Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.47761
Rawit Khamharnphol, I. Kamdar, J. Waewsak, Weerasak Chaichan, Sakrapee Khunpetch, Somphol Chiwamongkhonkarn, C. Kongruang, Y. Gagnon
This paper presents the optimization of a 10 MW solar/wind/diesel power generation system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) for one feeder of the distribution system in Koh Samui, an island in southern Thailand. The main objectives are to maximize the deployment of renewable energy-based power generation and to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). A hybrid renewable energy-based power generation system, consisting of solar PV, wind turbine generators, diesel generator (DiG), bi-directional grid-tied charging inverter (CONV) and BESS, was simulated using HOMER Pro®. This study accessed the database of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) for the global solar radiation and temperature, along with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) wind database. The simulations show that Scenario 1 (PV/Wind/DiG/BESS/CONV) and Scenario 3 (PV/DiG/BESS/CONV) are the optimal configurations regarding the economic indicators (i.e. minimum net present costs (NPC) of 438 M$ and LCOE of 0.20 $/kWh) and the environmental indicators (i.e. lowest greenhouse gases (GHG) emission avoidances of 6,339 tonnes/year and highest renewable fraction (RF) of 89.4%). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis illustrates that Scenario 3 offers the optimal system type with the largest annual energy production (AEP). Besides contributing to the body of knowledge of optimization methodologies for microgrid hybrid power systems, the outcome of this work will assist the regional energy practitioners and policy makers regarding optimal configurations of microgrid hybrid systems in the development of a Green Island concept for Koh Samui.
{"title":"Microgrid Hybrid Solar/Wind/Diesel and Battery Energy Storage Power Generation System: Application to Koh Samui, Southern Thailand","authors":"Rawit Khamharnphol, I. Kamdar, J. Waewsak, Weerasak Chaichan, Sakrapee Khunpetch, Somphol Chiwamongkhonkarn, C. Kongruang, Y. Gagnon","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.47761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.47761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the optimization of a 10 MW solar/wind/diesel power generation system with a battery energy storage system (BESS) for one feeder of the distribution system in Koh Samui, an island in southern Thailand. The main objectives are to maximize the deployment of renewable energy-based power generation and to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). A hybrid renewable energy-based power generation system, consisting of solar PV, wind turbine generators, diesel generator (DiG), bi-directional grid-tied charging inverter (CONV) and BESS, was simulated using HOMER Pro®. This study accessed the database of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) for the global solar radiation and temperature, along with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) wind database. The simulations show that Scenario 1 (PV/Wind/DiG/BESS/CONV) and Scenario 3 (PV/DiG/BESS/CONV) are the optimal configurations regarding the economic indicators (i.e. minimum net present costs (NPC) of 438 M$ and LCOE of 0.20 $/kWh) and the environmental indicators (i.e. lowest greenhouse gases (GHG) emission avoidances of 6,339 tonnes/year and highest renewable fraction (RF) of 89.4%). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis illustrates that Scenario 3 offers the optimal system type with the largest annual energy production (AEP). Besides contributing to the body of knowledge of optimization methodologies for microgrid hybrid power systems, the outcome of this work will assist the regional energy practitioners and policy makers regarding optimal configurations of microgrid hybrid systems in the development of a Green Island concept for Koh Samui.","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47316862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-24DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.48349
M. Yulianto, E. Hartulistiyoso, L. Nelwan, S. Agustina, C. Gupta
Agricultural waste products, such as wood, rice husk, corn waste, and coconut shells, are abundantly available and can potentially be used as an energy source, particularly for direct combustion in boilers. Because coconut production increases every year, it would be useful to find an alternative use for coconut shells, which are a type of coconut waste. As coconut shells can be used as fuel in boilers, the aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal characteristics of coconut shells in this regard. This study used experimental results to evaluate the performance of a boiler when coconut shells were used as solid fuel. The variations in feed rate were 5, 7.5, and 10 kg/h, and the water flow rates varied between 1 litre per minute (lpm), 2 lpm, and 3 lpm. Temperature data were collected every second via data acquisition , and the mass flow rate of the flue gas was collected every 5 min using a pitot tube equation. One of the parameters evaluated in determining the success of coconut shells as boiler fuel is the thermal efficiency of the boiler. The results showed that the maximum thermal efficiency reached approximately 62.04%, and the maximum flue gas temperature was approximately 500 ℃ for a biomass mass flow rate of 7.5 kg/h. The maximum water temperature of the boiler was 99 ℃, which was reached at a minimum water flow rate of 1 lpm. The results showed that coconut shells are suitable for use as boiler fuel.
