Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00047-7
Bolun Xu
Battery energy storage is critical to decarbonizing future power systems, and the cost of battery degradation within power system operations is crucial to ensure economic utilization of battery resources and provide a fair return to their investors. Power system operators dispatch assets by solving optimization problems of extreme complexity that include thousands of generators and transmission lines, and degradation models to be incorporated into power system optimization must be efficient to compute while capturing key degradation factors relevant to grid operations. This paper will compare various degradation models that are incorporable into power system optimization; each has different computation complexities and modeling focuses. This paper will summarize the pros and cons of different models, and how they may suit different battery technologies or configurations. Besides modeling, the paper discusses the opportunity cost of degradation and the battery warranty terms, both will impact the design and implementation of degradation models in power systems. The paper summarizes the comparison and future directions for designing degradation models for grid-scale batteries. Graphical abstract
{"title":"The role of modeling battery degradation in bulk power system optimizations","authors":"Bolun Xu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00047-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00047-7","url":null,"abstract":"Battery energy storage is critical to decarbonizing future power systems, and the cost of battery degradation within power system operations is crucial to ensure economic utilization of battery resources and provide a fair return to their investors. Power system operators dispatch assets by solving optimization problems of extreme complexity that include thousands of generators and transmission lines, and degradation models to be incorporated into power system optimization must be efficient to compute while capturing key degradation factors relevant to grid operations. This paper will compare various degradation models that are incorporable into power system optimization; each has different computation complexities and modeling focuses. This paper will summarize the pros and cons of different models, and how they may suit different battery technologies or configurations. Besides modeling, the paper discusses the opportunity cost of degradation and the battery warranty terms, both will impact the design and implementation of degradation models in power systems. The paper summarizes the comparison and future directions for designing degradation models for grid-scale batteries. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49469044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00045-9
Pu Chen, Rui-Tung Kuo, Tzu-Ying Lin
Abstract Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes allows all-solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) to exhibit excellent safety and high volumetric energy density. Since the large-scale processing of electrolytes might encounter a brittleness issue on the ceramic solid-state electrolytes, the solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer-ceramic composite may present a solution due to its great strength and bendable characteristics. While being inherently flexible, PEO-based electrolyte has relatively low ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor resistance against the hazard of dendrite formation and growth. Although ceramic filler addition has been developed to increase the yield strength and improve the electrochemical properties, high-density fillers lack reinforcement and cause brittle failure. In this work, we propose a unilateral structure that well combines the flexible nature of PEO polymer and low fraction fillers with good inhibition of lithium dendrite growth. In the unilateral structure, the polymer acquires high flatness and wettability to the electrode, and high-density garnet Li_7La_3Zr_2O_12-based filler at the composite surface provides high shear modulus to enhance overall mechanical strength, taking complementary advantages of two kinds of electrolytes. It is further demonstrated that the lithium-ion conductivity strongly depends on the lithium concentration gradient inside the composite electrolyte, and ball-milled ceramics may further disequilibrium the optimum ionic conductivities. Under current density galvanostatic cycling of 0.2 mA/cm^2, a unilateral modified composite electrolyte with merely 15wt% fillers can withstand lithium stripping and plating smoothly for more than 50 h without potential protrusion. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Unilateral modified composite electrolyte by high modulus ceramics filling","authors":"Pu Chen, Rui-Tung Kuo, Tzu-Ying Lin","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00045-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00045-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes allows all-solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) to exhibit excellent safety and high volumetric energy density. Since the large-scale processing of electrolytes might encounter a brittleness issue on the ceramic solid-state electrolytes, the solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer-ceramic composite may present a solution due to its great strength and bendable characteristics. While being inherently flexible, PEO-based electrolyte has relatively low ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor resistance against the hazard of dendrite formation and growth. Although ceramic filler addition has been developed to increase the yield strength and improve the electrochemical properties, high-density fillers lack reinforcement and cause brittle failure. In this work, we propose a unilateral structure that well combines the flexible nature of PEO polymer and low fraction fillers with good inhibition of lithium dendrite growth. In the unilateral structure, the polymer acquires high flatness and wettability to the electrode, and high-density garnet Li_7La_3Zr_2O_12-based filler at the composite surface provides high shear modulus to enhance overall mechanical strength, taking complementary advantages of two kinds of electrolytes. It is further demonstrated that the lithium-ion conductivity strongly depends on the lithium concentration gradient inside the composite electrolyte, and ball-milled ceramics may further disequilibrium the optimum ionic conductivities. Under current density galvanostatic cycling of 0.2 mA/cm^2, a unilateral modified composite electrolyte with merely 15wt% fillers can withstand lithium stripping and plating smoothly for more than 50 h without potential protrusion. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44300133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00044-w
