Pub Date : 2006-11-17DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065115
Susanne Hoffmann
n a representative survey on health care in Germany just 35 percent of the interviewees over 16 years recently maintained that they immediately consulted a doctor when they felt ill – in other words: 65 percent trust in self-help. 1 In comparison, self-help constituted an even more important strategy in early modern times to restore one’s health and cope with hardships caused by illness (or other incidents during the course of life). 2
{"title":"Illness and Self-help in Late Eighteenth-Century Rural Switzerland The Strategies of Ulrich Bräker (1735–1798)","authors":"Susanne Hoffmann","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065115","url":null,"abstract":"n a representative survey on health care in Germany just 35 percent of the interviewees over 16 years recently maintained that they immediately consulted a doctor when they felt ill – in other words: 65 percent trust in self-help. 1 In comparison, self-help constituted an even more important strategy in early modern times to restore one’s health and cope with hardships caused by illness (or other incidents during the course of life). 2","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131990542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-17DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065133
P. Rieder
Exploring the medical marketplace in early modern Geneva reveals an active town with a high density of both regular and irregular healers. The aim of this article is to assess just how ordinary and poor people used these services and to what extent medical commodities were available to the destitute. Using both court records, private and public sources, this article explores traces of practices highlighting the flexibility with which practitioners were admitted, the high tolerance to irregular practices and the continuity of the recourse to supernatural and catholic healing traditions by Protestants living within the city walls. Data on self-help and medical support offered by family, friends and neighbours is discussed, suggesting the importance of informal medical services in everyday life. Examples demonstrate that to some extent the poor managed to elect strategies and to control therapies, whereas expensive treatment was regularly offered by charities interested in getting the ill back to work.
{"title":"The poor and the patient : protestant Geneva in the early modern period","authors":"P. Rieder","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065133","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring the medical marketplace in early modern Geneva reveals an active town with a high density of both regular and irregular healers. The aim of this article is to assess just how ordinary and poor people used these services and to what extent medical commodities were available to the destitute. Using both court records, private and public sources, this article explores traces of practices highlighting the flexibility with which practitioners were admitted, the high tolerance to irregular practices and the continuity of the recourse to supernatural and catholic healing traditions by Protestants living within the city walls. Data on self-help and medical support offered by family, friends and neighbours is discussed, suggesting the importance of informal medical services in everyday life. Examples demonstrate that to some extent the poor managed to elect strategies and to control therapies, whereas expensive treatment was regularly offered by charities interested in getting the ill back to work.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133824992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-17DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.06517
M. Dinges
{"title":"Introduction to the Volume : Situating Health-Care:: An Historical Perspective","authors":"M. Dinges","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.06517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.06517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114654325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-17DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065191
Fritz Dross
iscussing health care between self-help, intermediary organisations and formal poor relief in terms of choices between the informal and the formal it seems quite clear on which side research of hospitals in the late 18 century is placed. Based on the formula of the “Birth of the Clinic” and relying on sociological research of hospitals of the late 1960s and 1970s wide parts of the German-speaking social history of medicine dedicated to the 19 and early 20 century development of the modern hospital claimed their historical subject to be “one of the most complex institutions of man.” This research abandoned the suggestion of a long-term transition from the medieval hospital to the late 20 century high-techclinic in which religion has been slowly disappearing from hospitals while clinical observation and permanently growing knowledge of nature of disease and finally scientific medicine captured the charitable home of benevolence. This research had to suggest a systematic rupture around 1800. Two reasons were named for that. Firstly, in a systematic sense, the main objective of medieval and early modern hospitals was not the physical cure of sick patients (i.e. the restoration of their ability to work). Being a charitable foundation it was dedicated to the salvation of its founder’s soul. Secondly, as a historical argument, it is obviously striking that the modern hospital fits extremely well in the discourse of medical police in the late 18 century. An example reference for these discussions is the German book published in 1790: “On the advantages of (modern) hospitals for the state.” Both arguments have been criticised in recent historical research. On the one hand, one could ask if there were any institutions that were not dedicated to the salvation of the Christians’ souls in medieval Europe. At least in this very shortened form, the systematic argument is not really convincing. Furthermore, there was of