{"title":"Thermal Characteristics of Coconut Shells as Boiler Fuel","authors":"M. Yulianto, E. Hartulistiyoso, L. Nelwan, S. Agustina, C. Gupta","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.48349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.48349","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural waste products, such as wood, rice husk, corn waste, and coconut shells, are abundantly available and can potentially be used as an energy source, particularly for direct combustion in boilers. Because coconut production increases every year, it would be useful to find an alternative use for coconut shells, which are a type of coconut waste. As coconut shells can be used as fuel in boilers, the aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal characteristics of coconut shells in this regard. This study used experimental results to evaluate the performance of a boiler when coconut shells were used as solid fuel. The variations in feed rate were 5, 7.5, and 10 kg/h, and the water flow rates varied between 1 litre per minute (lpm), 2 lpm, and 3 lpm. Temperature data were collected every second via data acquisition , and the mass flow rate of the flue gas was collected every 5 min using a pitot tube equation. One of the parameters evaluated in determining the success of coconut shells as boiler fuel is the thermal efficiency of the boiler. The results showed that the maximum thermal efficiency reached approximately 62.04%, and the maximum flue gas temperature was approximately 500 ℃ for a biomass mass flow rate of 7.5 kg/h. The maximum water temperature of the boiler was 99 ℃, which was reached at a minimum water flow rate of 1 lpm. The results showed that coconut shells are suitable for use as boiler fuel. ","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46902641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-20DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.49775
Heru Susanto, M. Fitrianingtyas, I. N. Widiasa, T. Istirokhatun, Yunita Fahni, A. Abdurahman
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a renewable energy-generating SGE technique using energy from salinity gradients. This research investigates the effect of membrane and feed characteristics on reverse electrodialysis (RED) power generation. Some investigations on the process parameters effect for the complement of the main study were also conducted. The generated power of RED was measured using power density analysis. The experiments were performed using artificial seawater varied from 0 to 1 g/L NaCl for diluted salt water and from 0 to 40 g/L NaCl for concentrated salt water. In a study of ions type, NaCl non-pa is used to represent monovalent ions, and MgSO4 represents divalent ions. The results showed that the highest voltage generation is 2.004 volts by 14 cells number of the RED membrane utilizing a RED self-made laboratory scale. The power density was enhanced by raising the flow rate (0.10 L/min), concentration difference (40 g/L), and the presence of electrode rinse solution. Further, the ion type (monovalent, divalent, and multivalent) influenced the resulting RED power density, where the divalent ion (MgSO4) 's power density was greater than that of the monovalent ion (NaCl). The resistance and selectivity of the membrane were the major keys for the power generation of RED
{"title":"The Role of Membrane, Feed characteristic and Process Parameter on RED Power Generation","authors":"Heru Susanto, M. Fitrianingtyas, I. N. Widiasa, T. Istirokhatun, Yunita Fahni, A. Abdurahman","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.49775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.49775","url":null,"abstract":"Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a renewable energy-generating SGE technique using energy from salinity gradients. This research investigates the effect of membrane and feed characteristics on reverse electrodialysis (RED) power generation. Some investigations on the process parameters effect for the complement of the main study were also conducted. The generated power of RED was measured using power density analysis. The experiments were performed using artificial seawater varied from 0 to 1 g/L NaCl for diluted salt water and from 0 to 40 g/L NaCl for concentrated salt water. In a study of ions type, NaCl non-pa is used to represent monovalent ions, and MgSO4 represents divalent ions. The results showed that the highest voltage generation is 2.004 volts by 14 cells number of the RED membrane utilizing a RED self-made laboratory scale. The power density was enhanced by raising the flow rate (0.10 L/min), concentration difference (40 g/L), and the presence of electrode rinse solution. Further, the ion type (monovalent, divalent, and multivalent) influenced the resulting RED power density, where the divalent ion (MgSO4) 's power density was greater than that of the monovalent ion (NaCl). The resistance and selectivity of the membrane were the major keys for the power generation of RED","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43084606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.49298
