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Hotspots in the EU-27 and Economic Consequences of the 2022 Spring-Summer Drought Points chauds dans l'Union européenne à 27 et conséquences économiques de la sécheresse du printemps-été 2022 Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Dürre im Frühjahr und Sommer 2022 und ihre Hotspots in der EU-27 欧盟 27 国的热点地区和 2022 年春夏季干旱的经济后果欧盟 27 国的热点地区和 2022 年春夏季干旱的经济后果
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12423
Zsolt Pinke, Tamás Ács, Péter Kalicz, Zoltán Kern, Attila Jambor

L'année 2022 restera dans les mémoires comme une année de grave sécheresse en Europe. Pour les six cultures représentant la plus grande superficie récoltée, les pertes de production causées par la sécheresse pourraient même avoir atteint une valeur estimée à 13 milliards d'euros dans l'Union européenne à 27. Compte tenu de la part de ces grandes cultures dans l'ensemble des superficies récoltées, la perte totale sur l'ensemble des terres cultivées pourrait avoir atteint deux fois ce montant (25 à 30 millions d'euros). Ce chiffre indique l'ampleur du défi que représente le changement climatique sur le continent. Alors que la majeure partie de l'Europe a souffert d'une grave sécheresse au printemps et à l’été 2022, les pertes agricoles étaient spécifiques à chaque région et se sont concentrées dans les régions de la Méditerranée occidentale et des Carpates-Balkans. Les cultures de maïs et de tournesol ont subi les pertes les plus importantes, tandis que les données concernant le blé, l'orge, le colza et le seigle ont montré un tableau ambivalent. Les pertes de production pour les cultures arables,associées aux prix extrêmement élevés du marché, ont même représenté 1 à 2 pour cent du PIB dans certains pays de la région des Carpates et des Balkans. Le paradoxe de l'an dernier est que, malgré la sévérité de l'impact de la sécheresse sur les cultures arables, l'agriculture de l'Union européenne a créé une valeur ajoutée brute très élevée grâce à la flambée des prix alimentaires.

Das Jahr 2022 wird in Europa als schweres Dürrejahr in Erinnerung bleiben. Die Produktionsverluste bei den sechs Kulturen mit der größten Erntefläche in der EU-27 dürften sich auf bis zu 13 Milliarden Euro belaufen haben und die Gesamtverluste für den Ackerbau könnten sogar doppelt so hoch gewesen sein. Dieser hohe wirtschaftliche Schaden zeigt, wie groß die Herausforderung ist, die der Klimawandel für den Kontinent darstellt. Obwohl der größte Teil Europas im Frühjahr und Sommer 2022 unter schwerer Trockenheit litt, waren die landwirtschaftlichen Verluste regionsspezifisch und konzentrierten sich auf den westlichen Mittelmeerraum und die Karpaten-Balkan-Region. Mais und Sonnenblumen erlitten die höchsten Verluste, während die Daten für Weizen, Gerste, Raps und Roggen ein ambivalentes Bild zeigten. Die Dürreschäden in Verbindung mit den extrem hohen Marktpreisen erreichten in einigen Ländern der Karpaten-Balkan-Region 1-2 Prozent des BIP. Das Paradoxe daran ist, dass die Landwirtschaft in der Europäischen Union trotz der durch die Dürre verursachten Verluste eine sehr hohe Bruttowertschöpfung erwirtschaftet hat, was auf die stark gestiegenen Lebensmittelpreise zurückzuführen ist.

2022 年是欧洲严重干旱的一年。在欧盟 27 国中,因干旱造成的产量损失估计高达 130 亿欧元。考虑到这六种作物在所有耕地中的比例,耕地耕作的总收入损失可能会达到这个数字的两倍(250 亿至 300 亿欧元)。这一数字表明了气候变化给欧洲大陆带来的巨大挑战。虽然欧洲大部分地区在 2022 年春季和夏季遭受了严重干旱,但农业损失却因地区而异,主要集中在西地中海和喀尔巴阡山-巴尔干地区。玉米和向日葵的损失最大,而小麦、大麦、油菜籽和黑麦的数据则显示出一种矛盾的情况。在喀尔巴阡山-巴尔干地区的一些国家,与极高的市场价格相关的耕地农业生产损失甚至达到了国内生产总值的 1-2%。去年的悖论是,尽管干旱严重打击了耕地农业,但由于粮食价格飞涨,欧洲联盟的农业创造了非常高的总附加值。
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引用次数: 0
Compensating for the Indirect Effects of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine – Varied approaches from Bulgaria, Poland and Romania Compenser les effets indirects de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie – Approches variées en Bulgarie, en Pologne et en Roumanie Entschädigungen für die indirekten Auswirkungen des russischen Einmarschs in die Ukraine: abwechslungsreiche Ansätze aus Bulgarien, Polen und Rumänien 补偿俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的间接影响--保加利亚、波兰和罗马尼亚的不同做法Compenser les effets indirects de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie - Approches variées en Bulgarie, en Pologne et en RoumanieCompenser les effets indirects de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie - Approches variées en Bulgarie, en Pologne et en Roumanie补偿俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的间接影响:保加利亚、波兰和罗马尼亚的不同做法
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12422
Rositsa Beluhova-Uzunova, Stefan Mann, Maria Prisacariu, Adrian Sadłowski