{"title":"The Invention of a Medical Institution?: A Discussion of Hospitals Around 1800","authors":"Fritz Dross","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065191","url":null,"abstract":"iscussing health care between self-help, intermediary organisations and formal poor relief in terms of choices between the informal and the formal it seems quite clear on which side research of hospitals in the late 18 century is placed. Based on the formula of the “Birth of the Clinic” and relying on sociological research of hospitals of the late 1960s and 1970s wide parts of the German-speaking social history of medicine dedicated to the 19 and early 20 century development of the modern hospital claimed their historical subject to be “one of the most complex institutions of man.” This research abandoned the suggestion of a long-term transition from the medieval hospital to the late 20 century high-techclinic in which religion has been slowly disappearing from hospitals while clinical observation and permanently growing knowledge of nature of disease and finally scientific medicine captured the charitable home of benevolence. This research had to suggest a systematic rupture around 1800. Two reasons were named for that. Firstly, in a systematic sense, the main objective of medieval and early modern hospitals was not the physical cure of sick patients (i.e. the restoration of their ability to work). Being a charitable foundation it was dedicated to the salvation of its founder’s soul. Secondly, as a historical argument, it is obviously striking that the modern hospital fits extremely well in the discourse of medical police in the late 18 century. An example reference for these discussions is the German book published in 1790: “On the advantages of (modern) hospitals for the state.” Both arguments have been criticised in recent historical research. On the one hand, one could ask if there were any institutions that were not dedicated to the salvation of the Christians’ souls in medieval Europe. At least in this very shortened form, the systematic argument is not really convincing. Furthermore, there was of","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"62 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114034248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-11-17DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065151
J. Chircop
growing corpus of historical work is increasingly showing the complexity and diversity of old age, while proving that it was common for the elderly to remain active and continue working up till they became incapable, in different European societies and periods. Elaborating on this accumulating historical knowledge, the present study seeks to examine the survival strategies adopted by the aging poor in response to unanticipated changes in their life circumstances, due to disability, illness or financial mishaps, and to mitigate the more predictable vulnerabilities associated with advanced old age. This means focusing attention on the daily practices and tactics employed by old men and women to acquire provisions, social assistance and medical treatment from the intersecting social nets of the household, neighbourhood and the parish, from communal and formal state charity establishments. Most historical studies on old age point to the fundamental role, which the household and the neighbourhood played as a mainstay of social support and human care for the elderly during long-term illness. At the same time, on the whole, this literature corroborates Pieter Spierenburg’s conception that “‘a golden age’ of unequivocal respect for the elderly in which children, relatives and the
{"title":"Old Age Coping Strategies of the Ionian and Maltese Poor, 1800–1865","authors":"J. Chircop","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.065151","url":null,"abstract":"growing corpus of historical work is increasingly showing the complexity and diversity of old age, while proving that it was common for the elderly to remain active and continue working up till they became incapable, in different European societies and periods. Elaborating on this accumulating historical knowledge, the present study seeks to examine the survival strategies adopted by the aging poor in response to unanticipated changes in their life circumstances, due to disability, illness or financial mishaps, and to mitigate the more predictable vulnerabilities associated with advanced old age. This means focusing attention on the daily practices and tactics employed by old men and women to acquire provisions, social assistance and medical treatment from the intersecting social nets of the household, neighbourhood and the parish, from communal and formal state charity establishments. Most historical studies on old age point to the fundamental role, which the household and the neighbourhood played as a mainstay of social support and human care for the elderly during long-term illness. At the same time, on the whole, this literature corroborates Pieter Spierenburg’s conception that “‘a golden age’ of unequivocal respect for the elderly in which children, relatives and the","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130757312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441153
M. Chopra, D. Sanders
outh Africa’s transition from a racist apartheid society that denied basic human rights to a majority of its population to a fully democratic nation is one of the more celebrated transitions of recent times. However this transition is having its costs as it has also involved an acceleration of the integration of South Africa into the global economy and a stripping away of many of the protective trade barriers that cocooned the South African economy. The freedom of movement resulting from the scrapping of apartheid laws and a neo-liberal macro-economic policy has led to rapid urbanization, increasing unemployment and deepening inequalities. As was the case in 19 Century Europe South Africa is suffering a significant rise in mortality, especially amongst young men and women. This paper briefly summarises the economic, social and political transitions that South Africa has gone through in the last decade. It then highlights some of impacts this transition has had on mortality. The last section explores the parallels between the impact of the recent South African transition and that which occurred in industrializing Europe. The paper concludes with a discussion on the prospects of South Africa enjoying the same development trajectory as that of 19 Century Europe.
