applications?","authors":"Zhejun Li, Yi‐Chun Lu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00027-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00027-x","url":null,"abstract":"Critical developments of advanced aqueous redox flow battery technologies are reviewed. Long duration energy storage oriented cell configuration and materials design strategies for the developments of aqueous redox flow batteries are discussed Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is playing an increasingly significant role in the integration of intermittent and unstable renewable energy resources into future decarbonized grids. Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) with intrinsic high scalability, safety and power capability can be promising candidates for LDES if a substantially decreased levelized cost of storage is achieved. In this Perspective, we present a top-down analysis of existing ARFBs for long-duration applications, including ARFB cell configurations and materials design strategies for both membranes and redox active materials. In addition, we discuss the types of testing and demonstration needed at the lab-scale for feasible projection for future large-scale systems. The LDES-oriented materials design strategies serve as a guidance for the research and developments for future advanced ARFBs in large-scale deployments. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67283105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00025-z
R. Muruganantham, Yu-Xuan Chiang, Wei-Ren Liu
Abstract Biomass wastage of mushroom bags derived hard carbon (MDC) has been prepared simple carbonization route and modified with nitrogen (N-MDC) using hexamethylenetetramine as nitrogen source. The N-MDC shows superior sodium-ion storage performance, ensuing cost-effective manner of bio-waste to green energy application. Nitrogen-doped carbon delivered 218 mAh g ^ −1 at a current density of 100 mA g ^ −1 after 200 cycles. Bioresource wastages are efficient pioneer of sustainable carbon production. In this study, we explore a simple method to synthesize nitrogen-doped hard carbon from agricultural waste of mushroom bags and used as an anode material for sodium-ion storage applications. The physico-chemical properties and electrochemical measurements are systematically analyzed and compared with as-prepared mushroom-derived pristine carbon (MDC) and nitrogen-doped carbon (N-MDC). The N-MDC sample shows higher atomic percentage of pyridine N content. The N-MDC-used electrode cell exhibits better reversible capacity and rate capability than that of pristine MDC. The specific capacity of N-MDC delivers 218 mAh g^−1 at a current density of 100 mA g^−1 after 200 cycles. The impedance result of N-MDC is reduced from 38.7 to 21.3 Ω. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of Na^+ has been increased from 1.55 × 10^–12 to 1.58 × 10^–11 cm^2 s^−1 after the N-doping process. This research is not only solved the problem of biomass waste disposal but also produced valuable functional carbon materials to utilize the high-performance eco-friendly energy storage applications. Graphical abstract
摘要以六亚甲基四胺为氮源，通过简单的炭化路线制备了蘑菇袋生物质废弃物来源的硬碳（MDC），并用氮（N-MDC）对其进行了改性。N-MDC显示出优越的钠离子存储性能，从而以经济高效的方式将生物废物应用于绿色能源。氮掺杂碳在200次循环后以100 mA g^−1的电流密度提供218 mAh g^−1。生物资源浪费是可持续碳生产的有效先驱。在本研究中，我们探索了一种简单的方法，从蘑菇袋的农业废料中合成氮掺杂的硬碳，并将其用作钠离子存储应用的阳极材料。系统地分析了蘑菇衍生的原始碳（MDC）和氮掺杂碳（N-MDC）的物理化学性质和电化学测量结果，并与制备的蘑菇衍生的纯碳（MDCs）和氮掺入碳（N-MDC）进行了比较。N-MDC样品显示吡啶N含量的原子百分比较高。使用N-MDC的电极单元表现出比原始MDC更好的可逆容量和倍率能力。N-MDC的比容量在200次循环后，在100 mA g^−1的电流密度下提供218 mAh g^−1。N-MDC的阻抗结果从38.7Ω降低到21.3Ω。此外，Na^+的扩散系数从1.55增加 × 10^-12至1.58 × N掺杂过程后10^–11cm^2 s^−1。这项研究不仅解决了生物质废物的处理问题，而且生产出了有价值的功能碳材料，以利用高性能的环保储能应用。图形摘要
{"title":"Nitrogen-doped hard carbon derived from agro-food waste of mushroom bags biomass as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"R. Muruganantham, Yu-Xuan Chiang, Wei-Ren Liu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00025-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00025-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biomass wastage of mushroom bags derived hard carbon (MDC) has been prepared simple carbonization route and modified with nitrogen (N-MDC) using hexamethylenetetramine as nitrogen source. The N-MDC shows superior sodium-ion storage performance, ensuing cost-effective manner of bio-waste to green energy application. Nitrogen-doped carbon delivered 218 mAh g ^ −1 at a current density of 100 mA g ^ −1 after 200 cycles. Bioresource wastages are efficient pioneer of sustainable carbon production. In this study, we explore a simple method to synthesize nitrogen-doped hard carbon from agricultural waste of mushroom bags and used as an anode material for sodium-ion storage applications. The physico-chemical properties and electrochemical measurements are systematically analyzed and compared with as-prepared mushroom-derived pristine carbon (MDC) and nitrogen-doped carbon (N-MDC). The N-MDC sample shows higher atomic percentage of pyridine N content. The N-MDC-used electrode cell exhibits better reversible capacity and rate capability than that of pristine MDC. The specific capacity of N-MDC delivers 218 mAh g^−1 at a current density of 100 mA g^−1 after 200 cycles. The impedance result of N-MDC is reduced from 38.7 to 21.3 Ω. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of Na^+ has been increased from 1.55 × 10^–12 to 1.58 × 10^–11 cm^2 s^−1 after the N-doping process. This research is not only solved the problem of biomass waste disposal but also produced valuable functional carbon materials to utilize the high-performance eco-friendly energy storage applications. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"313-323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46709897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-29DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00024-0
Vahid Mohamad Taghvaee, A. A. Arani, S. Soretz, L. Agheli
The price elasticity of fossil fuel demand is lower than one and inelastic. The price policy is ineffective in reducing fossil fuel consumption. The technology elasticity of fossil fuel demand is higher than one and elastic. Energy efficiency improvement is much more effective than price policy for reducing fossil fuel consumption. This study aims to compare the effects of price policy with energy efficiency improvement on energy consumption and sustainable development. To this end, our research estimates the demand elasticities of diesel, gasoline, fuel oil, LPG, and kerosene using Dynamic Log-Linear and AutoRegression Distributed Lag in Iran during 1976–2017. In 2018, Iran had the first rank in the world for the amount of subsidy on various kinds of fossil fuels. Based on the results, technology is up to 100 times more effective than price policy. Technology, by only 10% improvement in energy efficiency, saves about 400 billion liters of fossil fuels (or 15% of total), 3.6 billion US Dollars of the expenditure thereon (or 17% of total), 217 billion tons of CO_2 emissions (or 15% of total), and more than 338 million DALYs (or 4.5 million lives). It leads to upgrading social, environmental, health, and economic pillars of sustainable development, especially with gasoline consumption drop. Thus, policy-makers are suggested to promote energy-consuming technologies rather than increasing the fuel price. Graphical abstract Video abstract
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Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-021-00018-4
E. Spoerke, H. Passell, Gabriel Cowles, T. Lambert, Gautam G. Yadav, Jinchao Huang, Sanjoy Banerjee, B. Chalamala
Highlights Zn-MnO_2 batteries promise safe, reliable energy storage, and this roadmap outlines a combination of manufacturing strategies and technical innovations that could make this goal achievable. Approaches such as improved efficiency of manufacturing and increasing active material utilization will be important to getting costs as low as $100/kWh, but key materials innovations that facilitate the full 2-electron capacity utilization of MnO_2, the use of high energy density 3D electrodes, and the promise of a separator-free battery with greater than 2V potential offer a route to batteries at $50/kWh or less. Abstract Large-scale energy storage is certain to play a significant, enabling role in the evolution of the emerging electrical grid. Battery-based storage, while not a dominant form of storage today, has opportunity to expand its utility through safe, reliable, and cost-effective technologies. Here, secondary Zn–MnO_2 batteries are highlighted as a promising extension of ubiquitous primary alkaline batteries, offering a safe, environmentally friendly chemistry in a scalable and practical energy dense technology. Importantly, there is a very realistic pathway to also making such batteries cost-effective at price points of $50/kWh or lower. By examining manufacturing examples at the Zn–MnO_2 battery manufacturer Urban Electric Power, a roadmap has been created to realize such low-cost systems. By focusing on manufacturing optimization through reduced materials waste, scalable manufacturing, and effective materials selection, costs can be significantly reduced. Ultimately, though, coupling these approaches with emerging research and development advances to enable full capacity active materials utilization and battery voltages greater than 2V are likely needed to drive costs below a target of $50/kWh. Reaching this commercially important goal, especially with a chemistry that is safe, well-known, and reliably effective stands to inject Zn–MnO_2 batteries in the storage landscape at a critical time in energy storage development and deployment. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Driving Zn-MnO_2 grid-scale batteries: A roadmap to cost-effective energy storage","authors":"E. Spoerke, H. Passell, Gabriel Cowles, T. Lambert, Gautam G. Yadav, Jinchao Huang, Sanjoy Banerjee, B. Chalamala","doi":"10.1557/s43581-021-00018-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-021-00018-4","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Zn-MnO_2 batteries promise safe, reliable energy storage, and this roadmap outlines a combination of manufacturing strategies and technical innovations that could make this goal achievable. Approaches such as improved efficiency of manufacturing and increasing active material utilization will be important to getting costs as low as $100/kWh, but key materials innovations that facilitate the full 2-electron capacity utilization of MnO_2, the use of high energy density 3D electrodes, and the promise of a separator-free battery with greater than 2V potential offer a route to batteries at $50/kWh or less. Abstract Large-scale energy storage is certain to play a significant, enabling role in the evolution of the emerging electrical grid. Battery-based storage, while not a dominant form of storage today, has opportunity to expand its utility through safe, reliable, and cost-effective technologies. Here, secondary Zn–MnO_2 batteries are highlighted as a promising extension of ubiquitous primary alkaline batteries, offering a safe, environmentally friendly chemistry in a scalable and practical energy dense technology. Importantly, there is a very realistic pathway to also making such batteries cost-effective at price points of $50/kWh or lower. By examining manufacturing examples at the Zn–MnO_2 battery manufacturer Urban Electric Power, a roadmap has been created to realize such low-cost systems. By focusing on manufacturing optimization through reduced materials waste, scalable manufacturing, and effective materials selection, costs can be significantly reduced. Ultimately, though, coupling these approaches with emerging research and development advances to enable full capacity active materials utilization and battery voltages greater than 2V are likely needed to drive costs below a target of $50/kWh. Reaching this commercially important goal, especially with a chemistry that is safe, well-known, and reliably effective stands to inject Zn–MnO_2 batteries in the storage landscape at a critical time in energy storage development and deployment. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"13-18"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67282608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-021-00017-5
Fazia Taj, A. Dar, M. Dwivedi, H. Naik, Wasiya Farzana, S. Khan
Use of sustainable sources of energy is on the rise due to depletable nature of the conventional sources of energy generation. Renewable sources of energy such as wind, biomass, solar energy etc. are some of the most extensively available non-conventional source of energy. Pasteurisation refers to the phenomenon of mild thermal treatment to liquids or foods to eliminate the most resistant pathogenic bacteria. As such, the primary aim of this paper is to discuss about solar pasteurisation as an alternative to conventional pasteurisation and examine various research works on solar pasteurisation to achieve a solution for sustainable development. Various coatings’ materials and components used in the manufacturing of solar pasteurisation setup have been discussed with emphasis on increasing efficiency. Results reveal that use of PV/T support and certain design modifications leads to the reduction in the total pasteurisation time of raw milk.
{"title":"Design strategies and recent advances in utilisation of solar energy for pasteurisation","authors":"Fazia Taj, A. Dar, M. Dwivedi, H. Naik, Wasiya Farzana, S. Khan","doi":"10.1557/s43581-021-00017-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-021-00017-5","url":null,"abstract":"Use of sustainable sources of energy is on the rise due to depletable nature of the conventional sources of energy generation. Renewable sources of energy such as wind, biomass, solar energy etc. are some of the most extensively available non-conventional source of energy. Pasteurisation refers to the phenomenon of mild thermal treatment to liquids or foods to eliminate the most resistant pathogenic bacteria. As such, the primary aim of this paper is to discuss about solar pasteurisation as an alternative to conventional pasteurisation and examine various research works on solar pasteurisation to achieve a solution for sustainable development. Various coatings’ materials and components used in the manufacturing of solar pasteurisation setup have been discussed with emphasis on increasing efficiency. Results reveal that use of PV/T support and certain design modifications leads to the reduction in the total pasteurisation time of raw milk.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"49-63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67282854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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