Après l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, l'Union européenne (UE) a levé les droits de douane sur les importations de produits ukrainiens afin de maintenir les exportations ukrainiennes sur le marché mondial. Cela a entraîné une baisse considérable des prix des céréales et des graines oléagineuses dans les États membres concernés. La Commission européenne a alloué 56 millions d'euros aux agriculteurs de Bulgarie, de Pologne et de Roumanie en compensation des pertes causées par cette ouverture du marché communautaire. Ce montant a été complété par 56 millions d'euros supplémentaires provenant des budgets nationaux. L'ensemble étant insuffisant pour compenser pleinement les pertes des agriculteurs, les trois États membres ont dû définir des critères sélectifs pour décider de la répartition des fonds. La Bulgarie a opté pour des paiements compensatoires basés sur la superficie pour les producteurs de tournesol. La Roumanie a choisi de soutenir les agriculteurs stockant du blé, excluant ainsi les petits producteurs ne disposant pas d'installations de stockage. La Pologne a indemnisé un large éventail de producteurs agricoles, mais a réduit le montant versé aux plus grandes exploitations. Une comparaison de ces trois approches constitue un bon exemple concret pour démontrer l'interaction entre les secours d'urgence et les priorités politiques des pouvoirs publics nationaux.

Nach dem russischen Einmarsch in die Ukraine hob die Europäische Union (EU) die Importzölle für ukrainische Waren auf, um ukrainische Exporte auf den Weltmarkt weiter zu ermöglichen. Dies führte zu einem spürbaren Preisverfall von Getreide und Ölsaaten in den betroffenen Mitgliedsländern. Die Europäische Kommission allozierte 56 Millionen Euro für Landwirte in Bulgarien, Polen und Rumänien, um für durch die Grenzöffnung der EU entstehende Verluste zu entschädigen. Diese Mittel wurden durch 56 Millionen Euros aus den nationalen Haushalten ergänzt. Da dies nicht ausreichte, die Landwirte vollumfänglich für ihre Verluste zu entschädigen, mussten die drei Mitgliedsstaaten für die Zuweisung der Gelder selektive Kriterien definieren. Bulgarien entschied sich für hektarbasierte Kompensationszahlungen für Sonnenblumenproduzenten, und Rumänien entschied sich, Zuschüsse an Landwirte zu zahlen, die Weizen lagern, und damit Kleinbauern ohne Lagermöglichkeiten von der Förderung auszuschliessen. Polen kompensierte eine Reihe von Kulturen, aber beschränkte die Auszahlungssumme an Grossbetriebe. Ein Vergleich dieser drei Ansätze ist ein gutes Beispiel für die Verquickung zwischen Nothilfe und den politischen Prioritäten nationaler Regierungen.

俄罗斯入侵乌克兰后,欧洲联盟(欧盟)取消了乌克兰商品的进口关税,以维持乌克兰对世界市场的出口。这导致受影响成员国的谷物和油籽价格大幅下降。欧盟委员会已向保加利亚、波兰和罗马尼亚的农民拨款 5600 万欧元,以补偿他们因欧盟开放而遭受的损失。另外,国家预算也提供了 5600 万欧元作为补充。由于资金不足以完全补偿农民的损失,三个成员国在决定资金分配时必须确定选择性标准。保加利亚选择对向日葵生产者按种植面积支付补偿金,罗马尼亚选择支持农民储存小麦,从而将没有储存设施的小生产者排除在外。波兰补偿了大量农作物生产者,但削减了对最大农场的补偿金额。这三种方法的比较很好地说明了紧急救济与国家政府政治优先事项之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Farmers' Perceptions of Obstacles to Business Development Perceptions des agriculteurs quant aux obstacles au développement des entreprises Hindernisse in der Unternehmensentwicklung und ihre Wahrnehmung in der Landwirtschaft 农民对企业发展障碍的看法Perceptions des agriculteurs quant aux obstacles au développement des entreprises农业企业发展障碍及其看法
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12420
Lotte Yanore PhD candidate, Jaap Sok, Alfons Oude Lansink

