Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00053-9
Ronja Wagner-Wenz, Albert-Jan van Zuilichem, L. Göllner-Völker, Katrin Berberich, A. Weidenkaff, L. Schebek
This review examines the status of development, process performance and life cycle environmental impact of the three major recycling routes for lithium ion batteries and considers the impact of changes in legislation in the European Union (EU). Today, new lithium-ion battery-recycling technologies are under development while a change in the legal requirements for recycling targets is under way. Thus, an evaluation of the performance of these technologies is critical for stakeholders in politics, industry, and research. We evaluate 209 publications and compare three major recycling routes. An important aspect of this review is that we tackle the need for a critical evaluation of these recycling routes by introducing clear terms and creating a structuring scheme. Our evaluation criteria cover three areas: status of development, process performance, and life-cycle environmental impacts. With respect to development status, we provide an analysis of today’s market. A criterion of process performance is recycling efficiency, which today focuses on the mass of the recovered materials. To include the contributions of critical materials, we add a criterion for the efficiency of recovery of materials. Life-cycle assessments provide information on gross impacts, benefit of substituting virgin material and net impact. Present life-cycle assessments focus on waste management rather than on recovery of critical materials. This review contributes to an understanding of these trade-offs and supports discussion as to what is the “best” recycling route when targets conflict. Graphical Abstract There are three possible process sequences for each lithium-ion battery-recycling route. A distinction is made between pre-treatment steps (gray), direct physical treatment steps (green), pyro-metallurgical treatment (orange), and hydro-metallurgical treatment (blue). The figure is based on a figure from Doose et al. (Joule 3:2622–2646, 2019).
{"title":"Recycling routes of lithium-ion batteries: A critical review of the development status, the process performance, and life-cycle environmental impacts","authors":"Ronja Wagner-Wenz, Albert-Jan van Zuilichem, L. Göllner-Völker, Katrin Berberich, A. Weidenkaff, L. Schebek","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00053-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00053-9","url":null,"abstract":"This review examines the status of development, process performance and life cycle environmental impact of the three major recycling routes for lithium ion batteries and considers the impact of changes in legislation in the European Union (EU). Today, new lithium-ion battery-recycling technologies are under development while a change in the legal requirements for recycling targets is under way. Thus, an evaluation of the performance of these technologies is critical for stakeholders in politics, industry, and research. We evaluate 209 publications and compare three major recycling routes. An important aspect of this review is that we tackle the need for a critical evaluation of these recycling routes by introducing clear terms and creating a structuring scheme. Our evaluation criteria cover three areas: status of development, process performance, and life-cycle environmental impacts. With respect to development status, we provide an analysis of today’s market. A criterion of process performance is recycling efficiency, which today focuses on the mass of the recovered materials. To include the contributions of critical materials, we add a criterion for the efficiency of recovery of materials. Life-cycle assessments provide information on gross impacts, benefit of substituting virgin material and net impact. Present life-cycle assessments focus on waste management rather than on recovery of critical materials. This review contributes to an understanding of these trade-offs and supports discussion as to what is the “best” recycling route when targets conflict. Graphical Abstract There are three possible process sequences for each lithium-ion battery-recycling route. A distinction is made between pre-treatment steps (gray), direct physical treatment steps (green), pyro-metallurgical treatment (orange), and hydro-metallurgical treatment (blue). The figure is based on a figure from Doose et al. (Joule 3:2622–2646, 2019).","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42077394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) are currently being developed as low-cost candidates for large-scale energy storage of green energy. Na superionic conductor-type NaTi_2(PO_4)_3 is a promising anode material for ASIBs owing to its excellent theoretical capacity, open three-dimensional framework, and sufficiently low-redox potential. However, its retention rate is restricted by its poor electronic conductivity. In this study, Mo-doped NTPs, NaMo_ x Ti_2− x (PO_4)_3 ( x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07), are synthesized using a facile sol–gel method to enhance its electronic conductivity. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that composites doped with high-valence Mo retain rhombohedral crystal structure. Owing to the improved electronic conductivity and sodium-ion kinetics, NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3 exhibits superior capacity of 100.9 mAh g^−1 at 50 mA g^−1 and excellent rate performance of 71.9 mAh g^−1 at 10 A g^−1. Moreover, Mo-doped composites retain 82.7% of their original capacity after 500 cycles at 1 A g^−1, indicating the excellent cycling stability of NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3. Full cell with Mg-doped Na_3V_1.95Mg_0.05(PO_4)_2F_3/C cathode exhibits a high voltage window of 1.5 V and a sustained high energy density of 28.7 Wh kg^−1 at 512.7 W kg^−1 and 22.1 Wh kg^−1 at 2405.1 W kg^−1. These results demonstrate that NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3 exhibits high rate capability and long cycle life, making it a promising ASIB anode material for grid-scale energy storage. Graphical abstract
