Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.1557/s43581-023-00066-y
Rohit Pawar, Sourav Santara, A. Sircar, R. Kumari, N. Bist, K. Yadav
Geothermal fluids have the potential as important sources of precious minerals and metals. There are several hydrometallurgical techniques by which geothermal fluid solutions can be processed to extract and purify metals and minerals such as potassium, manganese, zinc, and lithium. The primary methods for extraction of salt and base metals from geothermal water include precipitation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, adsorption, electrochemical intercalation, and ion exchange. Among several methods discussed so far membrane and adsorption methods can be one of the suitable methods for extraction of salt and base metals, respectively. The article also summarizes various mathematical modeling used to study dynamic behavior and kinetics of column adsorption. The three most widely used column models, i.e., Thomas, BDST, and Yoon–Nelson are discussed herein, that help to estimate the adsorption capacity and intensity giving an overview of mechanism and forces responsible for column sorption process. The elaborate discussion on mechanistic forces and factors responsible for metal extraction by sorption makes this review significant and preferable. Therefore, the article aims to provide deep insights and a quick overview of salt and base metal sources, their extraction processes, column sorption dynamics, kinetic modeling, and mechanisms in one sight. Work flow for Base metal Extraction from geothermal water.
{"title":"Extraction of salt and base metals from geothermal water: Kinetic modeling and mechanism","authors":"Rohit Pawar, Sourav Santara, A. Sircar, R. Kumari, N. Bist, K. Yadav","doi":"10.1557/s43581-023-00066-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00066-y","url":null,"abstract":"Geothermal fluids have the potential as important sources of precious minerals and metals. There are several hydrometallurgical techniques by which geothermal fluid solutions can be processed to extract and purify metals and minerals such as potassium, manganese, zinc, and lithium. The primary methods for extraction of salt and base metals from geothermal water include precipitation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, adsorption, electrochemical intercalation, and ion exchange. Among several methods discussed so far membrane and adsorption methods can be one of the suitable methods for extraction of salt and base metals, respectively. The article also summarizes various mathematical modeling used to study dynamic behavior and kinetics of column adsorption. The three most widely used column models, i.e., Thomas, BDST, and Yoon–Nelson are discussed herein, that help to estimate the adsorption capacity and intensity giving an overview of mechanism and forces responsible for column sorption process. The elaborate discussion on mechanistic forces and factors responsible for metal extraction by sorption makes this review significant and preferable. Therefore, the article aims to provide deep insights and a quick overview of salt and base metal sources, their extraction processes, column sorption dynamics, kinetic modeling, and mechanisms in one sight. Work flow for Base metal Extraction from geothermal water.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47992410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.1557/s43581-023-00064-0
V. Pandey, A. Sircar, K. Yadav, N. Bist
Globally, communities are converting to renewable energy because of the negative effects of fossil fuels. In 2020, renewable energy sources provided about 29% of the world's primary energy. However, the intermittent nature of renewable power, calls for substantial energy storage. Pumped storage hydropower is the most dependable and widely used option for large-scale energy storage. This study discusses working, types, advantages and drawbacks, and global and national scenarios of pumped storage schemes. It discusses global leaders in pumped hydropower storage such as China and the USA and the current status of India in Pumped storage capacity. The study also highlights major pumped storage schemes of India and their contribution to total hydropower generation capacity. The study also discusses the possibilities for high-capacity pumped storage schemes (> 1000 MW) in India going forward with Agencies like the New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh and the Water Resource Department. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Pumped hydro storage for intermittent renewable energy: Present status and future potential in India","authors":"V. Pandey, A. Sircar, K. Yadav, N. Bist","doi":"10.1557/s43581-023-00064-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00064-0","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, communities are converting to renewable energy because of the negative effects of fossil fuels. In 2020, renewable energy sources provided about 29% of the world's primary energy. However, the intermittent nature of renewable power, calls for substantial energy storage. Pumped storage hydropower is the most dependable and widely used option for large-scale energy storage. This study discusses working, types, advantages and drawbacks, and global and national scenarios of pumped storage schemes. It discusses global leaders in pumped hydropower storage such as China and the USA and the current status of India in Pumped storage capacity. The study also highlights major pumped storage schemes of India and their contribution to total hydropower generation capacity. The study also discusses the possibilities for high-capacity pumped storage schemes (> 1000 MW) in India going forward with Agencies like the New & Renewable Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh and the Water Resource Department. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48718530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-03DOI: 10.1557/s43581-023-00063-1
S. Rubaiee, M. Fazal