This article examines perceived obstacles to business development of Dutch dairy farmers and compares them to Dutch broiler farmers and Swedish farmers. Understanding farmers' perceived obstacles is crucial for developing effective policies to support sustainable and resilient farms. Data were collected using a survey and analysed using factor and regression analysis. The study finds that rules and regulations are the most significant obstacle for all three groups of farmers. Dutch dairy farmers also face challenges related to land availability, permits and leasing, while Dutch broiler farmers have concerns mostly about foreign competition. Financial obstacles are significant but considered less important than regulatory and land-related challenges. Farm characteristics, such as intensity of operation, off-farm income, location, succession status and farmer's patience were statistically related to the perceived obstacles of Dutch dairy farmers. The associations found suggest that dairy farmers operating their businesses more intensively face more financial, social capital and land availability obstacles. It was also found that younger farmers or farmers with successors score higher on perceived obstacles concerning policy and land availability. Recommendations include improving information provision, simplifying regulations, and engaging stakeholders to reduce policy obstacles. Also, policies should consider farmers' unique needs and should be implemented in a decentralised way.

本文研究了荷兰奶牛场主在业务发展中感知到的障碍,并将其与荷兰肉鸡养殖场主和瑞典养殖场主进行了比较。了解奶农感知到的障碍对于制定有效政策支持可持续发展和有活力的农场至关重要。数据通过调查收集,并使用因子和回归分析法进行分析。研究发现,规章制度是这三类养殖户面临的最大障碍。荷兰奶农还面临与土地供应、许可证和租赁有关的挑战,而荷兰肉鸡养殖户主要担心外国竞争。资金障碍也很重要,但其重要性低于与监管和土地相关的挑战。农场特征,如经营强度、农场外收入、地点、继承状况和农场主的耐心,在统计学上与荷兰奶农感知到的障碍有关。所发现的关联表明,经营强度较大的奶农面临着更多的财务、社会资本和土地可用性方面的障碍。研究还发现,年轻的奶农或有继承人的奶农对政策和土地供应方面的障碍感知得分更高。建议包括改进信息提供、简化法规和让利益相关者参与进来,以减少政策障碍。此外,政策应考虑农民的独特需求,并以分散的方式实施。
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引用次数: 0
The Rapid Development of Bioeconomy Policies in the EU and other Regions of the World Le développement rapide des politiques de la bioéconomie dans l'Union européenne et d'autres régions du monde Die rasante Entwicklung der Bioökonomie Richtlinien in der EU und anderen Regionen der Welt 欧盟和世界其他地区生物经济政策的快速发展
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12415
Robert M'barek, Justus Wesseler

In the European Union, the bioeconomy is very broadly defined, encompassing all sectors and associated services and investments that produce, use, process, distribute or consume biological resources, including ecosystem services. It is seen as a natural enabler and result of the transformation proposed by Europe's sustainable growth strategy, the Green Deal. EU Member States and regions also have strategies to further target the implementation of the bioeconomy. The bioeconomy and its related policies have shown a rapid development in the EU and other regions of the world. In challenging times, the sustainable and circular bioeconomy is a central element in supporting the transition to an economy that is climate-neutral, while preserving the biosphere. From the global agenda of United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate change and biodiversity, several other international organisations, global fora, and private initiatives, all provide knowledge, analyses and perspectives for the bioeconomy. Africa's bioeconomy has a huge potential as a catalyser for advancing towards many SDGs. In North America, the US has recently defined bold goals for biotechnology and biomanufacturing. South American countries foster their enormous agricultural and forestry potential in supporting the bioeconomy, while playing a key role for global climate and biodiversity.

The bioeconomy in its different designs is thus an important building block for the global transformation towards a more sustainable economic system.