B. Budiyono, H. A. Matin, Ihzani Yulistra Yasmin, Iwang Septo Priogo
Indonesia has great potential in producing large quantities of renewable energy sources, such as biomass. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from biomass. It is can be developed in agricultural countries producing rice and coffee, where a large amount of waste is produced in the form of rice husks and coffee grounds. This study examined the effect of physiochemical pretreatment and the C/N ratio on biogas production using coffee grounds and rice husk mixtures. Physical pretreatment was conducted by grinding the mixture up to 50 mesh size, followed by chemical pretreatment by soaking the mixture in 3% KOH; moreover, the variation in the C/N ratio was set at 25 and 30. Anaerobic bacteria were acquired from rumen fluid. The ratio of the coffee ground material, rice husks, and rumen fluid was 1:1:1. This research was conducted in duplicate under batch conditions at ambient temperature (25–35 oC)with a digester volume of 1.5 L. Biogas productivity was measured every 2 d for 60 d. The experimental results indicated that biogas production with a C/N ratio of 30 was 13.3–66.5% higher than that with a C/N ratio of 25. The inclusion of physical pretreatment at a C/N ratio of 30 increased biogas production by up to 31.3%. Moreover, the inclusion of a chemical pretreatment at a C/N ratio of 30 resulted in 30.3% higher biogas production. The kinetics model of biogas production showed that a C/N ratio of 30 with physical and alkaline pretreatment can produce maximum biogas yields of 6,619 mL and 6,570 mL, respectively. Overall, both pretreatments sequentially increased the biogas production significantly.
{"title":"Effect of Pretreatment and C/N Ratio in Anaerobic Digestion on Biogas Production from Coffee Grounds and Rice Husk Mixtures","authors":"B. Budiyono, H. A. Matin, Ihzani Yulistra Yasmin, Iwang Septo Priogo","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.49298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.49298","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia has great potential in producing large quantities of renewable energy sources, such as biomass. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from biomass. It is can be developed in agricultural countries producing rice and coffee, where a large amount of waste is produced in the form of rice husks and coffee grounds. This study examined the effect of physiochemical pretreatment and the C/N ratio on biogas production using coffee grounds and rice husk mixtures. Physical pretreatment was conducted by grinding the mixture up to 50 mesh size, followed by chemical pretreatment by soaking the mixture in 3% KOH; moreover, the variation in the C/N ratio was set at 25 and 30. Anaerobic bacteria were acquired from rumen fluid. The ratio of the coffee ground material, rice husks, and rumen fluid was 1:1:1. This research was conducted in duplicate under batch conditions at ambient temperature (25–35 oC)with a digester volume of 1.5 L. Biogas productivity was measured every 2 d for 60 d. The experimental results indicated that biogas production with a C/N ratio of 30 was 13.3–66.5% higher than that with a C/N ratio of 25. The inclusion of physical pretreatment at a C/N ratio of 30 increased biogas production by up to 31.3%. Moreover, the inclusion of a chemical pretreatment at a C/N ratio of 30 resulted in 30.3% higher biogas production. The kinetics model of biogas production showed that a C/N ratio of 30 with physical and alkaline pretreatment can produce maximum biogas yields of 6,619 mL and 6,570 mL, respectively. Overall, both pretreatments sequentially increased the biogas production significantly.","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46239047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-04DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.47425
Y. Purwamargapratala, A. Z. Syahrial, Teguh Yulius Surya Panca Putra, E. Kartini, H. Jodi