水性钠离子电池（ASIBs）目前正被开发为大规模绿色能源储能的低成本候选电池。钠超离子导体型NaTi_2（PO_4）_3具有优异的理论容量、开放的三维骨架和足够低的氧化还原电位，是一种很有前途的ASIBs阳极材料。然而，其保留率受到其较差的电子导电性的限制。在本研究中，Mo掺杂的NTPs，NaMo_xTi_2−x（PO_4）_3（x = 0，0.01，0.03，0.05，0.07），以提高其电子导电性。X射线衍射分析表明，高价Mo掺杂的复合材料保持了菱形晶体结构。NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95（PO_4）_3由于其电子电导率和钠离子动力学的改善，在50 mA g^−1时表现出100.9 mAh g^−的优异容量，在10 A g^−2时表现出71.9 mAh g ^−1的优异倍率性能。此外，Mo掺杂复合材料在1A g^−1下循环500次后仍保持了82.7%的原始容量，表明NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95（PO_4）_3具有优异的循环稳定性。Mg掺杂Na_3V_1.95Mg_0.05（PO_4）_2F_3/C阴极的全电池在512.7W kg^−1时表现出1.5V的高电压窗口，在2405.1W kg^-1时表现出28.7Wh kg^−1的持续高能量密度。这些结果表明，NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95（PO_4）_3具有较高的倍率性能和较长的循环寿命，是一种很有前途的电网储能ASIB阳极材料。图形摘要
{"title":"High-rate NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3 for aqueous sodium-ion battery anode material","authors":"Cheng-Yen Wu, Shao-Chu Huang, Jagabandhu Patra, Chia‐Ching Lin, Chung-Sheng Ni, Jeng‐Kuei Chang, Han-Yi Chen, Cheng‐Zhang Lu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00041-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00041-z","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous sodium-ion batteries (ASIBs) are currently being developed as low-cost candidates for large-scale energy storage of green energy. Na superionic conductor-type NaTi_2(PO_4)_3 is a promising anode material for ASIBs owing to its excellent theoretical capacity, open three-dimensional framework, and sufficiently low-redox potential. However, its retention rate is restricted by its poor electronic conductivity. In this study, Mo-doped NTPs, NaMo_ x Ti_2− x (PO_4)_3 ( x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07), are synthesized using a facile sol–gel method to enhance its electronic conductivity. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that composites doped with high-valence Mo retain rhombohedral crystal structure. Owing to the improved electronic conductivity and sodium-ion kinetics, NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3 exhibits superior capacity of 100.9 mAh g^−1 at 50 mA g^−1 and excellent rate performance of 71.9 mAh g^−1 at 10 A g^−1. Moreover, Mo-doped composites retain 82.7% of their original capacity after 500 cycles at 1 A g^−1, indicating the excellent cycling stability of NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3. Full cell with Mg-doped Na_3V_1.95Mg_0.05(PO_4)_2F_3/C cathode exhibits a high voltage window of 1.5 V and a sustained high energy density of 28.7 Wh kg^−1 at 512.7 W kg^−1 and 22.1 Wh kg^−1 at 2405.1 W kg^−1. These results demonstrate that NaMo_0.05Ti_1.95(PO_4)_3 exhibits high rate capability and long cycle life, making it a promising ASIB anode material for grid-scale energy storage. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"350-359"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49485217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00049-5
Zilin Yang, Shuai Cao, Ting-ting Lv, Guangxun Zhang, Xiaotian Guo, Songtao Zhang, H. Pang
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as a coordination polymer, has developed rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, carbon materials (CMs) derived from MOFs have attracted extensive attention due to their high specific surface area nanoporous structures and tunable chemical and physical properties, which are widely used in energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis and other fields. Nowadays, how to efficiently prepare MOFs-derived carbon materials on a large scale for industrial application is the focus of current research. This paper reviews the different forms and preparation methods of metal–organic framework carbon materials. At the same time, the current defects and future development trends of MOFs-derived carbon materials synthesis are discussed. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Recent progress in the synthesis of metal-organic-framework-derived carbon materials","authors":"Zilin Yang, Shuai Cao, Ting-ting Lv, Guangxun Zhang, Xiaotian Guo, Songtao Zhang, H. Pang","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00049-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00049-5","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as a coordination polymer, has developed rapidly in recent years. Meanwhile, carbon materials (CMs) derived from MOFs have attracted extensive attention due to their high specific surface area nanoporous structures and tunable chemical and physical properties, which are widely used in energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis and other fields. Nowadays, how to efficiently prepare MOFs-derived carbon materials on a large scale for industrial application is the focus of current research. This paper reviews the different forms and preparation methods of metal–organic framework carbon materials. At the same time, the current defects and future development trends of MOFs-derived carbon materials synthesis are discussed. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"281-312"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48349339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00046-8
