R. Mediukh, V. Mediukh, V. Labunets, P. Nosko, O. Bashta, I. Kondratenko
Abstract The paper is focused on the studies of the microstructure development and physical and mechanical properties of metal-matrix composite coatings based on steel 11Cr18MoWCu deposited using plasma and galvanoplasma methods. The expediency of combining gas-thermal spraying processes of plasma coatings with open porosity up to 16%–18%, with their subsequent thermodiffusion saturation (chromium plating) or liquid-phase impregnation with eutectic alloys of previously applied Ni–B galvanic layer, is shown. The study of the tribotechnical properties of the proposed coatings showed a significant improvement in their performance under conditions of various types of intensive wear, as well as in corrosive environments.
{"title":"Investigation of Structure Formation and Tribotechnical Properties of Steel Plasma Coatings After Chemical-Heat Treatment and Liquid-Phase Impregnation","authors":"R. Mediukh, V. Mediukh, V. Labunets, P. Nosko, O. Bashta, I. Kondratenko","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0045","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper is focused on the studies of the microstructure development and physical and mechanical properties of metal-matrix composite coatings based on steel 11Cr18MoWCu deposited using plasma and galvanoplasma methods. The expediency of combining gas-thermal spraying processes of plasma coatings with open porosity up to 16%–18%, with their subsequent thermodiffusion saturation (chromium plating) or liquid-phase impregnation with eutectic alloys of previously applied Ni–B galvanic layer, is shown. The study of the tribotechnical properties of the proposed coatings showed a significant improvement in their performance under conditions of various types of intensive wear, as well as in corrosive environments.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"382 - 387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The unit compacting pressure in the fine-grained material consolidation process in the roller press can reach >100 MPa and is a parameter that results, among other things, from the properties of the consolidated material and the compaction unit geometry. Achieving the right pressure during briquetting is one of the factors that guarantee the proper consolidation and quality of briquettes. The distribution of the temperature on the surface of the briquettes correlates with locally exerted pressure. The present work aimed to analyse the briquetting process of four fine-grained materials in a roller press equipped with saddle-shaped briquette-forming rollers based on images obtained from the thermography conducted immediately after their consolidation. The tests were carried out in a roller press that was equipped with forming rollers of 450-mm diameter and having a cavity with a volume of 4 cm3, as described by patent PL 222229 B1. Two mixtures of hydrated lime with 9.1 wt% and 13.0 wt% water, a mixture of scale and a mixture of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust were used for the tests. In most mixtures, the highest temperatures were achieved in the middle-upper part of the briquettes. The briquettes from the EAF dust mixture heated locally the most on the surface up to 37.7 °C. The difference between the maximum briquette temperature and the ambient temperature was 20.2 °C.
{"title":"The Use of Thermography to Determine the Compaction of a Saddle-Shaped Briquette Produced in an Innovative Roller Press Compaction Unit","authors":"M. Bembenek, A. Uhryński","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The unit compacting pressure in the fine-grained material consolidation process in the roller press can reach >100 MPa and is a parameter that results, among other things, from the properties of the consolidated material and the compaction unit geometry. Achieving the right pressure during briquetting is one of the factors that guarantee the proper consolidation and quality of briquettes. The distribution of the temperature on the surface of the briquettes correlates with locally exerted pressure. The present work aimed to analyse the briquetting process of four fine-grained materials in a roller press equipped with saddle-shaped briquette-forming rollers based on images obtained from the thermography conducted immediately after their consolidation. The tests were carried out in a roller press that was equipped with forming rollers of 450-mm diameter and having a cavity with a volume of 4 cm3, as described by patent PL 222229 B1. Two mixtures of hydrated lime with 9.1 wt% and 13.0 wt% water, a mixture of scale and a mixture of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust were used for the tests. In most mixtures, the highest temperatures were achieved in the middle-upper part of the briquettes. The briquettes from the EAF dust mixture heated locally the most on the surface up to 37.7 °C. The difference between the maximum briquette temperature and the ambient temperature was 20.2 °C.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"340 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48039119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Artyukhov, J. Krmela, V. Krmelová, Dastan Ospanov
Abstract This work is devoted to describing the technological foundations and the main stages of calculating granulation machines with active hydrodynamic modes. The optimisation criterion is substantiated when choosing the design of the granulation machine. The work uses methods of analysis and synthesis, search for cause-and-effect relationships, theoretical and computer modelling, and experimental studies. The nodes of the vortex granulator directly influence the formation of a vortex fluidised bed, and the directional movement of granules of various sizes are determined. A technique for carrying out a computer simulation of the hydrodynamic operating conditions of a granulation machine in various operating modes with an assessment of the quality of granulated products (e.g., the production of porous ammonium nitrate) is proposed. The results of a computer simulation of the process of formation of a vortex fluidised bed are presented. A variant of the solution for developing an automation scheme for a vortex-type granulation machine is shown. A roadmap for introducing granulation technology in vortex-type granulation machines is described with details of the main stages. The prospects for improving the design of a vortex-type granulation machine and optimising the operation of a granulation plant to produce porous ammonium nitrate are outlined.