Sanna Gull, Han-Yi Chen
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) exhibit considerable potential for future grid-scale energy storage and wearable digital electronic applications. ZIBs are promising alternatives to current Li-ion batteries owing to their environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, abundant resources, high safety, and sufficient gravimetric energy density. However, to date, there remain challenges in finding suitable cathode materials with high working potentials, excellent electrochemical performance, and satisfactory structural stability that severely hinder the practical applications of ZIBs. To achieve the full potential of aqueous ZIBs (AZIBs), extensive research efforts are required to design and develop high-performance cathode materials. This minireview provides a concise overview of the fundamental and recent developments and challenges in cathode materials for AZIBs. First, the fundamental chemical parameters, constraints, and techniques of metallic Zn anodes are emphasized. Subsequently, several types of cathode materials are categorized and discussed in terms of their structural and electrochemical performance, challenges, and approaches to enhance their electrochemical performance. Special emphasis is placed on two important cathodes, manganese and vanadium oxide cathodes, which are rapidly developing state-of-the-art ZIB cathodes. The authors pay special attention to the mechanistic study and structural transformation of cathode materials based on Zn intercalation and deintercalation chemistry. Finally, the current issues and future perspectives in the AZIB field are discussed. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Recent advances in cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries: Mechanisms, materials, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Sanna Gull, Han-Yi Chen","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00044-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00044-w","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) exhibit considerable potential for future grid-scale energy storage and wearable digital electronic applications. ZIBs are promising alternatives to current Li-ion batteries owing to their environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, abundant resources, high safety, and sufficient gravimetric energy density. However, to date, there remain challenges in finding suitable cathode materials with high working potentials, excellent electrochemical performance, and satisfactory structural stability that severely hinder the practical applications of ZIBs. To achieve the full potential of aqueous ZIBs (AZIBs), extensive research efforts are required to design and develop high-performance cathode materials. This minireview provides a concise overview of the fundamental and recent developments and challenges in cathode materials for AZIBs. First, the fundamental chemical parameters, constraints, and techniques of metallic Zn anodes are emphasized. Subsequently, several types of cathode materials are categorized and discussed in terms of their structural and electrochemical performance, challenges, and approaches to enhance their electrochemical performance. Special emphasis is placed on two important cathodes, manganese and vanadium oxide cathodes, which are rapidly developing state-of-the-art ZIB cathodes. The authors pay special attention to the mechanistic study and structural transformation of cathode materials based on Zn intercalation and deintercalation chemistry. Finally, the current issues and future perspectives in the AZIB field are discussed. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46371623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00037-9
J. McNamara, Valerio DeAngelis, R. Byrne, Andrew Benson, B. Chalamala, R. Masiello
Abstract The future U.S. electric grid is being transformed with deep decarbonization of generation (i.e., removing or reducing reliance on fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable and clean energy resources), which in practice is not achievable without a dramatic increase in the reliance on long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies. Regulators at both the state and federal level are well advised to take steps to address current policy gaps, build frameworks that will enable a greater role for LDES to contribute to grid reliability and be fairly compensated for its grid services. . Decarbonization by definition is dependent on an increasing reliance on variable renewable energy, primarily wind and solar resources, that needs to be stored for longer durations to maintain electric grid reliability and provide operational flexibility to grid operators. However, despite the growing realization of the need for long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies, a persistent gap of policy levers at the federal and state level creates a vacuum in terms of defining how and where LDES technologies can be utilized to support the electric grid, along with an inadequate regulatory framework wherein these resources will need to be valued and compensated for the services they can provide. This paper—which is primarily intended for US decision makers, but should be of value for all energy professionals and the general public—addresses policy gaps, needs, and opportunities for LDES