Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441255
T. Veiga, M. J. Moreira, A. Fernandes
he main purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the most significant changes in mortality rates and health status and their impact on Portuguese society. For practical purposes, we have taken into consideration two major problems, and we have approached them following different methodologies. Firstly we detect changes in Portuguese mortality rates using some demographic indicators and correlate this to the broader socio-economic changes that have occurred. Secondly we focus on the role of the National Health Care System as well as alternative institutional support at all levels. The methodological approach followed varies according to the available statistical data on health and death. Official statistical data on population movements became of scientific interest at the beginning of the modern era, by the end of the 19th century. The records on population movements became reliable by the second half of the 19th century, although it was not until the late 1880s that the publication of demographic statistics began. This data provides information on basic mortality rates, fertility rates and migratory movements during the last 150 years. After 1864, a reliable general census of the population is made. Nevertheless, major changes in the global quality of data will not be introduced until the 1930s.
{"title":"Social Changes and Better Health Conditions of the Portuguese Population 1974–2000","authors":"T. Veiga, M. J. Moreira, A. Fernandes","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441255","url":null,"abstract":"he main purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the most significant changes in mortality rates and health status and their impact on Portuguese society. For practical purposes, we have taken into consideration two major problems, and we have approached them following different methodologies. Firstly we detect changes in Portuguese mortality rates using some demographic indicators and correlate this to the broader socio-economic changes that have occurred. Secondly we focus on the role of the National Health Care System as well as alternative institutional support at all levels. The methodological approach followed varies according to the available statistical data on health and death. Official statistical data on population movements became of scientific interest at the beginning of the modern era, by the end of the 19th century. The records on population movements became reliable by the second half of the 19th century, although it was not until the late 1880s that the publication of demographic statistics began. This data provides information on basic mortality rates, fertility rates and migratory movements during the last 150 years. After 1864, a reliable general census of the population is made. Nevertheless, major changes in the global quality of data will not be introduced until the 1930s.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126311551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441229
P. Bourdelais
{"title":"Improving Public Health in France: The Local Political Mobilization inThe Local Political Mobilization in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"P. Bourdelais","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441229","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128992394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-10DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441205
S. Szreter
ritain was the first society in the world to industrialise, a process now considered to have taken the entire eighteenth century to achieve but also to have had longer-term, deeper tap roots in the country’s history and its agrarian economy. In evaluating the relationship between health and social change in British history the protracted process of industrialisation is clearly an event of the greatest importance. However, it was in the following century, 1815–1914, that social change became even more comprehensive, as the full consequences of the new economy’s mechanised and urbanised modes of production exerted their full effects. This chapter will offer a long-term perspective on the relationship between social change and health, considering key features of the period from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. In particular, the influence of certain institutional aspects of the relationship between state and society within this long time period will be explored. This survey departs from the premise, which has been argued at length elsewhere, that the processes of economic growth, especially the rapid and transformative phase which we term ‘industrialisation’, always entails profoundly divisive and disruptive forms of social and political change. Although economic advance creates the potential for enhanced wealth and health for all, the growth process itself offers no guarantee of this whatsoever. Indeed, economic growth is so disruptive of
{"title":"Health, Economy, State and Society in Modern Britain: The Long-Run Perspective","authors":"S. Szreter","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441205","url":null,"abstract":"ritain was the first society in the world to industrialise, a process now considered to have taken the entire eighteenth century to achieve but also to have had longer-term, deeper tap roots in the country’s history and its agrarian economy. In evaluating the relationship between health and social change in British history the protracted process of industrialisation is clearly an event of the greatest importance. However, it was in the following century, 1815–1914, that social change became even more comprehensive, as the full consequences of the new economy’s mechanised and urbanised modes of production exerted their full effects. This chapter will offer a long-term perspective on the relationship between social change and health, considering key features of the period from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. In particular, the influence of certain institutional aspects of the relationship between state and society within this long time period will be explored. This survey departs from the premise, which has been argued at length elsewhere, that the processes of economic growth, especially the rapid and transformative phase which we term ‘industrialisation’, always entails profoundly divisive and disruptive forms of social and political change. Although economic advance creates the potential for enhanced wealth and health for all, the growth process itself offers no guarantee of this whatsoever. Indeed, economic growth is so disruptive of","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125796085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441109
Hong Wang