N. Sinclair, R. Savinell, J. Wainright
Abstract Government funding is critical for testing concepts and ideas of technical approaches to demonstrate their value to attract attention for commercial development. In the US for energy projects, this funding often comes from ARPA-E, but similar types of funding agencies exist in other countries as well. However, independent of the funding sources, government or private, often unanticipated challenges arise that require pivots and flexibility, and leap-frogging scale-up levels can hinder achieving the knowledge needed for technology development. By incorporating a conducting carbon slurry in the negative electrolyte of an all iron flow battery, the decoupling of power from energy design becomes possible for this normally hybrid flow battery system. This approach offers the potential for very low cost large-scale energy storage with safe and sustainable materials. Government funding of this project allowed the demonstration of the concept during the seedling stage, but with the use of carbon nanotubes that would not meet cost targets. The second phase of the project demonstrated that low cost carbons with certain properties could also be used effectively. The third phase of the project then sought to scale-up the lab cells to a full-size stack. This paper summarizes some of the technical challenges encountered and pivots in approach that were taken. This project was sponsored by a commercialization-focused government agency (US ARPA-E in this case) and we point out some constraints and expectations of attracting commercial funding sources that hindered the development, or complicated solving the necessary design and materials issues to make the technology interesting for further investment. The lessons learned here will be applicable to other commercialization driven projects sponsored by government agencies in the US and elsewhere. Graphical abstract
{"title":"A perspective on the design and scale up of a novel redox flow battery","authors":"N. Sinclair, R. Savinell, J. Wainright","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00046-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00046-8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Government funding is critical for testing concepts and ideas of technical approaches to demonstrate their value to attract attention for commercial development. In the US for energy projects, this funding often comes from ARPA-E, but similar types of funding agencies exist in other countries as well. However, independent of the funding sources, government or private, often unanticipated challenges arise that require pivots and flexibility, and leap-frogging scale-up levels can hinder achieving the knowledge needed for technology development. By incorporating a conducting carbon slurry in the negative electrolyte of an all iron flow battery, the decoupling of power from energy design becomes possible for this normally hybrid flow battery system. This approach offers the potential for very low cost large-scale energy storage with safe and sustainable materials. Government funding of this project allowed the demonstration of the concept during the seedling stage, but with the use of carbon nanotubes that would not meet cost targets. The second phase of the project demonstrated that low cost carbons with certain properties could also be used effectively. The third phase of the project then sought to scale-up the lab cells to a full-size stack. This paper summarizes some of the technical challenges encountered and pivots in approach that were taken. This project was sponsored by a commercialization-focused government agency (US ARPA-E in this case) and we point out some constraints and expectations of attracting commercial funding sources that hindered the development, or complicated solving the necessary design and materials issues to make the technology interesting for further investment. The lessons learned here will be applicable to other commercialization driven projects sponsored by government agencies in the US and elsewhere. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"387-391"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42573926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00052-w
Chun-Wei yu, Cho-Jen Tsai