that require urgent attention from US-based policymakers at the federal and state level. This paper also provides background information on how the US E&U industry is structured and regulated, along with perspectives on LDES technologies and applications, all of which have direct relevance to the paper’s primary focus on the need for LDES policymaking. Discussion Despite a generally accepted future need for long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies that is directly tied to the rapid of renewable resources on the U.S. electric grid, there is a lack of policymaking, market designs, and compensation mechanisms for LDES technologies. Decarbonization (i.e., the goal of removing or reducing reliance on fossil fuels) cannot be achieved at the aggressive levels envisioned without utilizing LDES. Policymakers must take steps now to build frameworks that recognize the unique ways in which LDES will increasingly contribute to grid reliability and resilience, and receive appropriate compensation for the services it provides. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Long-duration energy storage in a decarbonized future: Policy gaps, needs, and opportunities","authors":"J. McNamara, Valerio DeAngelis, R. Byrne, Andrew Benson, B. Chalamala, R. Masiello","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00037-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00037-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The future U.S. electric grid is being transformed with deep decarbonization of generation (i.e., removing or reducing reliance on fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable and clean energy resources), which in practice is not achievable without a dramatic increase in the reliance on long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies. Regulators at both the state and federal level are well advised to take steps to address current policy gaps, build frameworks that will enable a greater role for LDES to contribute to grid reliability and be fairly compensated for its grid services. . Decarbonization by definition is dependent on an increasing reliance on variable renewable energy, primarily wind and solar resources, that needs to be stored for longer durations to maintain electric grid reliability and provide operational flexibility to grid operators. However, despite the growing realization of the need for long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies, a persistent gap of policy levers at the federal and state level creates a vacuum in terms of defining how and where LDES technologies can be utilized to support the electric grid, along with an inadequate regulatory framework wherein these resources will need to be valued and compensated for the services they can provide. This paper—which is primarily intended for US decision makers, but should be of value for all energy professionals and the general public—addresses policy gaps, needs, and opportunities for LDES that require urgent attention from US-based policymakers at the federal and state level. This paper also provides background information on how the US E&U industry is structured and regulated, along with perspectives on LDES technologies and applications, all of which have direct relevance to the paper’s primary focus on the need for LDES policymaking. Discussion Despite a generally accepted future need for long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies that is directly tied to the rapid of renewable resources on the U.S. electric grid, there is a lack of policymaking, market designs, and compensation mechanisms for LDES technologies. Decarbonization (i.e., the goal of removing or reducing reliance on fossil fuels) cannot be achieved at the aggressive levels envisioned without utilizing LDES. Policymakers must take steps now to build frameworks that recognize the unique ways in which LDES will increasingly contribute to grid reliability and resilience, and receive appropriate compensation for the services it provides. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49486956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-11DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00043-x
Mandira Agarwal, Vamsi Krishna Kudapa
Fracturing plays, a vital role to achieve the optimal recovery from the unconventional shale gas reservoirs and fracturing fluid is considered as “blood” in the entire operation. There are various fracking technology to frack the shale viz., traditional hydraulic fracturing, nitrogen based fracturing, high-energy gas fracturing (HEGF), supercritical carbon di oxide fracturing (SC-CO_2), plasma fracturing, etc. However, SC-CO_2 fracking requires less water and is able to generate three-dimensional fractures with its low viscosity. It is also considered as a good option for using as a fracking fluid in unconventional shale or tight gas reservoirs because of its properties of liquid like density, low viscosity, without any capillary force, good miscible characteristics with hydrocarbons. The low viscosity of SC-CO_2 can create complex, multi-orthogonal fracture networks in unconventional shale reservoir resulting into high flow rates. Similarly, HEGF is also characterised by less water consumption, it uses propellant to burn the formation around wellbore area and make tailored pressure–time behaviour. This burning is fully controllable from surface and is able to produce multiple fractures in all radial directions at short distance. The present review paper discusses the recent scientific studies on supercritical CO_2 fracking and high energy gas fracking in unconventional shale and examine its experimental results, field results, its advantages and disadvantages. Graphical abstract As the world is moving towards low carbon emission sources and low water consumption techniques in meeting today’s energy requirement, there is an urgent need to increase natural gas production especially from unconventional gas reservoirs. Due to scarcity in water resources, the fracking techniques with low water usage are in demand like Supercritical CO_2 and high energy gas fracking (HEGF) techniques.