The increase of module temperature during operation adversely affect the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a photovoltaic (PV) solar system. In an attempt to improve the PCE of the PV solar system, multi-pipe copper cooling frames integrated with phase change material (PCM) and ZnO-doped PCM have been developed and examined. Monocrystalline silicon modules (50 W each), solar meter, temperature sensor, digital anemometer and multi-meter are employed to conduct the tests. The I–V curves are plotted for the PV systems tested. The outcomes unveiled that the module temperature and electrical efficiency of conventional PV system at noon were 52.8 °C and 12.29% respectively. Integrating PCM/ZnO with PV system has reduced 5.68% of the module temperature and increased the 5.04% of electrical efficiency. The multi-pipe copper cooling frame filled with ZnO-doped PCM shows better cooling performance owing to the role of natural convection and conduction heat transfer inside the frame. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Efficiency enhancement of photovoltaic solar system by integrating multi-pipe copper frame filled with ZnO-doped phase change material","authors":"S. Rubaiee, M. Fazal","doi":"10.1557/s43581-023-00063-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00063-1","url":null,"abstract":"The increase of module temperature during operation adversely affect the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a photovoltaic (PV) solar system. In an attempt to improve the PCE of the PV solar system, multi-pipe copper cooling frames integrated with phase change material (PCM) and ZnO-doped PCM have been developed and examined. Monocrystalline silicon modules (50 W each), solar meter, temperature sensor, digital anemometer and multi-meter are employed to conduct the tests. The I–V curves are plotted for the PV systems tested. The outcomes unveiled that the module temperature and electrical efficiency of conventional PV system at noon were 52.8 °C and 12.29% respectively. Integrating PCM/ZnO with PV system has reduced 5.68% of the module temperature and increased the 5.04% of electrical efficiency. The multi-pipe copper cooling frame filled with ZnO-doped PCM shows better cooling performance owing to the role of natural convection and conduction heat transfer inside the frame. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42735902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-21DOI: 10.1557/s43581-023-00062-2
Niklas Gerloff
Green hydrogen can play an important role in the energy transition because it can be used to store renewable energies in the long term, especially if the gas infrastructure is already in place. Furthermore, environmental costs are becoming increasingly important for companies and society, so that this study examines the environmental costs of green hydrogen production and compares them with the environmental costs of steam reforming, the conventional process that produces more than 90% of the world's hydrogen. For the green hydrogen production, the renewable energy sources solar, wind, and hydro energy are taken into account. The study shows that hydrogen production from hydro energy causes less environmental costs than the production from wind and solar energy. Moreover, the environmental costs of steam reforming are in part more than twice as high as the environmental costs of hydrogen produced from wind and hydro energy, whereby only the impact category climate change could be considered for steam reforming due to a lack of information. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Environmental costs of green hydrogen production as energy storage for renewable energies","authors":"Niklas Gerloff","doi":"10.1557/s43581-023-00062-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00062-2","url":null,"abstract":"Green hydrogen can play an important role in the energy transition because it can be used to store renewable energies in the long term, especially if the gas infrastructure is already in place. Furthermore, environmental costs are becoming increasingly important for companies and society, so that this study examines the environmental costs of green hydrogen production and compares them with the environmental costs of steam reforming, the conventional process that produces more than 90% of the world's hydrogen. For the green hydrogen production, the renewable energy sources solar, wind, and hydro energy are taken into account. The study shows that hydrogen production from hydro energy causes less environmental costs than the production from wind and solar energy. Moreover, the environmental costs of steam reforming are in part more than twice as high as the environmental costs of hydrogen produced from wind and hydro energy, whereby only the impact category climate change could be considered for steam reforming due to a lack of information. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47841667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1557/s43581-023-00061-3
A. Ku, Elizabeth A. Kócs, Shaik Afzal, M. Ewan, Jennifer R. Glenn, F. Toma, James W. Vickers, B. Weeks, Ashley A. White
The goal of decarbonizing global energy systems by 2050 is a challenge of unprecedented scope and ambition. Hydrogen has been identified as an important enabler for this effort, but its precise role in the energy transition and future energy system remains unclear. The MRS Focus on Sustainability subcommittee sponsored a panel discussion on the roles of and materials needs associated with hydrogen in the energy transition. This commentary summarizes key elements from the panel discussion and addresses how the materials research community can engage more deeply with the H_2 energy transition. The topics include inventing new materials with improved properties for advanced technologies, but also supporting the growth of a robust manufacturing base, improving materials corrosion mitigation, helping to de-risk supply chains, and training qualified workers across the industrial ecosystem to reinforce a culture of safety and support the evolution of commercial processes and business models. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Opportunities for the materials research community to support the development of the H_2 economy","authors":"A. Ku, Elizabeth A. Kócs, Shaik Afzal, M. Ewan, Jennifer R. Glenn, F. Toma, James W. Vickers, B. Weeks, Ashley A. White","doi":"10.1557/s43581-023-00061-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-023-00061-3","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of decarbonizing global energy systems by 2050 is a challenge of unprecedented scope and ambition. Hydrogen has been identified as an important enabler for this effort, but its precise role in the energy transition and future energy system remains unclear. The MRS Focus on Sustainability subcommittee sponsored a panel discussion on the roles of and materials needs associated with hydrogen in the energy transition. This commentary summarizes key elements from the panel discussion and addresses how the materials research community can engage more deeply with the H_2 energy transition. The topics include inventing new materials with improved properties for advanced technologies, but also supporting the growth of a robust manufacturing base, improving materials corrosion mitigation, helping to de-risk supply chains, and training qualified workers across the industrial ecosystem to reinforce a culture of safety and support the evolution of commercial processes and business models. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49273144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00056-6
Priyank P. Dave, Parth D. Shah, Taha Poonawala, S. Channiwala, J. Parikh
The use of the coal in power generation poses serious issues of particulate emissions and efficiency limitations. Power generation through a gasification route is a potential eco-friendly method. However, the gasification of high-ash-content coal itself is a major challenge, as the presence of high ash content (> 40%) limits the rate of reaction and leads to flow resistance, significantly affecting the gas quality. To overcome this limitation, one has to determine the optimal feasible operating parameters for its gasification. In the present investigation, a two-phase equilibrium model is used to determine the optimally feasible range of the equivalence ratio for gasification of five different types of coals whose ash content varies from 41.08 to 52.56% on a dry weight percentage basis. A parametric study is also carried out with respect to enriched O_2 air and steam addition to find the optimal process configuration. Moreover, response surface methodology is used to optimize the operating variables. From the analysis, it is finally observed that for high-ash-content coals, the most optimally feasible operating parameters are the use of 26.5% O_2-enriched air with 10% mass addition by steam. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Determination of optimally feasible operating parameters for gasification of high-ash-content coal","authors":"Priyank P. Dave, Parth D. Shah, Taha Poonawala, S. Channiwala, J. Parikh","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00056-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00056-6","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the coal in power generation poses serious issues of particulate emissions and efficiency limitations. Power generation through a gasification route is a potential eco-friendly method. However, the gasification of high-ash-content coal itself is a major challenge, as the presence of high ash content (> 40%) limits the rate of reaction and leads to flow resistance, significantly affecting the gas quality. To overcome this limitation, one has to determine the optimal feasible operating parameters for its gasification. In the present investigation, a two-phase equilibrium model is used to determine the optimally feasible range of the equivalence ratio for gasification of five different types of coals whose ash content varies from 41.08 to 52.56% on a dry weight percentage basis. A parametric study is also carried out with respect to enriched O_2 air and steam addition to find the optimal process configuration. Moreover, response surface methodology is used to optimize the operating variables. From the analysis, it is finally observed that for high-ash-content coals, the most optimally feasible operating parameters are the use of 26.5% O_2-enriched air with 10% mass addition by steam. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44490143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-03DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00059-3
S. Misra, P. K. Panigrahi, B. Dey, Saradindu Ghosh
A microgrid comprising several distributed energy resources (DERs) may include both conventional and non-conventional energy sources. Based on its mode of operation, a microgrid is classified as an islanded or grid-connected type. This paper studies five scenarios of optimal scheduling operations for DERs to achieve an economical low-voltage microgrid system. These scenarios are based on different types of grid participation and electricity market pricing strategies. The study's optimization tool was a freshly built, rapid and popular crow search algorithm (CSA). The findings imply that the most economical scenario of microgrid operation was when the grid was actively involved in the purchasing and selling of power with a time-of-usage-based dynamic pricing strategy. Considering scenario 1 as the ideal case, there was a 60% increase in the generation cost when a fixed-price grid was chosen in case 2 and an 80% increase in generation cost when the grid was contributing passively. Numerical findings support the statements that were made, with the CSA technique consistently producing superior-quality solutions with minimal execution time, independent of the problem's dimensions, therefore exceeding other similarly constructed algorithms used in the research. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Optimal scheduling of distributed generators for efficient microgrid system operation for different electricity market pricing and grid participation","authors":"S. Misra, P. K. Panigrahi, B. Dey, Saradindu Ghosh","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00059-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00059-3","url":null,"abstract":"A microgrid comprising several distributed energy resources (DERs) may include both conventional and non-conventional energy sources. Based on its mode of operation, a microgrid is classified as an islanded or grid-connected type. This paper studies five scenarios of optimal scheduling operations for DERs to achieve an economical low-voltage microgrid system. These scenarios are based on different types of grid participation and electricity market pricing strategies. The study's optimization tool was a freshly built, rapid and popular crow search algorithm (CSA). The findings imply that the most economical scenario of microgrid operation was when the grid was actively involved in the purchasing and selling of power with a time-of-usage-based dynamic pricing strategy. Considering scenario 1 as the ideal case, there was a 60% increase in the generation cost when a fixed-price grid was chosen in case 2 and an 80% increase in generation cost when the grid was contributing passively. Numerical findings support the statements that were made, with the CSA technique consistently producing superior-quality solutions with minimal execution time, independent of the problem's dimensions, therefore exceeding other similarly constructed algorithms used in the research. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42322150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-03DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00060-w
E. Fantin Irudaya Raj, Appadurai M, T. Lurthu Pushparaj, M. Chithambara Thanu
A smart city is an efficient and resilient urban center that, by leveraging its resources, provides its inhabitants with a good standard of living. Many countries worldwide have it as a mission to create citizen-friendly, eco-friendly, and sustainable smart cities. Power generation and power management are also integral parts of this mission. Power generation through renewable energy sources will be a crucial factor in a smart city environment. Renewable energy sources like solar and winds are the most used renewable energy and are more suited for urban applications. The present manuscript focuses on wind power generation using wind turbines in urban environments like smart cities. Most of the urban applications use Vertical axis Wind Turbine (VWT) for power generation. Compared with the Horizontal axis Wind Turbine (HWT), the low efficiency and dynamic instability problems are the main drawbacks of VWT. But the HWT does not have any such issues. Instead, it has its own disadvantages when it is used in smart cities like urban environments. The main shortfalls of conventional HWT are weighing heavily and creating more vibration and acoustic noise. An aramid fiber-based wind blade is proposed in this work to solve the shortcomings of conventional HWT and make it more suited for smart cities such as the urban environment. The CATIA modeling software suite is used to model and design wind blades. To examine the behaviour of the proposed wind turbine, structural, modal, and harmonic analyses are performed using ANSYS. The numerical results indicated that the proposed aramid fiber-based wind turbine is light in weight, creates low acoustic noises, free from vibration, and has a lower chance of resonance occurrence. Thus, it is better suited for urban environments such as smart cities. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Wind turbines with aramid fiber composite wind blades for smart cities like urban environments: Numerical simulation study","authors":"E. Fantin Irudaya Raj, Appadurai M, T. Lurthu Pushparaj, M. Chithambara Thanu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00060-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00060-w","url":null,"abstract":"A smart city is an efficient and resilient urban center that, by leveraging its resources, provides its inhabitants with a good standard of living. Many countries worldwide have it as a mission to create citizen-friendly, eco-friendly, and sustainable smart cities. Power generation and power management are also integral parts of this mission. Power generation through renewable energy sources will be a crucial factor in a smart city environment. Renewable energy sources like solar and winds are the most used renewable energy and are more suited for urban applications. The present manuscript focuses on wind power generation using wind turbines in urban environments like smart cities. Most of the urban applications use Vertical axis Wind Turbine (VWT) for power generation. Compared with the Horizontal axis Wind Turbine (HWT), the low efficiency and dynamic instability problems are the main drawbacks of VWT. But the HWT does not have any such issues. Instead, it has its own disadvantages when it is used in smart cities like urban environments. The main shortfalls of conventional HWT are weighing heavily and creating more vibration and acoustic noise. An aramid fiber-based wind blade is proposed in this work to solve the shortcomings of conventional HWT and make it more suited for smart cities such as the urban environment. The CATIA modeling software suite is used to model and design wind blades. To examine the behaviour of the proposed wind turbine, structural, modal, and harmonic analyses are performed using ANSYS. The numerical results indicated that the proposed aramid fiber-based wind turbine is light in weight, creates low acoustic noises, free from vibration, and has a lower chance of resonance occurrence. Thus, it is better suited for urban environments such as smart cities. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43405793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-27DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00058-4
Pulkit Kharia, R. Saini, Vamsi Krishna Kudapa