his chapter aims to analyze the relationship between social change and the population’s health by presenting a case study of that relationship from the People’s Republic of China (China). With a territory of 9.6 million square kilometers, it is ranked the third largest country in the world. It’s population reached 1.25 billion in the year 2000, which ranks it the first in the world. China is considered one of few Socialist States in the world. Administratively, China is divided into 23 provinces (including Taiwan), 5 autonomous regions, 2 special administration regions, and 4 municipalities. The government structure from the top to the bottom includes the Central Government, Provincial Government, Prefecture and City Government, District (in the urban area)/County (in the rural area) Government, and Resident Street (in the urban area)/ Township (in the rural area) Government. Although the Neighborhood Committee (in the urban area)/ the Village Committee (in the rural area) also plays administration roles at the bottom, below the resident street/ township government. It is considered, as the extension, not the formal entity within the government structure. Within the past 25 years, China has experienced transformation of its economic system from a highly centralized planned economy toward a market oriented economic system. This process has led to massive and rapid changes in all aspects of society with profound effects on the population’s health in the large parts of the country. Along with the material prosperity, the living conditions of Chinese people, such as food, shelter, and sanitation status, have been improving steadily. People have more capability to purchase health related merchandise as well as health
{"title":"Social Change and its Potential Impacts on Chinese Population Health","authors":"Hong Wang","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441109","url":null,"abstract":"his chapter aims to analyze the relationship between social change and the population’s health by presenting a case study of that relationship from the People’s Republic of China (China). With a territory of 9.6 million square kilometers, it is ranked the third largest country in the world. It’s population reached 1.25 billion in the year 2000, which ranks it the first in the world. China is considered one of few Socialist States in the world. Administratively, China is divided into 23 provinces (including Taiwan), 5 autonomous regions, 2 special administration regions, and 4 municipalities. The government structure from the top to the bottom includes the Central Government, Provincial Government, Prefecture and City Government, District (in the urban area)/County (in the rural area) Government, and Resident Street (in the urban area)/ Township (in the rural area) Government. Although the Neighborhood Committee (in the urban area)/ the Village Committee (in the rural area) also plays administration roles at the bottom, below the resident street/ township government. It is considered, as the extension, not the formal entity within the government structure. Within the past 25 years, China has experienced transformation of its economic system from a highly centralized planned economy toward a market oriented economic system. This process has led to massive and rapid changes in all aspects of society with profound effects on the population’s health in the large parts of the country. Along with the material prosperity, the living conditions of Chinese people, such as food, shelter, and sanitation status, have been improving steadily. People have more capability to purchase health related merchandise as well as health","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131518280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-12-01DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441277
B. Fetter
or most of human history, the health of any society did not depend much on its biomedical healing system. Physicians could cure or assuage a limited number of conditions, but not until the late 19 century did medicine have a sufficient grounding in experimental science to allow the systematic treatment of disease. Indeed, in 1880, when the United States entered what is commonly known as the mortality transition, its biomedical establishment was weaker than those of most nations in Western and Central Europe. In order to understand changes in the health of Americans, one must consider medical factors as well as political and cultural ones. Indeed, the importance of non-biomedical considerations has persisted to the present in American health. This essay will analyze the relationship between health and society in the United States over two long periods, from 1880 to 1930 and from 1930 to the present. It will identify those forces that contributed to better health and longer life as well as those problems that had to be addressed. The paper will also consider inequalities in health among Americans. On the basis of these generalizations, the U.S. experience can be made comparable to that of other countries.
{"title":"Health Care and Social Change in the United States A Mixed System, A Mixed Blessing","authors":"B. Fetter","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0441277","url":null,"abstract":"or most of human history, the health of any society did not depend much on its biomedical healing system. Physicians could cure or assuage a limited number of conditions, but not until the late 19 century did medicine have a sufficient grounding in experimental science to allow the systematic treatment of disease. Indeed, in 1880, when the United States entered what is commonly known as the mortality transition, its biomedical establishment was weaker than those of most nations in Western and Central Europe. In order to understand changes in the health of Americans, one must consider medical factors as well as political and cultural ones. Indeed, the importance of non-biomedical considerations has persisted to the present in American health. This essay will analyze the relationship between health and society in the United States over two long periods, from 1880 to 1930 and from 1930 to the present. It will identify those forces that contributed to better health and longer life as well as those problems that had to be addressed. The paper will also consider inequalities in health among Americans. On the basis of these generalizations, the U.S. experience can be made comparable to that of other countries.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133639639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231193
Anders Brändström, Sören Edvinsson, John Rogers
{"title":"Appendices 1-5","authors":"Anders Brändström, Sören Edvinsson, John Rogers","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115477518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023113
A. Brändström, S. Edvinsson, J. Rogers
Illegitimacy, infant feeding practices and infant survival in Sweden, 1750-1950 : A regional analysis
瑞典的私生子，婴儿喂养方法和婴儿存活率，1750-1950:一个区域分析
{"title":"Illegitimacy, Infant Feeding Practices and Infant Survival in Sweden 1750–1950: A Regional Analysis","authors":"A. Brändström, S. Edvinsson, J. Rogers","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023113","url":null,"abstract":"Illegitimacy, infant feeding practices and infant survival in Sweden, 1750-1950 : A regional analysis","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128624462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231115
A. Løkke
ineteenth century Denmark experienced a growth in population more rapid than most other European countries. This growth was primarily based on a relative low infant and child mortality in the European context and an emigration rate lower than that of the other Scandinavian countries. Seen in this perspective, in a very concrete sense the future of the Danish nation was created in the nurseries. This study concentrates on mapping infant mortality in nineteenth century Denmark as an example of the composition of the infant mortality in a low mortality country: How homogeneous was infant mortality? Which groups bore the brunt of excess mortality and which groups got off with less? By what means was the low level maintained? First, however, a few words should be said on levels and trends.