{"title":"Comparing the performance of supercritical CO_2 fracking with high energy gas fracking in unconventional shale","authors":"Mandira Agarwal, Vamsi Krishna Kudapa","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00043-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00043-x","url":null,"abstract":"Fracturing plays, a vital role to achieve the optimal recovery from the unconventional shale gas reservoirs and fracturing fluid is considered as “blood” in the entire operation. There are various fracking technology to frack the shale viz., traditional hydraulic fracturing, nitrogen based fracturing, high-energy gas fracturing (HEGF), supercritical carbon di oxide fracturing (SC-CO_2), plasma fracturing, etc. However, SC-CO_2 fracking requires less water and is able to generate three-dimensional fractures with its low viscosity. It is also considered as a good option for using as a fracking fluid in unconventional shale or tight gas reservoirs because of its properties of liquid like density, low viscosity, without any capillary force, good miscible characteristics with hydrocarbons. The low viscosity of SC-CO_2 can create complex, multi-orthogonal fracture networks in unconventional shale reservoir resulting into high flow rates. Similarly, HEGF is also characterised by less water consumption, it uses propellant to burn the formation around wellbore area and make tailored pressure–time behaviour. This burning is fully controllable from surface and is able to produce multiple fractures in all radial directions at short distance. The present review paper discusses the recent scientific studies on supercritical CO_2 fracking and high energy gas fracking in unconventional shale and examine its experimental results, field results, its advantages and disadvantages. Graphical abstract As the world is moving towards low carbon emission sources and low water consumption techniques in meeting today’s energy requirement, there is an urgent need to increase natural gas production especially from unconventional gas reservoirs. Due to scarcity in water resources, the fracking techniques with low water usage are in demand like Supercritical CO_2 and high energy gas fracking (HEGF) techniques.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46948913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00040-0
Sajeeda Shaikh, M. Rabinal
Abstract Nanostructures of transition metal sulfides can be important electrodes to achieve high performance supercapacitors. Creation of binder-less electrodes of these materials is a challenge. The present potentiodynamic electrodeposition technique helps to achieve these objectives and the studied supercapacitors exhibit a good performance. The potentiodynamic method is used to efficiently install binder-free stable film of nickel sulfide (Ni_3S_2) on a copper electrode at ambient conditions in neutral pH to explore its symmetric supercapacitor capabilities. The method yields nano-sized particles tightly bonded into 3D-porous structures. This alleviates large internal surface areas, mechanical stability, short ion diffusion length, and better ion-conducting pathways, which are essential properties of electrodes for a better supercapacitor. The supercapacitor was constituted with 2 M KOH electrolyte which shows a high specific capacity of 168.4 Cg^−1 at 2.5 Ag^−1 (758 Fg^−1 at 2.5 Ag^−1) and good stability up to 3000 charge–discharge cycles, high rate capability, and high energy and power density. Therefore, these hybrid electrodes can be promising materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. Graphical abstract Discussion Development of supercapacitor with high energy content, low cost, and environmental friendly is a great challenge. Microscopic electrochemical understanding of electrode and electrolytic interaction and the possible mechanisms of charge storage are critically important parameters to develop robust energy storage systems.