Energy from renewable sources is steadily expanding, even if fossil fuels remain the primary source of energy. Numerous advantages to biodiesel over other biofuels and fossil fuels make it a promising alternative fuel. It was the goal of this research project to distinguish between conventional and new technologies used throughout the biodiesel production and consumption life cycle. Biodiesel generation from micro-algal lipids and enhanced homogeneous and enzymatic transesterification, as well as non-catalytic supercritical transesterification using microwave and ultrasound as helping technologies, are all discussed in detail in the study. Our examination of biodiesel environmental assessment principles and current accomplishments takes into account all the variables that can affect the process efficiency and safety. Scientific research and development on biodiesel have increased over the past few decades. Alternative fuels are high in demand due to dwindling petroleum hydrocarbon supplies worldwide. Biodiesel, a type of biofuel, is now being hailed as a breakthrough commodity that will eventually replace petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel is a crucial advantage over conventional diesel in biodegradability, reduced exhaust emissions, more outstanding flash points, good lubricity, and other characteristics. Feedstock for biodiesel production includes various edible oils, non-edible oils, animal fats, microalgal oils, waste oils, and advanced solar oil. Biodiesel is prepared by breaking down the fats and oils into their corresponding alkyl esters by heating them. Processes such as transesterification, dilution, pyrolysis, and microemulsion are used to synthesize biodiesel. Microwave-assisted transesterification, reactive distillation, membrane separation, reactive extraction, and ultrasound are all recent developments in biodiesel manufacturing. The present works compare the ongoing research in the area of various biodiesel production processes in terms of their effectiveness. Graphical abstract
{"title":"A study on various sources and technologies for production of biodiesel and its efficiency","authors":"Pulkit Kharia, R. Saini, Vamsi Krishna Kudapa","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00058-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00058-4","url":null,"abstract":"Energy from renewable sources is steadily expanding, even if fossil fuels remain the primary source of energy. Numerous advantages to biodiesel over other biofuels and fossil fuels make it a promising alternative fuel. It was the goal of this research project to distinguish between conventional and new technologies used throughout the biodiesel production and consumption life cycle. Biodiesel generation from micro-algal lipids and enhanced homogeneous and enzymatic transesterification, as well as non-catalytic supercritical transesterification using microwave and ultrasound as helping technologies, are all discussed in detail in the study. Our examination of biodiesel environmental assessment principles and current accomplishments takes into account all the variables that can affect the process efficiency and safety. Scientific research and development on biodiesel have increased over the past few decades. Alternative fuels are high in demand due to dwindling petroleum hydrocarbon supplies worldwide. Biodiesel, a type of biofuel, is now being hailed as a breakthrough commodity that will eventually replace petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel is a crucial advantage over conventional diesel in biodegradability, reduced exhaust emissions, more outstanding flash points, good lubricity, and other characteristics. Feedstock for biodiesel production includes various edible oils, non-edible oils, animal fats, microalgal oils, waste oils, and advanced solar oil. Biodiesel is prepared by breaking down the fats and oils into their corresponding alkyl esters by heating them. Processes such as transesterification, dilution, pyrolysis, and microemulsion are used to synthesize biodiesel. Microwave-assisted transesterification, reactive distillation, membrane separation, reactive extraction, and ultrasound are all recent developments in biodiesel manufacturing. The present works compare the ongoing research in the area of various biodiesel production processes in terms of their effectiveness. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42486927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00057-5
B. Dey, S. Basak, B. Bhattacharyya
Abstract Demand-side management (DSM) segregates the elastic and inelastic loads and restructures the load demand model of a distribution system by minimizing the operational cost of the entire process. This is done by optimally transferring the flexible loads to hours when the per-unit cost of utility is lower. This paper performs a bi-level optimization strategy to lower the operating expense of a low-voltage microgrid (LV MG) system operating in grid-connected mode, comprising battery energy storage (BES), renewable energy sources (RES), and fossil fuel-powered generators. In the first level of optimization, the load model is restructured as per the DSM participation level. Thereafter, the restructured load demand model is considered, and optimal allocation for distributed generators (DGs) is percolated for minimizing the generation cost of the microgrid system in the second level. A recently developed hybrid swarm intelligence algorithm that has already been used in solving diverse power system optimization problems was used as the optimization tool for the study. The generation cost was minimized for different grid participation types and grid pricing strategies with and without consideration of DSM. The numerical results show a 55–75% reduction in generation cost when 20–30% DSM participation was considered. Graphical abstract Highlights i. The generation cost of an LV microgrid (MG) system was evaluated for diverse grid-dependent scenarios. ii. The impact of demand-side management on the performance of the MG system and generation costs was studied. Discussion The work described in this paper initially restructured the forecasted load demand for different DSM participation levels to reduce the peak demand and improve the load factor of the MG system. Thereafter, the generation costs were evaluated for diverse grid-dependent scenarios and compared for various load demand models obtained after DSM implementation.
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