在欧盟,生物经济的定义非常广泛,包括生产、使用、加工、分配或消费生物资源(包括生态系统服务)的所有部门及相关服务和投资。它被视为欧洲可持续增长战略 "绿色协议 "提出的转型的自然推动力和结果。欧盟成员国和地区也制定了进一步有针对性地实施生物经济的战略。生物经济及其相关政策在欧盟和世界其他地区呈现出快速发展的态势。在充满挑战的时代,可持续和循环型生物经济是支持向气候中性经济转型的核心要素,同时也能保护生物圈。从联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)、气候变化和生物多样性等全球议程,到其他一些国际组织、全球论坛和私人倡议,都为生物经济提供了知识、分析和视角。非洲的生物经济潜力巨大,可推动实现多项可持续发展目标。在北美,美国最近为生物技术和生物制造制定了大胆的目标。因此,不同设计的生物经济是全球向更可持续的经济体系转型的重要基石。
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引用次数: 0
Who (Really) Benefits from the Complementary Redistributive Income Support? Qui bénéficie (vraiment) de l'aide redistributive complémentaire au revenu ?  Wer profitiert (wirklich) von der Ergänzende Umverteilungseinkommensstützung? 谁(真正)从补充性再分配收入支持中受益?
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12418
Catherine Laroche-Dupraz, Stéphane Lemarié, Laurent Piet
<p>The 2013 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) introduced the redistributive payment as an optional scheme to redistribute direct support between farmers by granting them an additional payment for the first hectares up to a threshold. In 2021, only 15 per cent of the direct payments went to more than 75 per cent of European farms (European Commission, 2021). The 2023 CAP reform made this scheme compulsory under the name of the Complementary Redistributive Income Support (CRIS). Under CRIS, a farmer receives Basic Income Support (BIS) plus CRIS for each hectare of their farm up to a certain threshold, and then only BIS for the hectares above the threshold, irrespective of any other supports to which they may be eligible (Regulation 2021/2115, Article 29). Member States are free to decide the per hectare amounts of CRIS and BIS and the threshold level below which CRIS is granted. They can also define different amounts of CRIS for different ranges of farm area sizes, and set all these parameters at national or regional level. With some exceptions, Member States must devote at least 10 per cent of their first pillar direct payments on implementing CRIS, which reduces the budget available for BIS accordingly.</p><p>An analysis of the financial annexes of the national CAP strategic plans shows that, of the 25 Member States implementing CRIS (Malta and Denmark have obtained a derogation), 18 have planned to spend this 10 per cent minimum or more in 2017 (Figure 1), four of them reaching 20 per cent or more. The share of hectares concerned is much more varied: with the same 10 per cent budget, Portugal (PT) will cover 19 per cent of its total supported area while Austria (AT) will cover 68 per cent.</p><p>As intended, CRIS leads to redistribution of part of the payments from larger to smaller farms. However, the farm size up to which farmers actually benefit from the policy is not apparent from the scheme parameters and may be well above the CRIS threshold. Take the example of Czechia's strategic plan (Figure 2). In 2027, a 200 ha Czech farm will receive a total of 36,300 € (green line), with 13,200 € coming from BIS (66 €/ha on every hectare; blue line), and 23,100 € coming from CRIS (154 €/ha up to 150 ha; yellow line).