Lithium-sulfur batteries have significant potential to be applied in next-generation energy storage systems. However, polysulfide dissolution and redeposition have contributed to poor cycling stability, low sulfur utilization, and poor rate performance, thereby limiting their practical applications. Herein, we used a sol-gel method to fabricate a Ti_4O_7 conductive metal oxide, which was partially added to a Lithium-sulfur battery cathode. The results demonstrated that the addition of 7.5 wt% to 10 wt% Ti_4O_7 as the conductive additive resulted in a better rate capability and reversible cycling performance owing to its high electronic conductivity and surface adsorption of polysulfides. Compared to complex architectures and complicated synthesis methods, we report a more effective way to overcome the drawbacks of Lithium-sulfur batteries. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Ti_4O_7 as conductive additive in sulfur and graphene-sulfur cathodes for high-performance Lithium-sulfur batteries with a facile preparation method","authors":"Chun-Wei yu, Cho-Jen Tsai","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00052-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00052-w","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-sulfur batteries have significant potential to be applied in next-generation energy storage systems. However, polysulfide dissolution and redeposition have contributed to poor cycling stability, low sulfur utilization, and poor rate performance, thereby limiting their practical applications. Herein, we used a sol-gel method to fabricate a Ti_4O_7 conductive metal oxide, which was partially added to a Lithium-sulfur battery cathode. The results demonstrated that the addition of 7.5 wt% to 10 wt% Ti_4O_7 as the conductive additive resulted in a better rate capability and reversible cycling performance owing to its high electronic conductivity and surface adsorption of polysulfides. Compared to complex architectures and complicated synthesis methods, we report a more effective way to overcome the drawbacks of Lithium-sulfur batteries. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"369-377"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48769954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00051-x
Yue Meng
Last month, we were elated to learn that the climate and energy provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act will speed greenhouse gas mitigation and put the US on track to deliver the intended target for 2035. The bill includes $369 billion in climate and energy provisions that will transform how the nation gets its energy and shape the country’s climate and industrial policy for decades. It is indeed a historical moment. MRS Energy & Sustainability was launched as a reviews-only journal in 2014. The Materials Research Society (MRS) has a long track record of recognizing the scientific, technological, and sociological complexity relating to energy, the environment, and sustainability. The birth of the journal 8 years ago was motivated by the Society’s vision as a global organization of materials researchers that promotes communication for the advancement of interdisciplinary materials research and technology to improve the quality of life. Naturally, energy and sustainability are at the core of our quality of life. Since I became the Editor-in-Chief of the journal in 2018, my goal has been to broaden its scope by introducing more original research and focused topics to the journal’s coverage. (Original research represents 39% of published content since 2020). Despite the lack of in-person meetings in 2020 and 2021 due to the pandemic, I am delighted to see the enthusiastic engagement from the materials science community at large. Remarkably, we have increased numbers of downloads all over the world and submissions are steadily increasing. The journal has subscriptions on all six habitable continents, and the variety of content has made it a destination for the most cutting-edge research in the field. In 2021, MRS entered a new publishing alliance with Springer-Nature, one of the world’s powerhouses for scientific publications. At this critical moment of energy transition in the world, MRS Energy & Sustainability will continue to serve the MRS community and society at large by publishing the convergent research among science, technology, economics, and policy. The journal published some of its most highly cited papers addressing recycling, critical materials supply chain, life cycle analysis for renewables, materials circularity, etc., long before those issues caught the public’s attention. Our readers include a broad spectrum of scientists, academics, policy makers, and industry professionals, all interested in the interdisciplinary nature of the science, technology, and policy aspects of energy and sustainability. Looking ahead when EDITORIAL
{"title":"Energy and sustainability: A historical moment for the nation and the world","authors":"Yue Meng","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00051-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00051-x","url":null,"abstract":"Last month, we were elated to learn that the climate and energy provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act will speed greenhouse gas mitigation and put the US on track to deliver the intended target for 2035. The bill includes $369 billion in climate and energy provisions that will transform how the nation gets its energy and shape the country’s climate and industrial policy for decades. It is indeed a historical moment. MRS Energy & Sustainability was launched as a reviews-only journal in 2014. The Materials Research Society (MRS) has a long track record of recognizing the scientific, technological, and sociological complexity relating to energy, the environment, and sustainability. The birth of the journal 8 years ago was motivated by the Society’s vision