Most solid electrolyte materials have not shown enough conductivity to be used as an electrolyte for a battery in electronic devices. The mixture of 1.5 Li2O and P2O5 has been reported to show a good conductivity higher than that of Li3PO4, which is thought to be due to phase mixtures that are formed during manufacturing process. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used to explore the effect of phase mixture on conductivity of new 1.5Li2O-P2O5-MMT solid electrolyte composite, which was prepared through conventional solid-state reaction procedures. This study was conducted, how the addition of MMT affects process of forming 1.5Li2O-P2O5-MMT compound, and whether it influences electrical properties and permittivity of compound. Morphology, hygroscopicity, and electrochemical characteristics of this material were analyzed in this study. The shape of glassy-like flakes was reduced in micrographs, and granular lumps were getting larger as MMT was added. Addition also tended to reduce hygroscopicity, as indicated by a reduced rate of porous absorption. Whole Nyquist plot consisted of only one imperfect semicircular arc, indicating only one relaxation process occurred in materials. Capacitance of all arcs indicated main contribution of response was from bulk material. Slope of dielectric loss of samples indicated that conduction in the samples was mainly dominated by dc conduction. MMT clays acted as a medium that absorbed liquid phase in solid-state reaction, increasing formation of dominant phase, which determined total conductivity of compound. Conductivity was higher than that of Li4P2O7, where the sample of 20 wt% MMT addition was most polarizable and most dielectric compound.
{"title":"The Conductivity Enhancement of 1.5Li2O-P2O5 Solid Electrolytes by Montmorillonite Addition","authors":"Y. Purwamargapratala, A. Z. Syahrial, Teguh Yulius Surya Panca Putra, E. Kartini, H. Jodi","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.47425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.47425","url":null,"abstract":"Most solid electrolyte materials have not shown enough conductivity to be used as an electrolyte for a battery in electronic devices. The mixture of 1.5 Li2O and P2O5 has been reported to show a good conductivity higher than that of Li3PO4, which is thought to be due to phase mixtures that are formed during manufacturing process. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used to explore the effect of phase mixture on conductivity of new 1.5Li2O-P2O5-MMT solid electrolyte composite, which was prepared through conventional solid-state reaction procedures. This study was conducted, how the addition of MMT affects process of forming 1.5Li2O-P2O5-MMT compound, and whether it influences electrical properties and permittivity of compound. Morphology, hygroscopicity, and electrochemical characteristics of this material were analyzed in this study. The shape of glassy-like flakes was reduced in micrographs, and granular lumps were getting larger as MMT was added. Addition also tended to reduce hygroscopicity, as indicated by a reduced rate of porous absorption. Whole Nyquist plot consisted of only one imperfect semicircular arc, indicating only one relaxation process occurred in materials. Capacitance of all arcs indicated main contribution of response was from bulk material. Slope of dielectric loss of samples indicated that conduction in the samples was mainly dominated by dc conduction. MMT clays acted as a medium that absorbed liquid phase in solid-state reaction, increasing formation of dominant phase, which determined total conductivity of compound. Conductivity was higher than that of Li4P2O7, where the sample of 20 wt% MMT addition was most polarizable and most dielectric compound.","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45991785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-04DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.45969
O. Ahmed, Sameer Algburi, Raid W. Daouda, Hawazen N. Shubat, Enas F. Aziz
The use of solar energy to heat water is the more critical application of solar energy. Researchers are trying to develop different methods to improve the efficiency of solar water heaters to meet the increasing demand for hot water due to global population growth. To reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of solar heaters, the solar collector and the storage tank are combined into one part, and this system is called solar storage collector. It can be defined as geometric shapes filled with water, painted black, and placed under the influence of sunlight to gain the largest amount of solar energy. This article presents the various designs of solar storage collector. This review showed that design variables and design shape significantly affect the efficiency of the solar heating system. Climate and operational factors also have a strong influence on the performance of solar heating. Furthermore, scientists and researchers have also used nanotechnology, solar cells, and mirrors to improve other stored solar collectors' performance. Finally, recently published articles indicate an increase in interest in improving the efficiency of solar storage collector by creating new designs that enhance the economic and practical viability.