</p><p>Instead, if the same total budget were to be distributed only through a uniform payment per hectare, the same farm would receive a total of 24,000 € (120 €/ha on every hectare; red line). A comparison of the green and red lines shows that farms with a size equal to the CRIS threshold benefit most from the redistribution. However, in Czechia, even farms of up to 430 ha should benefit from CRIS, which is almost three times larger than the 150 ha threshold.</p><p>Figure 3 reports the results of similar calculations for the 25 Member States implementing CRIS, together with their 2020 average farm area. While the maximum area of beneficiary farms is always higher than the CRIS threshold by construction, it is also higher th
2013 年的共同农业政策(CAP)改革引入了再分配付款,作为在农民之间重新分配直接支持的可选计划,为农民的第一公顷土地提供额外付款,但不得超过临界值。2021 年,只有 15%的直接支付给了超过 75%的欧洲农场(欧盟委员会,2021 年)。2023 年的补充性再分配收入支持(Complementary Redistributive Income Support,CRIS)改革使该计划成为强制性计划。在补充性再分配收入支持计划下,农民每公顷农场可获得基本收入支持(BIS)和补充性再分配收入支持(CRIS),直至达到一定的阈值,然后只可获得阈值以上公顷的基本收入支持,而与他们可能有资格获得的任何其他支持无关(2021/2115 号法规,第 29 条)。成员国可自由决定每公顷 CRIS 和 BIS 的金额,以及低于 CRIS 的阈值水平。它们还可以根据农场面积的不同范围确定不同的 CRIS 金额,并在国家或地区层面设定所有这些参数。对国家履约协助方案战略计划财务附件的分析表明,在实施 CRIS 的 25 个成员国中(马耳他和丹麦获得了减免),有 18 个国家计划在 2017 年将这 10%的最低水平用于实施 CRIS(图 1),其中 4 个国家达到 20%或以上。相关公顷数所占份额的差异更大:同样是 10%的预算,葡萄牙(PT)将覆盖其总支持面积的 19%,而奥地利(AT)将覆盖 68%:实施 CRIS 的 25 个成员国平均将其第一支柱直接付款预算的 11% 用于 CRIS,覆盖 53% 的受支持总面积:作者根据国家 CAP 战略计划计算得出。正如预期的那样,CRIS 导致部分付款从大型农场向小型农场的重新分配。然而,从计划参数中看不出农民实际受益于该政策的农场规模,可能远远超过 CRIS 临界值。以捷克的战略计划为例(图 2)。2027 年,一个 200 公顷的捷克农场将获得总计 36,300 欧元(绿线),其中 13,200 欧元来自 BIS(每公顷 66 欧元/公顷;蓝线),23,100 欧元来自 CRIS(150 公顷以下 154 欧元/公顷;黄线)。有 CRIS 和无 CRIS 时,农场层面的支持总额与农场规模的函数关系(2027 财年)注:两条虚线分别代表捷克符合 CRIS 条件的最大公顷数(150 公顷)和农场实际受益于 CRIS 的最大公顷数(430 公顷):相反,如果同样的预算总额仅通过每公顷统一支付的方式进行分配,同一农场将获得总计 24,000 欧元(每公顷 120 欧元;红线)。绿线和红线的比较表明,面积等于 CRIS 临界值的农场从再分配中获益最多。然而,在捷克,即使面积达 430 公顷的农场也应从 CRIS 中受益,这几乎是 150 公顷临界值的三倍。图 3 报告了实施 CRIS 的 25 个成员国的类似计算结果及其 2020 年的平均农场面积。虽然从结构上看,受益农场的最大面积总是高于 CRIS 临界值,但在大多数情况下也高于农场的平均面积,这表明不同国家的再分配程度各不相同。注:在西班牙(ES),CRIS 的实施涉及 20 个地区,每个地区有 2 个付款门槛和水平;因此,符合条件的最大公顷数从 8.43 公顷到 149.88 公顷不等;此处使用的是 55 公顷的总体平均值:作者根据国家 CAP 战略计划和欧盟统计局对 2020 年农场平均规模的计算得出的结论。从这一分析中我们得出结论,虽然新的 CRIS 计划确实将收入支持从大型农场重新分配给了小型农场,但实际受益于这一重新分配的农场的最大规模远高于发放额外补贴的门槛。换句话说,CRIS 的支付还远远没有完全针对最小的农场。
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引用次数: 0
EU Outlook for Biomass Flows and Bio-based Products Perspectives de l'Union européenne pour les flux de biomasse et les produits d'origine biologique Biomasseströme und biobasierte Produkte – Perspektiven in der EU 欧盟生物质流和生物基产品展望
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12408
Myrna van Leeuwen, Ana Gonzalez-Martinez, Viktoriya Sturm