as a global organization of materials researchers that promotes communication for the advancement of interdisciplinary materials research and technology to improve the quality of life. Naturally, energy and sustainability are at the core of our quality of life. Since I became the Editor-in-Chief of the journal in 2018, my goal has been to broaden its scope by introducing more original research and focused topics to the journal’s coverage. (Original research represents 39% of published content since 2020). Despite the lack of in-person meetings in 2020 and 2021 due to the pandemic, I am delighted to see the enthusiastic engagement from the materials science community at large. Remarkably, we have increased numbers of downloads all over the world and submissions are steadily increasing. The journal has subscriptions on all six habitable continents, and the variety of content has made it a destination for the most cutting-edge research in the field. In 2021, MRS entered a new publishing alliance with Springer-Nature, one of the world’s powerhouses for scientific publications. At this critical moment of energy transition in the world, MRS Energy & Sustainability will continue to serve the MRS community and society at large by publishing the convergent research among science, technology, economics, and policy. The journal published some of its most highly cited papers addressing recycling, critical materials supply chain, life cycle analysis for renewables, materials circularity, etc., long before those issues caught the public’s attention. Our readers include a broad spectrum of scientists, academics, policy makers, and industry professionals, all interested in the interdisciplinary nature of the science, technology, and policy aspects of energy and sustainability. Looking ahead when EDITORIAL","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43733085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00048-6
K. Yadav, A. Sircar
India is forging ahead on the journey of adopting electric vehicles in the country with all EV fleets targeting by 2030. It seems to be quite optimistic considering that the EV fleet is still smaller than 1%. Successful market penetration of electric vehicles may not only rely on the characteristics of the technology, but also on the business models available on the market. This study is a review of Indian EV policy in order to change Indian mobility sector. It discusses the journey of Indian EV sector and how it evolved. It talks about the six key growth drivers which are responsible for EV development in India. This paper also narrates the electric vehicle policy development cycle of India with its parameters and functions. It also explains the life cycle assessment of EV for the development of economic perspective of EV in India. The Indian government needs to implement policies aimed at reducing air pollution by introducing EV’s that raise the sale of electric vehicles, increase the percentage of green energy in the Indian power mix and prevent battery production air pollution. The suggested strategies can be adapted to reduce air emissions by increasing the introduction of electric vehicles in any sector globally. Graphical abstract
{"title":"A review on electric vehicle transport policy of India with certain recommendations","authors":"K. Yadav, A. Sircar","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00048-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00048-6","url":null,"abstract":"India is forging ahead on the journey of adopting electric vehicles in the country with all EV fleets targeting by 2030. It seems to be quite optimistic considering that the EV fleet is still smaller than 1%. Successful market penetration of electric vehicles may not only rely on the characteristics of the technology, but also on the business models available on the market. This study is a review of Indian EV policy in order to change Indian mobility sector. It discusses the journey of Indian EV sector and how it evolved. It talks about the six key growth drivers which are responsible for EV development in India. This paper also narrates the electric vehicle policy development cycle of India with its parameters and functions. It also explains the life cycle assessment of EV for the development of economic perspective of EV in India. The Indian government needs to implement policies aimed at reducing air pollution by introducing EV’s that raise the sale of electric vehicles, increase the percentage of green energy in the Indian power mix and prevent battery production air pollution. The suggested strategies can be adapted to reduce air emissions by increasing the introduction of electric vehicles in any sector globally. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"469-479"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this study, we prepared size-selected Pt/graphene oxide nanoribbon (GONR) composites as fuel-cell anode photoelectrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in an alkaline solution. Additionally, we used a light-emitting diode (LED) and a Xeon (Xe) lamp to increase the current densities of methanol oxidation reaction while photoelectrochemical phenomenon occurred upon our catalysts. The major parameter of our research is microwave powers for unzipping GONRs for electrochemical and photoeletrochemical measurements. Firstly, we utilized microwave heating to fabricate GONRs and load Pt nanoparticles made by chemical reduction methods. Secondly, we carried out the electrochemical and photoeletrochemical measurements using electrocatalyst-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. The size distribution of Pt colloidal nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The compositions of composite catalysts were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The MOR photocurrent density of Pt/GONR (200 W) in cyclic voltammograms is 458 mA/mg_Pt under LED illumination. The photocurrent increase of this condition is 38.0% which is better than its dark one. Furthermore, we can obtain the MOR photocurrent density of 608, 696, and 794 mA/mg_Pt using Xe lamp with a power of 500, 750, and 1000 mW/cm^2. Graphical abstract Highlights The Pt/graphene oxide nanoribbon composites was used as electrocatalysts for the methanol oxidation reaction in an alkaline solution. The visible light sources help to improve the peak oxidation currents of the reaction using our electrocatalysts. Discussion The requirements for a best carbon support for a specific photoelectrochemical reaction remain an issue. The quantitative analyses of the current increase induced by photon energy in a specific electrochemical reaction are not well resolved yet.
{"title":"Synthesis of size-selected Pt/GONR nanocomposites for visible-light-enhanced methanol oxidation reaction in an alkaline solution","authors":"Chia-Liang Sun, Yu-Chih Chen, Cheng-Hsuan Lin, Hung-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00054-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00054-8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, we prepared size-selected Pt/graphene oxide nanoribbon (GONR) composites as fuel-cell anode photoelectrocatalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in an alkaline solution. Additionally, we used a light-emitting diode (LED) and a Xeon (Xe) lamp to increase the current densities of methanol oxidation reaction while photoelectrochemical phenomenon occurred upon our catalysts. The major parameter of our research is microwave powers for unzipping GONRs for electrochemical and photoeletrochemical measurements. Firstly, we utilized microwave heating to fabricate GONRs and load Pt nanoparticles made by chemical reduction methods. Secondly, we carried out the electrochemical and photoeletrochemical measurements using electrocatalyst-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. The size distribution of Pt colloidal nanoparticles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The compositions of composite catalysts were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The MOR photocurrent density of Pt/GONR (200 W) in cyclic voltammograms is 458 mA/mg_Pt under LED illumination. The photocurrent increase of this condition is 38.0% which is better than its dark one. Furthermore, we can obtain the MOR photocurrent density of 608, 696, and 794 mA/mg_Pt using Xe lamp with a power of 500, 750, and 1000 mW/cm^2. Graphical abstract Highlights The Pt/graphene oxide nanoribbon composites was used as electrocatalysts for the methanol oxidation reaction in an alkaline solution. The visible light sources help to improve the peak oxidation currents of the reaction using our electrocatalysts. Discussion The requirements for a best carbon support for a specific photoelectrochemical reaction remain an issue. The quantitative analyses of the current increase induced by photon energy in a specific electrochemical reaction are not well resolved yet.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"378-386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41438798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00047-7
Bolun Xu
Battery energy storage is critical to decarbonizing future power systems, and the cost of battery degradation within power system operations is crucial to ensure economic utilization of battery resources and provide a fair return to their investors. Power system operators dispatch assets by solving optimization problems of extreme complexity that include thousands of generators and transmission lines, and degradation models to be incorporated into power system optimization must be efficient to compute while capturing key degradation factors relevant to grid operations. This paper will compare various degradation models that are incorporable into power system optimization; each has different computation complexities and modeling focuses. This paper will summarize the pros and cons of different models, and how they may suit different battery technologies or configurations. Besides modeling, the paper discusses the opportunity cost of degradation and the battery warranty terms, both will impact the design and implementation of degradation models in power systems. The paper summarizes the comparison and future directions for designing degradation models for grid-scale batteries. Graphical abstract