{"title":"From Apartheid to Globalisation: Health and Social Change in South Africa","authors":"M. Chopra, D. Sanders","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441153","url":null,"abstract":"outh Africa’s transition from a racist apartheid society that denied basic human rights to a majority of its population to a fully democratic nation is one of the more celebrated transitions of recent times. However this transition is having its costs as it has also involved an acceleration of the integration of South Africa into the global economy and a stripping away of many of the protective trade barriers that cocooned the South African economy. The freedom of movement resulting from the scrapping of apartheid laws and a neo-liberal macro-economic policy has led to rapid urbanization, increasing unemployment and deepening inequalities. As was the case in 19 Century Europe South Africa is suffering a significant rise in mortality, especially amongst young men and women. This paper briefly summarises the economic, social and political transitions that South Africa has gone through in the last decade. It then highlights some of impacts this transition has had on mortality. The last section explores the parallels between the impact of the recent South African transition and that which occurred in industrializing Europe. The paper concludes with a discussion on the prospects of South Africa enjoying the same development trajectory as that of 19 Century Europe.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116676078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.044129
V. Shkolnikov, E. Andreev, David A. Leon, M. Mckee, F. Meslé, J. Vallin
commentator on population health, viewing the global situation as it was in the early 1970s, could have been forgiven for concluding that the second half of the twentieth century was unfolding as an overwhelming success. Although the world had, relatively recently, experienced a global conflict that had claimed many million lives prematurely, there was much to be optimistic about. Advances in technology were changing many lives for the better. In the area of health care, new drugs, technologies, and ideas were transforming the ability to prevent and treat disease. Many of the common infectious diseases that had taken children from their families were being vanquished and one, smallpox, was on the brink of eradication. Almost everywhere, life expectancy was increasing, in some places faster than at any time in recorded history. Indeed, many commentators were predicting, with confidence, sustained improvements, with the UN Population Division assuming that countries where life expectancy at birth was still under 62 years would experience a gain of 2.5 years in each period of five calendar years, after which the gain would decrease to about two years. They had grounds for confidence as, until then, mortality trends in industrialized countries, as well as in
{"title":"Mortality Reversal in Russia: The story so far","authors":"V. Shkolnikov, E. Andreev, David A. Leon, M. Mckee, F. Meslé, J. Vallin","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.044129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.044129","url":null,"abstract":"commentator on population health, viewing the global situation as it was in the early 1970s, could have been forgiven for concluding that the second half of the twentieth century was unfolding as an overwhelming success. Although the world had, relatively recently, experienced a global conflict that had claimed many million lives prematurely, there was much to be optimistic about. Advances in technology were changing many lives for the better. In the area of health care, new drugs, technologies, and ideas were transforming the ability to prevent and treat disease. Many of the common infectious diseases that had taken children from their families were being vanquished and one, smallpox, was on the brink of eradication. Almost everywhere, life expectancy was increasing, in some places faster than at any time in recorded history. Indeed, many commentators were predicting, with confidence, sustained improvements, with the UN Population Division assuming that countries where life expectancy at birth was still under 62 years would experience a gain of 2.5 years in each period of five calendar years, after which the gain would decrease to about two years. They had grounds for confidence as, until then, mortality trends in industrialized countries, as well as in","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123583357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.044181
P. Svobodný, H. Hnilicová, H. Janecková, E. Krizova, H. Mášová
{"title":"Continuity and Discontinuity of Health and Health Care in the Czech Lands during two Centuries (1800-2000)","authors":"P. Svobodný, H. Hnilicová, H. Janecková, E. Krizova, H. Mášová","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.044181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.044181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115714732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.04417
J. Sundin
{"title":"Introduction: Health and Social Change Past and Present Evidence","authors":"J. Sundin","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.04417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.04417","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131546278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441175
J. Sundin, S. Willner
n every society, there are different kinds of resources for good health. For instance, social capital matters – formed in networks by members of the local community and supported by concerned public and private institutions. Finding ways to understand these processes, which are the most vulnerable groups and why it happens is a major theme for the following narrative. An analysis of the relationship between health and social transitions during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century in Sweden must, due to the availability of sources, rely mostly on mortality figures and history has to be divided into three, partly artificial periods, making the social change visible:
{"title":"Health and Vulnerable Men. Sweden : From Traditional Farming to Industrialisation","authors":"J. Sundin, S. Willner","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441175","url":null,"abstract":"n every society, there are different kinds of resources for good health. For instance, social capital matters – formed in networks by members of the local community and supported by concerned public and private institutions. Finding ways to understand these processes, which are the most vulnerable groups and why it happens is a major theme for the following narrative. An analysis of the relationship between health and social transitions during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century in Sweden must, due to the availability of sources, rely mostly on mortality figures and history has to be divided into three, partly artificial periods, making the social change visible:","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125265608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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