摘要过渡金属硫化物的纳米结构可以成为实现高性能超级电容器的重要电极。制造这些材料的无粘合剂电极是一项挑战。目前的动电位电沉积技术有助于实现这些目标，并且所研究的超级电容器表现出良好的性能。采用动电位法在中性pH的环境条件下，在铜电极上有效地安装了无粘结剂的稳定硫化镍（Ni_3S_2）膜，以探索其对称超级电容器的性能。该方法产生紧密结合到三维多孔结构中的纳米尺寸颗粒。这减轻了大的内表面积、机械稳定性、短的离子扩散长度和更好的离子传导路径，这些都是更好的超级电容器的电极的基本特性。超级电容器由2 M KOH电解质组成，在2.5 Ag−1时表现出168.4 Cg^−1的高比容量（在2.5 Ag^−1时为758 Fg^−），在3000次充放电循环中表现出良好的稳定性、高倍率能力以及高能量和功率密度。因此，这些混合电极可以成为电化学储能系统的有前途的材料。图形摘要讨论开发高能量、低成本、环保的超级电容器是一个巨大的挑战。对电极和电解相互作用的微观电化学理解以及电荷存储的可能机制是开发稳健储能系统的关键参数。
{"title":"Nickel sulfide film by potentiodynamic deposition as competent electrode for supercapacitor","authors":"Sajeeda Shaikh, M. Rabinal","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00040-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00040-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nanostructures of transition metal sulfides can be important electrodes to achieve high performance supercapacitors. Creation of binder-less electrodes of these materials is a challenge. The present potentiodynamic electrodeposition technique helps to achieve these objectives and the studied supercapacitors exhibit a good performance. The potentiodynamic method is used to efficiently install binder-free stable film of nickel sulfide (Ni_3S_2) on a copper electrode at ambient conditions in neutral pH to explore its symmetric supercapacitor capabilities. The method yields nano-sized particles tightly bonded into 3D-porous structures. This alleviates large internal surface areas, mechanical stability, short ion diffusion length, and better ion-conducting pathways, which are essential properties of electrodes for a better supercapacitor. The supercapacitor was constituted with 2 M KOH electrolyte which shows a high specific capacity of 168.4 Cg^−1 at 2.5 Ag^−1 (758 Fg^−1 at 2.5 Ag^−1) and good stability up to 3000 charge–discharge cycles, high rate capability, and high energy and power density. Therefore, these hybrid electrodes can be promising materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. Graphical abstract Discussion Development of supercapacitor with high energy content, low cost, and environmental friendly is a great challenge. Microscopic electrochemical understanding of electrode and electrolytic interaction and the possible mechanisms of charge storage are critically important parameters to develop robust energy storage systems.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46120836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00038-8
Kuldeep Kumar, V. Dutta
Abstract The present study proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based energy management strategy (EMS) for a hybrid storage-based microgrid (µG) integrated with a power-to-gas system. EMS has several challenges such as maximum utilization of renewable power, proper control of the operating limits of the state of charge of storage, and balance in demand and supply. Sudden transient power variation in FC and EL can lead to the degradation of these components. The proposed EMS effectively controls the above-mentioned issues in µG operation. Special attention is given to power-sharing between the different FC generators based on the stored hydrogen in the hydrogen storage tanks. Therefore, the amount of stored hydrogen in different storage tanks can be balanced. The EMS is developed and verified in the simulation domain using MATLAB Simulink. Results show that the rate of balancing the stored hydrogen can be adjusted by tuning the weight factors in MPC. Results show that ≈120 min. is taken to balance the amount of stored hydrogen in MH tanks (5000 nominal liters each) for 700 W power-sharing between the two FC units (1 kW each). Graphical abstract Highlights 1. Energy management system (EMS) for hybrid energy storage. 2. Model predictive control-based EMS. 3. The smooth operation of Electrolyzer and Fuel cell in a microgrid. Discussion Output characteristics of fuel cell and electrolyzer and their limitations on the rate of output change are challenges in designing effective EMS. To handle multiple constraints and control objectives, the present study focuses on a control strategy using MPC. The performance of the controller with different weight factors on the control objectives and outputs has been studied in detail.