{"title":"The Various Designs of Storage Solar Collectors: A Review","authors":"O. Ahmed, Sameer Algburi, Raid W. Daouda, Hawazen N. Shubat, Enas F. Aziz","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.45969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.45969","url":null,"abstract":"The use of solar energy to heat water is the more critical application of solar energy. Researchers are trying to develop different methods to improve the efficiency of solar water heaters to meet the increasing demand for hot water due to global population growth. To reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of solar heaters, the solar collector and the storage tank are combined into one part, and this system is called solar storage collector. It can be defined as geometric shapes filled with water, painted black, and placed under the influence of sunlight to gain the largest amount of solar energy. This article presents the various designs of solar storage collector. This review showed that design variables and design shape significantly affect the efficiency of the solar heating system. Climate and operational factors also have a strong influence on the performance of solar heating. Furthermore, scientists and researchers have also used nanotechnology, solar cells, and mirrors to improve other stored solar collectors' performance. Finally, recently published articles indicate an increase in interest in improving the efficiency of solar storage collector by creating new designs that enhance the economic and practical viability.","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47941593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.48739
Abdul Hamid, Misbakhul Fatah, Wahyu Budi Utomo, I. Febriana, Zeni Rahmawati, Annafiyah Annafiyah, Aurista Miftahatul Ilmah
The emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) from vehicle exhaust gas generates an adverse effect to the environment as well as the human health. Therefore, the need to reduce such emission is urgent. The decrease of the emission can be achieved through the use of catalytic converter. This study explains the application of catalytic converter prepared from activated carbon to enhance the activity through its adsorption ability. The activated carbon was derived from banana peels after heating them up at 400 ºC for 1.5 hours and activation using natrium hydroxide (NaOH). Several techniques including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were adopted to characterize the activated carbon properties. The activated carbon formed was then coated with copper. The activity of the catalytic converter using activated carbon coated with copper was then tested for its performance on diesel engine Yanmar TF 70 LY-DI with variations in the number of catalyst layers, namely 1 layer (C1), 2 layers (C2) and 3 layers (C3). Sample with three layers (C3) of catalyst exhibited the highest activity with the percentage efficiency in reducing emissions concentration of 48.76 %; 31.27 % and 29.35 % for NOx, NO and CO, respectively.
{"title":"An Improvement of Catalytic Converter Activity Using Copper Coated Activated Carbon Derived from Banana Peel","authors":"Abdul Hamid, Misbakhul Fatah, Wahyu Budi Utomo, I. Febriana, Zeni Rahmawati, Annafiyah Annafiyah, Aurista Miftahatul Ilmah","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.48739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.48739","url":null,"abstract":"The emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) from vehicle exhaust gas generates an adverse effect to the environment as well as the human health. Therefore, the need to reduce such emission is urgent. The decrease of the emission can be achieved through the use of catalytic converter. This study explains the application of catalytic converter prepared from activated carbon to enhance the activity through its adsorption ability. The activated carbon was derived from banana peels after heating them up at 400 ºC for 1.5 hours and activation using natrium hydroxide (NaOH). Several techniques including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were adopted to characterize the activated carbon properties. The activated carbon formed was then coated with copper. The activity of the catalytic converter using activated carbon coated with copper was then tested for its performance on diesel engine Yanmar TF 70 LY-DI with variations in the number of catalyst layers, namely 1 layer (C1), 2 layers (C2) and 3 layers (C3). Sample with three layers (C3) of catalyst exhibited the highest activity with the percentage efficiency in reducing emissions concentration of 48.76 %; 31.27 % and 29.35 % for NOx, NO and CO, respectively.","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42954356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-05DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.46838
N. A. Madlool, M. Alshukri, A. Alsabery, A. Eidan, I. Hashim