{"title":"The role of modeling battery degradation in bulk power system optimizations","authors":"Bolun Xu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00047-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00047-7","url":null,"abstract":"Battery energy storage is critical to decarbonizing future power systems, and the cost of battery degradation within power system operations is crucial to ensure economic utilization of battery resources and provide a fair return to their investors. Power system operators dispatch assets by solving optimization problems of extreme complexity that include thousands of generators and transmission lines, and degradation models to be incorporated into power system optimization must be efficient to compute while capturing key degradation factors relevant to grid operations. This paper will compare various degradation models that are incorporable into power system optimization; each has different computation complexities and modeling focuses. This paper will summarize the pros and cons of different models, and how they may suit different battery technologies or configurations. Besides modeling, the paper discusses the opportunity cost of degradation and the battery warranty terms, both will impact the design and implementation of degradation models in power systems. The paper summarizes the comparison and future directions for designing degradation models for grid-scale batteries. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"198-211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49469044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1557/s43581-022-00045-9
Pu Chen, Rui-Tung Kuo, Tzu-Ying Lin
Abstract Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes allows all-solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) to exhibit excellent safety and high volumetric energy density. Since the large-scale processing of electrolytes might encounter a brittleness issue on the ceramic solid-state electrolytes, the solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer-ceramic composite may present a solution due to its great strength and bendable characteristics. While being inherently flexible, PEO-based electrolyte has relatively low ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor resistance against the hazard of dendrite formation and growth. Although ceramic filler addition has been developed to increase the yield strength and improve the electrochemical properties, high-density fillers lack reinforcement and cause brittle failure. In this work, we propose a unilateral structure that well combines the flexible nature of PEO polymer and low fraction fillers with good inhibition of lithium dendrite growth. In the unilateral structure, the polymer acquires high flatness and wettability to the electrode, and high-density garnet Li_7La_3Zr_2O_12-based filler at the composite surface provides high shear modulus to enhance overall mechanical strength, taking complementary advantages of two kinds of electrolytes. It is further demonstrated that the lithium-ion conductivity strongly depends on the lithium concentration gradient inside the composite electrolyte, and ball-milled ceramics may further disequilibrium the optimum ionic conductivities. Under current density galvanostatic cycling of 0.2 mA/cm^2, a unilateral modified composite electrolyte with merely 15wt% fillers can withstand lithium stripping and plating smoothly for more than 50 h without potential protrusion. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Unilateral modified composite electrolyte by high modulus ceramics filling","authors":"Pu Chen, Rui-Tung Kuo, Tzu-Ying Lin","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00045-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00045-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes allows all-solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) to exhibit excellent safety and high volumetric energy density. Since the large-scale processing of electrolytes might encounter a brittleness issue on the ceramic solid-state electrolytes, the solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer-ceramic composite may present a solution due to its great strength and bendable characteristics. While being inherently flexible, PEO-based electrolyte has relatively low ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor resistance against the hazard of dendrite formation and growth. Although ceramic filler addition has been developed to increase the yield strength and improve the electrochemical properties, high-density fillers lack reinforcement and cause brittle failure. In this work, we propose a unilateral structure that well combines the flexible nature of PEO polymer and low fraction fillers with good inhibition of lithium dendrite growth. In the unilateral structure, the polymer acquires high flatness and wettability to the electrode, and high-density garnet Li_7La_3Zr_2O_12-based filler at the composite surface provides high shear modulus to enhance overall mechanical strength, taking complementary advantages of two kinds of electrolytes. It is further demonstrated that the lithium-ion conductivity strongly depends on the lithium concentration gradient inside the composite electrolyte, and ball-milled ceramics may further disequilibrium the optimum ionic conductivities. Under current density galvanostatic cycling of 0.2 mA/cm^2, a unilateral modified composite electrolyte with merely 15wt% fillers can withstand lithium stripping and plating smoothly for more than 50 h without potential protrusion. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":"9 1","pages":"360-368"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44300133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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