The Bioeconomy Strategy Action Plan calls for sustainable extraction, processing, and use of biological resources in Europe as a pathway to achieve environmental, social and economic goals. However, the transition towards sustainable food systems within and across countries is diverse due to the existing heterogeneous land patterns and agricultural production structures, the variety of potential industries competing for specific biomass feedstocks, and the national policy frameworks in place. Therefore, it is key for policymakers to understand how biomass is supplied, and how it flows through the economy and is used for alternative purposes. This calls for tools that can monitor and quantitatively analyse these aspects. BioMAT has projected the annual growth rate of the EU bio-based chemical production from 2018 to 2030 to be four times higher than its fossil-based counterpart. The associated net-availability of industrial sugars in 2030 is quite balanced, but excess demands for starch and plant oils will increase to fulfil requirements of a growing bio-based chemical sector. As a vast amount of biological feedstock for material use originates from non-EU regions (e.g. palm oil), sustainable sourcing and a better use of biological residues should be emphasised. Scenario analyses are helpful to consider consequences of assessing different technical pathways or policies.

生物经济战略行动计划呼吁在欧洲可持续地提取、加工和利用生物资源,以此作为实现环境、社会和经济目标的途径。然而,由于现有的异质土地格局和农业生产结构、争夺特定生物质原料的潜在行业的多样性以及现有的国家政策框架,各国内部和各国向可持续粮食系统的过渡存在差异。因此,对政策制定者来说,关键是要了解生物质是如何供应的,以及它是如何在经济中流动并用于其他目的的。这就需要能够监测和定量分析这些方面的工具。BioMAT预测,从2018年到2030年,欧盟生物基化学品产量的年增长率将是化石基化学品的四倍。到2030年,相关的工业糖净供应量相当平衡,但淀粉和植物油的过剩需求将增加,以满足不断增长的生物基化学部门的需求。由于大量用于材料使用的生物原料来自非欧盟地区(例如棕榈油),因此应强调可持续采购和更好地利用生物残留物。情景分析有助于考虑评估不同技术途径或政策的后果。
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引用次数: 0
Why is Russia Restricting its Fertiliser and Crop Exports? Pourquoi la Russie restreint-elle ses exportations d'engrais et de grandes cultures ? Warum schränkt Russland seine Düngemittel- und Getreideexporte ein? 俄罗斯为何限制化肥和农作物出口?
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12419
William Liefert
<p>La Russie et l'Ukraine sont d'importants exportateurs agricoles, notamment de céréales et de graines de tournesol, et la Russie est le premier fournisseur mondial d'engrais. L'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie a perturbé les marchés mondiaux de ces produits, faisant grimper les prix et menaçant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. La Russie affirme que l'une des principales causes de ces perturbations commerciales réside dans les sanctions économiques que les pays occidentaux lui ont imposées, malgré les efforts de l'Occident pour exempter le commerce agricole russe de ces sanctions. Cependant, tout au long de sa guerre avec l'Ukraine, la Russie a maintenu de lourdes restrictions (impliquant des quotas et des taxes) sur ses exportations d'engrais, de céréales et de graines de tournesol. Les contrôles aux frontières apportent des avantages économiques majeurs à l'économie et au gouvernement russes, en particulier dans le contexte de guerre actuel. Les gains comprennent: le maintien d'une plus grande production à l'intérieur du pays, ce qui fait baisser les prix pour les consommateurs; des revenus supplémentaires pour le gouvernement; et de meilleurs termes de l'échange du pays pour les produits exportés. Cependant, étant donné que la Russie affirme avec tant de force que les sanctions occidentales nuisent aux pays les moins riches du monde en perturbant les marchés agricoles mondiaux et en faisant monter les prix, les restrictions à l'exportation rendent la Russie vulnérable aux critiques d'incohérence (voire d'hypocrisie), lorsque ses propres contrôles à l'exportation ont les mêmes effets.</p><p>Sowohl Russland als auch die Ukraine sind wichtige Agrarexporteure, insbesondere von Getreide- und Sonnenblumenkernerzeugnissen, und Russland ist der weltweit führende Anbieter von Düngemitteln. Der Einmarsch Russlands in die Ukraine hat die Weltmärkte für diese Rohstoffe beeinträchtigt, die Preise in die Höhe getrieben und die weltweite Ernährungssicherheit gefährdet. Russland argumentiert, dass eine Hauptursache für diese Handelsstörung die Wirtschaftssanktionen sind, die die westlichen Länder gegen das Land verhängt haben. Dabei versuchen die westlichen Länder, den russischen Agrarhandel von den Sanktionen auszunehmen. Während des gesamten Zeit des Angriffskrieges gegen die Ukraine hat Russland jedoch seine Ausfuhren von Düngemitteln, Getreide und Sonnenblumenkernerzeugnissen stark eingeschränkt (durch Quoten und Steuern). Die Handelskontrollen sind für die russische Wirtschaft und Regierung von großem Nutzen, insbesondere im derzeitigen Kriegszustand. Zu den Vorteilen gehören: mehr Produktion im Land zu halten, was die Preise für die Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher senkt, zusätzliche Einnahmen für die Regierung und die Handelsbedingungen des Landes für die ausgeführten Produkte zu verbessern. Russland behauptet vehement, dass die westlichen Sanktionen den weniger reichen Ländern der Welt schaden, indem sie die Weltagrarmärkte stören und die Preise