{"title":"Energy management strategy using model predictive control for power-to-gas (PtG) system integrated with microgrid","authors":"Kuldeep Kumar, V. Dutta","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00038-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00038-8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study proposes a model predictive control (MPC)-based energy management strategy (EMS) for a hybrid storage-based microgrid (µG) integrated with a power-to-gas system. EMS has several challenges such as maximum utilization of renewable power, proper control of the operating limits of the state of charge of storage, and balance in demand and supply. Sudden transient power variation in FC and EL can lead to the degradation of these components. The proposed EMS effectively controls the above-mentioned issues in µG operation. Special attention is given to power-sharing between the different FC generators based on the stored hydrogen in the hydrogen storage tanks. Therefore, the amount of stored hydrogen in different storage tanks can be balanced. The EMS is developed and verified in the simulation domain using MATLAB Simulink. Results show that the rate of balancing the stored hydrogen can be adjusted by tuning the weight factors in MPC. Results show that ≈120 min. is taken to balance the amount of stored hydrogen in MH tanks (5000 nominal liters each) for 700 W power-sharing between the two FC units (1 kW each). Graphical abstract Highlights 1. Energy management system (EMS) for hybrid energy storage. 2. Model predictive control-based EMS. 3. The smooth operation of Electrolyzer and Fuel cell in a microgrid. Discussion Output characteristics of fuel cell and electrolyzer and their limitations on the rate of output change are challenges in designing effective EMS. To handle multiple constraints and control objectives, the present study focuses on a control strategy using MPC. The performance of the controller with different weight factors on the control objectives and outputs has been studied in detail.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44565455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00039-7
Wei‐Ze Hung, Zhi Xuan Law, De-Hao Tsai, Bin Chen, Chao‐Huang Chen, H. Hsu, Y. Pan
Chemical-looped reverse water–gas shift reaction was investigated using transition metal/metal oxides as oxygen carriers. Iron is identified as the only promising oxygen carrier that shows compelling CO _ 2 splitting reactivity. A chemically looped reverse water–gas shift reaction was developed using an iron-based oxygen carrier. Compared with conventional catalytic conversion processes, the chemical looping method has the advantage of high selectivity and cheap materials cost due to the separation of CO_2 splitting and H_2 oxidation half-reactions that are enabled by earth-abundant transition metal oxygen carriers. However, for such process to be economically attractive, the operation temperature should ideally be low enough such that low-grade industrial waste heat can be utilized. In other words, the reactivity of oxygen carriers toward the aforementioned half-reactions is most critical. To address the materials challenge, four transition metal-based oxygen carriers, i.e., iron, nickel, manganese, and copper, are studied using temperature-programmed techniques under H_2 and CO_2. Iron is identified to be the only oxygen carrier reactive toward CO_2 splitting and capable of completing the redox cycle at 450 °C with 100% reverse water–gas shift selectivity. Although the thermal stability of the iron oxygen carriers shows room for improvement, our work demonstrates the great potential of a scalable and economically viable route for CO_2 conversion that is compatible with current industrial processes. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Selective CO_2 deoxygenation to CO in chemically looped reverse water–gas shift using iron-based oxygen carrier","authors":"Wei‐Ze Hung, Zhi Xuan Law, De-Hao Tsai, Bin Chen, Chao‐Huang Chen, H. Hsu, Y. Pan","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00039-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00039-7","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical-looped reverse water–gas shift reaction was investigated using transition metal/metal oxides as oxygen carriers. Iron is identified as the only promising oxygen carrier that shows compelling CO _ 2 splitting reactivity. A chemically looped reverse water–gas shift reaction was developed using an iron-based oxygen carrier. Compared with conventional catalytic conversion processes, the chemical looping method has the advantage of high selectivity and cheap materials cost due to the separation of CO_2 splitting and H_2 oxidation half-reactions that are enabled by earth-abundant transition metal oxygen carriers. However, for such process to be economically attractive, the operation temperature should ideally be low enough such that low-grade industrial waste heat can be utilized. In other words, the reactivity of oxygen carriers toward the aforementioned half-reactions is most critical. To address the materials challenge, four transition metal-based oxygen carriers, i.e., iron, nickel, manganese, and copper, are studied using temperature-programmed techniques under H_2 and CO_2. Iron is identified to be the only oxygen carrier reactive toward CO_2 splitting and capable of completing the redox cycle at 450 °C with 100% reverse water–gas shift selectivity. Although the thermal stability of the iron oxygen carriers shows room for improvement, our work demonstrates the great potential of a scalable and economically viable route for CO_2 conversion that is compatible with current industrial processes. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00036-w
Paolo Stufano, A. Perrotta, R. Labarile, M. Trotta