Convective heat transfer of laminar forced convection in a wavy channel is studied in this paper. Numerical simulations of the 3D steady flow of Newtonian fluid and heat transfer characteristics are obtained by the finite element method. The effects of the Reynolds number ((10 ≤Re≤1000), number of oscillations (0 ≤N≤5) and amplitude of the wall (0.05 ≤A≤0.2) on the heat transfer have been analyzed. The results show that the average Nusselt number is elevated as the Reynolds number is raised, showing high intensity of heat transfer, as a result of the intensified effects of the inertial and zones of recirculation close to the hot wavy wall. The rate of heat transfer increases about 0.28% with the rise of the number of oscillations. In the transfer of heat along a wavy surface, the number of oscillations and the wave amplitude are important factors. With an increment in the number of oscillations, the maximal value of the average velocity is elevated, and its minimal value occurs when the channel walls are straight. The impact of the wall amplitude on the average Nusselt number and dimensionless temperature tends to be stronger compared to the impact of the number of oscillations. An increase of the wall amplitude improves the rate of heat transfer about 0.91% when the Reynolds number is equal 100. In addition, when the Reynolds number is equal 500, the rate of heat transfer grows about 1.1% with the rising of the wall amplitude.
{"title":"Numerical Analysis of Transfer of Heat by Forced Convection in a Wavy Channel","authors":"N. A. Madlool, M. Alshukri, A. Alsabery, A. Eidan, I. Hashim","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.46838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.46838","url":null,"abstract":"Convective heat transfer of laminar forced convection in a wavy channel is studied in this paper. Numerical simulations of the 3D steady flow of Newtonian fluid and heat transfer characteristics are obtained by the finite element method. The effects of the Reynolds number ((10 ≤Re≤1000), number of oscillations (0 ≤N≤5) and amplitude of the wall (0.05 ≤A≤0.2) on the heat transfer have been analyzed. The results show that the average Nusselt number is elevated as the Reynolds number is raised, showing high intensity of heat transfer, as a result of the intensified effects of the inertial and zones of recirculation close to the hot wavy wall. The rate of heat transfer increases about 0.28% with the rise of the number of oscillations. In the transfer of heat along a wavy surface, the number of oscillations and the wave amplitude are important factors. With an increment in the number of oscillations, the maximal value of the average velocity is elevated, and its minimal value occurs when the channel walls are straight. The impact of the wall amplitude on the average Nusselt number and dimensionless temperature tends to be stronger compared to the impact of the number of oscillations. An increase of the wall amplitude improves the rate of heat transfer about 0.91% when the Reynolds number is equal 100. In addition, when the Reynolds number is equal 500, the rate of heat transfer grows about 1.1% with the rising of the wall amplitude.","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46899553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2022.46539
H. Nguyen, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen, Thanh Phuong Nguyen
The global shipping industry has been contributing more than four-fifths of the volume of goods transported internationally. However, shipping is facing pressure from strict policies on combating climate change from the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Seaports are an essential component of shipping and are also having to change their development strategies to be more sustainable and smarter. The concept of a green port was born as an inevitable part of the green economic development path. Green port system development policies and strategies have been discussed and studied in recent literature reviews, and have revealed the limited reach of developing countries. This work focuses on evaluating successful green port policies and concepts in developed countries to highlight the distinctive features of green ports. Moreover, the experiences from the effective green port models of developed countries can be valuable lessons for developing countries like Vietnam. More interestingly, the core features of green ports, when piloted at several international ports in Vietnam, promote port efficiency and environmental friendliness. On the way to implementing the national green port strategy, Vietnam has been establishing legal and infrastructure corridors to realize the strategy of sustainable marine economic development by 2045.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.14710/ijred.2023.48380
Muhammad Wafiuddin Abd Rahim, Anas Abdul Rahman, Ayu Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Izham Ismail, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin
The flow field in the near wake region (up to six turbine diameters downstream) of a tidal current turbine is strongly driven by the combined wake of the device support structure and the rotor. Accurate characterisation of the near-wake region is important, but it is dominated by highly turbulent, slow-moving fluid. At present, limited number of research has been undertaken into the characterisation of the near-wake region for a Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine (VATT) device using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model in the shallow water environment of Malaysia. This paper presents a comprehensive statistical analysis using the Mean Absolute Error (MEA), Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on the near-wake region for shallow water application by comparing numerical solutions (i.e., different types of RANS turbulence models using Ansys Fluent) with published experimental data. Seven RANS turbulence models with a single VATT, represented by using a cylindrical object, were employed in the preliminary study. The statistical analysis performed in this study is essential in exploring and giving a detailed understanding on the most suitable RANS turbulence model to be improved, specifically on its near-wake region. In this study, the near wake region is defined as D ≤ 6, where D is the device diameter. The analysis shows that the RANS numerical solutions are unable to accurately replicate the near-wake region based on large statistical errors computed. The average RMSE of near-wake region at z/D = [2, 3, 4, 6] are 0.5864, 0.4127, 0.4344 and 0.3577 while the average RMSE at far-wake region z/D = [8, 12] are 0.2269 and 0.1590, where z is the distance from the cylindrical object along the length of domain. The statistical error values are found to decrease with increasing downstream distance from a cylindrical object. Notably, the standard k–ε and realizable k–ε models are the two best turbulent models representing the near-wake region in RANS modelling, yielding the lowest statistical errors (RMSE at z/D = [2, 3, 4, 6] are 0.5666, 0.4020, 0.4113 and 0.3455) among the tested parameters
{"title":"Statistical Analysis on The Near-Wake Region of RANS Turbulence Closure Models for Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine","authors":"Muhammad Wafiuddin Abd Rahim, Anas Abdul Rahman, Ayu Abdul-Rahman, Muhammad Izham Ismail, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Nasrul Amri Mohd Amin","doi":"10.14710/ijred.2023.48380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.48380","url":null,"abstract":"The flow field in the near wake region (up to six turbine diameters downstream) of a tidal current turbine is strongly driven by the combined wake of the device support structure and the rotor. Accurate characterisation of the near-wake region is important, but it is dominated by highly turbulent, slow-moving fluid. At present, limited number of research has been undertaken into the characterisation of the near-wake region for a Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine (VATT) device using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model in the shallow water environment of Malaysia. This paper presents a comprehensive statistical analysis using the Mean Absolute Error (MEA), Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on the near-wake region for shallow water application by comparing numerical solutions (i.e., different types of RANS turbulence models using Ansys Fluent) with published experimental data. Seven RANS turbulence models with a single VATT, represented by using a cylindrical object, were employed in the preliminary study. The statistical analysis performed in this study is essential in exploring and giving a detailed understanding on the most suitable RANS turbulence model to be improved, specifically on its near-wake region. In this study, the near wake region is defined as D ≤ 6, where D is the device diameter. The analysis shows that the RANS numerical solutions are unable to accurately replicate the near-wake region based on large statistical errors computed. The average RMSE of near-wake region at z/D = [2, 3, 4, 6] are 0.5864, 0.4127, 0.4344 and 0.3577 while the average RMSE at far-wake region z/D = [8, 12] are 0.2269 and 0.1590, where z is the distance from the cylindrical object along the length of domain. The statistical error values are found to decrease with increasing downstream distance from a cylindrical object. Notably, the standard k–ε and realizable k–ε models are the two best turbulent models representing the near-wake region in RANS modelling, yielding the lowest statistical errors (RMSE at z/D = [2, 3, 4, 6] are 0.5666, 0.4020, 0.4113 and 0.3455) among the tested parameters","PeriodicalId":44938,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Development-IJRED","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46592184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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