俄罗斯和乌克兰都是主要的农业出口国,特别是谷物和葵花籽产品,俄罗斯是世界上主要的肥料供应国。俄罗斯入侵乌克兰扰乱了这些商品的世界市场,推高了价格,威胁到世界粮食安全。俄罗斯认为,造成这种贸易动荡的一个主要原因是西方国家对其实施的经济制裁,尽管西方努力使俄罗斯的农业贸易免于制裁。然而,在与乌克兰的战争中,俄罗斯对其化肥、谷物和葵花籽商品的出口一直保持着严格的限制(包括配额和税收)。贸易管制给俄罗斯经济和政府带来了巨大的经济利益,特别是在当前的战争环境下。收益包括:将更多的产出留在国内,这降低了消费者的价格;为政府赚取额外收入;改善国家出口产品的贸易条件。然而,鉴于俄罗斯如此强烈地断言,西方的制裁扰乱了世界农业市场,推高了价格,损害了世界上不太富裕的国家,出口限制使俄罗斯容易受到批评,说它自相矛盾(如果不是虚伪的话),而它自己的出口管制也有同样的效果。
{"title":"Why is Russia Restricting its Fertiliser and Crop Exports?\u0000 Pourquoi la Russie restreint-elle ses exportations d'engrais et de grandes cultures ?\u0000 Warum schränkt Russland seine Düngemittel- und Getreideexporte ein?","authors":"William Liefert","doi":"10.1111/1746-692X.12419","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1746-692X.12419","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;La Russie et l'Ukraine sont d'importants exportateurs agricoles, notamment de céréales et de graines de tournesol, et la Russie est le premier fournisseur mondial d'engrais. L'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie a perturbé les marchés mondiaux de ces produits, faisant grimper les prix et menaçant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. La Russie affirme que l'une des principales causes de ces perturbations commerciales réside dans les sanctions économiques que les pays occidentaux lui ont imposées, malgré les efforts de l'Occident pour exempter le commerce agricole russe de ces sanctions. Cependant, tout au long de sa guerre avec l'Ukraine, la Russie a maintenu de lourdes restrictions (impliquant des quotas et des taxes) sur ses exportations d'engrais, de céréales et de graines de tournesol. Les contrôles aux frontières apportent des avantages économiques majeurs à l'économie et au gouvernement russes, en particulier dans le contexte de guerre actuel. Les gains comprennent: le maintien d'une plus grande production à l'intérieur du pays, ce qui fait baisser les prix pour les consommateurs; des revenus supplémentaires pour le gouvernement; et de meilleurs termes de l'échange du pays pour les produits exportés. Cependant, étant donné que la Russie affirme avec tant de force que les sanctions occidentales nuisent aux pays les moins riches du monde en perturbant les marchés agricoles mondiaux et en faisant monter les prix, les restrictions à l'exportation rendent la Russie vulnérable aux critiques d'incohérence (voire d'hypocrisie), lorsque ses propres contrôles à l'exportation ont les mêmes effets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sowohl Russland als auch die Ukraine sind wichtige Agrarexporteure, insbesondere von Getreide- und Sonnenblumenkernerzeugnissen, und Russland ist der weltweit führende Anbieter von Düngemitteln. Der Einmarsch Russlands in die Ukraine hat die Weltmärkte für diese Rohstoffe beeinträchtigt, die Preise in die Höhe getrieben und die weltweite Ernährungssicherheit gefährdet. Russland argumentiert, dass eine Hauptursache für diese Handelsstörung die Wirtschaftssanktionen sind, die die westlichen Länder gegen das Land verhängt haben. Dabei versuchen die westlichen Länder, den russischen Agrarhandel von den Sanktionen auszunehmen. Während des gesamten Zeit des Angriffskrieges gegen die Ukraine hat Russland jedoch seine Ausfuhren von Düngemitteln, Getreide und Sonnenblumenkernerzeugnissen stark eingeschränkt (durch Quoten und Steuern). Die Handelskontrollen sind für die russische Wirtschaft und Regierung von großem Nutzen, insbesondere im derzeitigen Kriegszustand. Zu den Vorteilen gehören: mehr Produktion im Land zu halten, was die Preise für die Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher senkt, zusätzliche Einnahmen für die Regierung und die Handelsbedingungen des Landes für die ausgeführten Produkte zu verbessern. Russland behauptet vehement, dass die westlichen Sanktionen den weniger reichen Ländern der Welt schaden, indem sie die Weltagrarmärkte stören und die Preise ","PeriodicalId":44823,"journal":{"name":"EuroChoices","volume":"23 1","pages":"4-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138519565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regional Employment Impacts of Biorefineries in the EU Impacts régionaux des bioraffineries sur l'emploi dans l'Union européenne Regionale Beschäftigungseffekte von Bioraffinerien in der EU 欧盟生物精炼厂对区域就业的影响
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12417
Benz Xinqi Zhu, Maria Vrachioli, Johannes Sauer