{"title":"Infant Mortality in Nineteenth Century Denmark. Regionality, Feeding Habits, Illegitimacy and Causes of Death","authors":"A. Løkke","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231115","url":null,"abstract":"ineteenth century Denmark experienced a growth in population more rapid than most other European countries. This growth was primarily based on a relative low infant and child mortality in the European context and an emigration rate lower than that of the other Scandinavian countries. Seen in this perspective, in a very concrete sense the future of the Danish nation was created in the nurseries. This study concentrates on mapping infant mortality in nineteenth century Denmark as an example of the composition of the infant mortality in a low mortality country: How homogeneous was infant mortality? Which groups bore the brunt of excess mortality and which groups got off with less? By what means was the low level maintained? First, however, a few words should be said on levels and trends.","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130263032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023175
G. Thorvaldsen
uch previous research on the Norwegian mortality decline has focused on specific localities, employing databases with linked microdata. One good choice is Rendalen, a parish on the Swedish border, representative of the world record low Norwegian mortality rates. The focus on the role of women, given their access to more abundant material resources towards the end of the eighteenth century, is a most interesting explanation for the declining level of infant mortality. Another well-researched locality is the fjord-parish Etne, south of Bergen, where infant mortality was significantly higher – also an area where the role of women is highlighted. More recent studies have been done on Asker and Baerum, south of Oslo, with infant mortality levels closer to the national average. The present article will not attempt to match these penetrating studies of wellresearched rural localities, nor William Hubbard’s insights into many aspects of urban mortality. Rather it broadens the scope to include the whole country. My study is limited primarily to Norway’s sparsely populated rural areas, where 90 percent of the population lived in 1801, a figure that was declining towards 60 percent by 1900, when the national infant mortality rate (IMR) had fallen below ten percent. My basic aim is to track the development of infant mortality rates in Norway over time, and, where possible, to say something about regional differences in the proportion of children who died before they reached their first birthday. The
{"title":"Rural Infant Mortality in Nineteenth Century Norway","authors":"G. Thorvaldsen","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.023175","url":null,"abstract":"uch previous research on the Norwegian mortality decline has focused on specific localities, employing databases with linked microdata. One good choice is Rendalen, a parish on the Swedish border, representative of the world record low Norwegian mortality rates. The focus on the role of women, given their access to more abundant material resources towards the end of the eighteenth century, is a most interesting explanation for the declining level of infant mortality. Another well-researched locality is the fjord-parish Etne, south of Bergen, where infant mortality was significantly higher – also an area where the role of women is highlighted. More recent studies have been done on Asker and Baerum, south of Oslo, with infant mortality levels closer to the national average. The present article will not attempt to match these penetrating studies of wellresearched rural localities, nor William Hubbard’s insights into many aspects of urban mortality. Rather it broadens the scope to include the whole country. My study is limited primarily to Norway’s sparsely populated rural areas, where 90 percent of the population lived in 1801, a figure that was declining towards 60 percent by 1900, when the national infant mortality rate (IMR) had fallen below ten percent. My basic aim is to track the development of infant mortality rates in Norway over time, and, where possible, to say something about regional differences in the proportion of children who died before they reached their first birthday. The","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125859780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-18DOI: 10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231151
Loftur Guttormsson, Ólöf Garðarsdóttir
{"title":"The development of infant mortality in Iceland, 1800-1920","authors":"Loftur Guttormsson, Ólöf Garðarsdóttir","doi":"10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3384/HYGIEA.1403-8668.0231151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":448368,"journal":{"name":"Hygiea Internationalis : An Interdisciplinary Journal for The History of Public Health","volume":"40 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114024952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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