Coffee is among the most drunk beverages in the world and its consumption produces massive amounts of waste. Valorization strategies of coffee wastes include production of carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. In the linear model adopted so far, its consumption is associated with huge amounts of waste and spent coffee grounds. These wastes, instead, are very interesting secondary raw materials for several circular economy concepts. Nano-structured porous carbon materials obtained by coffee waste are emerging as active materials for electrochemical energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries. The major results achieved in the last decade in this high-value exploitation strategy of coffee wastes are summarized to suggest a new sustainable use of coffee waste in the empowerment of the ongoing transition toward a green, electrified, and happier coffee-drinking society. Graphical abstract
{"title":"The second life of coffee can be even more energizing: Circularity of materials for bio-based electrochemical energy storage devices","authors":"Paolo Stufano, A. Perrotta, R. Labarile, M. Trotta","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00036-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00036-w","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is among the most drunk beverages in the world and its consumption produces massive amounts of waste. Valorization strategies of coffee wastes include production of carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. In the linear model adopted so far, its consumption is associated with huge amounts of waste and spent coffee grounds. These wastes, instead, are very interesting secondary raw materials for several circular economy concepts. Nano-structured porous carbon materials obtained by coffee waste are emerging as active materials for electrochemical energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries. The major results achieved in the last decade in this high-value exploitation strategy of coffee wastes are summarized to suggest a new sustainable use of coffee waste in the empowerment of the ongoing transition toward a green, electrified, and happier coffee-drinking society. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44484608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-11DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00033-z
Jin Yi, Yongyao Xia
Abstract The electricity grids with high stability and reliability require a desired balance of energy supply and demand. As the typical sustainable energy, the intermittent solar and wind would result in electricity grid instability. Aqueous batteries have been considered to be appealing stationary power sources for sustainable energy. Advanced aqueous batteries can address the safety concern derived from the employment of highly toxic and flammable organic solvents in lithium-ion batteries together with the poor cycle life presented in commercialized aqueous rechargeable batteries. This review will introduce several kinds of newly developed aqueous batteries, including aqueous Li (Na)-ion batteries, zinc anode-based batteries (Zn-metal oxide, Zn-air, Zn–Br_2, and Zn–Ni(OH)_2 batteries), and Ni(OH)_2 cathode-based batteries (Ni(OH)_2–MH and Ni(OH)_2-organic composite batteries). The materials, mechanisms, and battery techniques for the above aqueous batteries will be introduced in detail. The status and challenges for the application of aqueous batteries will also be discussed. Graphical abstract Highlights The status for advanced aqueous batteries are summarized in detail. The challenges for the application of aqueous batteries are discussed. Discussion The aqueous batteries are considered as the promising large-scale energy storage systems. However, the narrow voltage window of aqueous electrolyte limits the electrochemical performance of aqueous batteries. Moreover, the instabilities of electrode materials in aqueous electrolyte further hamper the practical application of aqueous batteries. Consequently, large efforts involving scientific and technical communities are required to be devoted with the aim to facilitate the development of aqueous batteries.
{"title":"Advanced aqueous batteries: Status and challenges","authors":"Jin Yi, Yongyao Xia","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00033-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00033-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The electricity grids with high stability and reliability require a desired balance of energy supply and demand. As the typical sustainable energy, the intermittent solar and wind would result in electricity grid instability. Aqueous batteries have been considered to be appealing stationary power sources for sustainable energy. Advanced aqueous batteries can address the safety concern derived from the employment of highly toxic and flammable organic solvents in lithium-ion batteries together with the poor cycle life presented in commercialized aqueous rechargeable batteries. This review will introduce several kinds of newly developed aqueous batteries, including aqueous Li (Na)-ion batteries, zinc anode-based batteries (Zn-metal oxide, Zn-air, Zn–Br_2, and Zn–Ni(OH)_2 batteries), and Ni(OH)_2 cathode-based batteries (Ni(OH)_2–MH and Ni(OH)_2-organic composite batteries). The materials, mechanisms, and battery techniques for the above aqueous batteries will be introduced in detail. The status and challenges for the application of aqueous batteries will also be discussed. Graphical abstract Highlights The status for advanced aqueous batteries are summarized in detail. The challenges for the application of aqueous batteries are discussed. Discussion The aqueous batteries are considered as the promising large-scale energy storage systems. However, the narrow voltage window of aqueous electrolyte limits the electrochemical performance of aqueous batteries. Moreover, the instabilities of electrode materials in aqueous electrolyte further hamper the practical application of aqueous batteries. Consequently, large efforts involving scientific and technical communities are required to be devoted with the aim to facilitate the development of aqueous batteries.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46667469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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