The European Commission aims to achieve a climate-neutral economy by 2050 and positively affect the employment growth rate while reducing fossil-based production activities. For that reason, according to the European Green Deal, decarbonisation and modernisation of fossil-based industries is essential. Thus, replacing fossil fuel-based inputs in these industries with bio-based inputs through the establishment of biorefineries can contribute towards this goal. This article reports the results of a study on the impact of biorefineries on the regional employment rate, and other regional socio-economic indicators. A unique regional level dataset provided by EU Joint Research Centre and the EU H2020 BioMonitor project is used to examine the impact of the biorefinery industry on local employment. This dataset covers multiple European Member States and enables us to account for regional characteristics over a 10-year period (2009–2018). Our results show that introducing biorefineries to a region can be associated with a higher regional employment growth compared to regions with no biorefineries. Improving biorefinery data availability and quality can assist further the research in this area and promote the development of bioeconomy in Europe.

欧盟委员会的目标是到2050年实现气候中性经济,并在减少化石燃料生产活动的同时对就业增长率产生积极影响。因此,根据《欧洲绿色协议》(European Green Deal),化石燃料工业的脱碳和现代化至关重要。因此,通过建立生物精炼厂,用生物基投入取代这些工业中的化石燃料投入,有助于实现这一目标。本文报告了一项关于生物精炼厂对区域就业率和其他区域社会经济指标影响的研究结果。欧盟联合研究中心和欧盟H2020生物监测项目提供了一个独特的区域数据集,用于研究生物炼制行业对当地就业的影响。该数据集涵盖多个欧洲成员国,使我们能够考虑到10年期间(2009-2018年)的区域特征。我们的研究结果表明,与没有生物精炼厂的地区相比,在一个地区引入生物精炼厂可以带来更高的区域就业增长。提高生物炼制数据的可用性和质量有助于进一步开展这一领域的研究,促进欧洲生物经济的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Measurement of the EU Bioeconomy and the Inclusion of Downstream and Upstream Linkages Mesure de la bioéconomie dans l’Union européenne et prise en compte des liens en aval et en amont Bewertung der EU-Bioökonomie und die Einbeziehung von vor- und nachgelagerten Sektoren 欧盟生物经济的测量和包括下游和上游联系
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12407
Kutay Cingiz, Hugo Gonzalez-Hermosa, Wim Heijman, Justus H. H. Wesseler
<p>The development of the bioeconomy, according to the European Commission, is a key strategy for achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The bioeconomy will feature high on the EU green policy agenda for many years to come, as evidenced by the release of the European Green Deal and the updated bioeconomy strategy 2018 (EC, 2018) and efforts to monitor the sector (EU, 2021). Therefore, we developed a technique to measure EU bioeconomy value added (VA) across countries, with a view to monitoring the progress and impact of the EU's bioeconomy strategies.</p><p>Wesseler and von Braun (2017) provide an analysis of the methodological challenges and stress the importance of expanding the bioeconomy domain beyond traditional industries. Thus, for an accurate measurement of the shares of the bioeconomy in VA, we include the relevant economic industries, categorised as fully and partly bioeconomy industry. Fully bioeconomy industries use and convert biological resources. They include for example the agriculture and food sector, the forestry sector and the pulp and paper sector. They provide inputs to other industries that further process those inputs (downstream). Those are considered partly bioeconomy industries as they also use inputs from other industries. Further, industries that provide inputs to the fully bioeconomy sectors (upstream) are considered partly bioeconomy industry (Figure 1) (see Cingiz <i>et al</i>. (2021) for the details of fully and partly bioeconomy industries included).</p><p>Finally, we define the value added of the bioeconomy as the summation of all downstream, upstream, and fully bioeconomy VAs. We implement the proposed measurement approach across all EU Member States. The input-output tables are taken from OECD statistics (OECD, 2021). For nominal to real value conversion, we use the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) from Eurostat (base year 2015) and the nominal exchange rate coefficients are taken from OECD statistics.</p><p>Across EU Member States, the average share of the bioeconomy in VA for the 2016–2018 period ranges from 2.8 per cent in Luxembourg to 17.2 per cent in Lithuania (Figure 2). Except for Luxembourg, the share is above 6 per cent in all Member States for both periods. For the EU-27 and the United Kingdom, the share of the bioeconomy in VA is 8.6 per cent for the 2016–2018 period.</p><p>Figure 3 illustrates the relative importance of upstream and downstream bioeconomy VA in selected countries with the most developed bioeconomies. In Luxembourg, Belgium, United Kingdom, Denmark, Spain and Italy, the total of downstream and upstream VA constitutes at least 50 per cent of the total bioeconomy.</p><p>This shows that there is a strong linkage and integration between these two sector types. The bioeconomy VA generated outside the primary bioeconomy industries can create more VA than from the primary bioeconomy industries. Partly bioeconomy industries, through upstream and downstream linkages, make a significa
根据欧盟委员会的说法,发展生物经济是到2050年实现气候中和的关键战略。未来许多年,生物经济将在欧盟绿色政策议程上占据重要地位,欧洲绿色协议的发布和2018年更新的生物经济战略(EC, 2018)以及监测该部门的努力(EU, 2021)都证明了这一点。因此,我们开发了一种技术来衡量欧盟各国的生物经济增加值(VA),以监测欧盟生物经济战略的进展和影响。Wesseler和von Braun(2017)对方法挑战进行了分析,并强调了将生物经济领域扩展到传统产业之外的重要性。因此,为了准确衡量生物经济在VA中的份额,我们包括了相关的经济产业,分为完全和部分生物经济产业。充分利用和转化生物资源的生物经济产业。例如,它们包括农业和粮食部门、林业部门以及纸浆和造纸部门。它们为其他行业提供投入,这些行业进一步加工这些投入(下游)。这些部分被认为是生物经济产业,因为它们也使用其他产业的投入。此外,为完全生物经济部门(上游)提供投入的产业被视为部分生物经济产业(图1)(参见Cingiz等人(2021),了解包括完全和部分生物经济产业在内的详细信息)。图1打开图形查看器powerpointupstream,荷兰下游投入产出流量,2018年注:增加值为产出与投入之差。下游代表从农业、林业和渔业(绿色阴影)流向建筑业的投入流,它为建筑业产生(与其余投入成正比)价值增值。上游代表从建筑业到农业、林业和渔业的产出流,作为投入(黄色阴影),为建筑业产生(与其余产出成比例)增值。价值以百万欧元为单位。最后,我们将生物经济增加值定义为所有下游、上游和全生物经济增加值的总和。我们在所有欧盟成员国实施拟议的衡量方法。投入产出表取自经合组织统计数据(经合组织,2021年)。对于名义到实际价值的转换,我们使用欧盟统计局的消费者价格协调指数(HICP)(基准年为2015年),名义汇率系数取自经合组织统计数据。
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引用次数: 0
The EU Bioeconomy: Monitoring and Measurement La bioéconomie dans l'Union européenne : suivi et mesure Die EU-Bioökonomie: Beobachtungen und Einschätzungen 欧盟生物经济:监测与测量 欧盟生物经济:监测与测量
IF 2.8 Q2 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & POLICY Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12416
Dušan Drabik, Justus Wesseler
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引用次数: 0
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