{"title":"Vortex-Type Granulation Machines: Technological Basis of Calculation and Implementation Roadmap","authors":"A. Artyukhov, J. Krmela, V. Krmelová, Dastan Ospanov","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work is devoted to describing the technological foundations and the main stages of calculating granulation machines with active hydrodynamic modes. The optimisation criterion is substantiated when choosing the design of the granulation machine. The work uses methods of analysis and synthesis, search for cause-and-effect relationships, theoretical and computer modelling, and experimental studies. The nodes of the vortex granulator directly influence the formation of a vortex fluidised bed, and the directional movement of granules of various sizes are determined. A technique for carrying out a computer simulation of the hydrodynamic operating conditions of a granulation machine in various operating modes with an assessment of the quality of granulated products (e.g., the production of porous ammonium nitrate) is proposed. The results of a computer simulation of the process of formation of a vortex fluidised bed are presented. A variant of the solution for developing an automation scheme for a vortex-type granulation machine is shown. A roadmap for introducing granulation technology in vortex-type granulation machines is described with details of the main stages. The prospects for improving the design of a vortex-type granulation machine and optimising the operation of a granulation plant to produce porous ammonium nitrate are outlined.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"347 - 356"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42700006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paweł Sułkowicz, R. Babiarz, J. Burek, J. Buk, K. Gancarczyk
Abstract The article presents a method of increasing the shape and dimensional accuracy of low-stiffness shafts manufactured in a single pass of a grinding wheel in traverse grinding. One-pass manufacturing is one of the ways for reducing machining time and increasing efficiency, thus lowering production costs. However, maintaining the necessary accuracy proves to be a challenge because the whole machining allowance has to be removed at once, leaving no room for errors that could be fixed in additional passes of the tool. It is especially true in finishing operations, such as traverse grinding. In addition, grinding the workpiece in a single pass of a grinding wheel leads to high forces, which cause elastic deformation of the part. The lower the stiffness of the part, the more difficult it is to achieve the required accuracy. As a result, there are many methods of improving the accuracy of grinding such parts, but they tend to be either expensive or reduce the machining efficiency. Thus, it is important to seek new methods that would allow improving the accuracy of the machining without reducing its efficiency. The proposed method does not require using steady rests and is based on the measurement of the normal grinding force component. Knowing the value of the grinding force when grinding with a set grinding depth, the elastic deformation of the machine tool–tool–workpiece system is calculated in each position of the grinding wheel. Based on the calculated deformation, the additional infeed of the grinding wheel is implemented in order to stabilise real grinding depth and to increase the accuracy of the produced part. The experimental tests were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"A Method of Increasing the Accuracy of Low-Stiffness Shafts: Single-Pass Traverse Grinding Without Steady Rests","authors":"Paweł Sułkowicz, R. Babiarz, J. Burek, J. Buk, K. Gancarczyk","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents a method of increasing the shape and dimensional accuracy of low-stiffness shafts manufactured in a single pass of a grinding wheel in traverse grinding. One-pass manufacturing is one of the ways for reducing machining time and increasing efficiency, thus lowering production costs. However, maintaining the necessary accuracy proves to be a challenge because the whole machining allowance has to be removed at once, leaving no room for errors that could be fixed in additional passes of the tool. It is especially true in finishing operations, such as traverse grinding. In addition, grinding the workpiece in a single pass of a grinding wheel leads to high forces, which cause elastic deformation of the part. The lower the stiffness of the part, the more difficult it is to achieve the required accuracy. As a result, there are many methods of improving the accuracy of grinding such parts, but they tend to be either expensive or reduce the machining efficiency. Thus, it is important to seek new methods that would allow improving the accuracy of the machining without reducing its efficiency. The proposed method does not require using steady rests and is based on the measurement of the normal grinding force component. Knowing the value of the grinding force when grinding with a set grinding depth, the elastic deformation of the machine tool–tool–workpiece system is calculated in each position of the grinding wheel. Based on the calculated deformation, the additional infeed of the grinding wheel is implemented in order to stabilise real grinding depth and to increase the accuracy of the produced part. The experimental tests were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"357 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49113602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presents the results of research on the determination of the accuracy parameter for European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) positioning for a dual set of on-board global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. The study focusses in particular on presenting a modified algorithm to determine the accuracy of EGNOS positioning for a mixed model with measurement weights. The mathematical algorithm considers the measurement weights as a function of the squared inverse and the inverse of the position dilution of precision (PDOP) geometrical coefficient. The research uses actual EGNOS measurement data recorded by two on-board GNSS receivers installed in a Diamond DA 20-C airplane. The calculations determined the accuracy of EGNOS positioning separately for each receiver and the resultant value for the set of two GNSS receivers. Based on the conducted tests, it was determined that the mixed model with measurement weights in the form of a function of the inverse square of the PDOP geometrical coefficient was the most efficient and that it improved the accuracy of EGNOS positioning by 37%–63% compared to the results of position errors calculated separately for each GNSS receiver.
摘要本文介绍了双星载全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收机的欧洲同步导航覆盖系统(EGNOS)定位精度参数确定的研究结果。该研究特别侧重于提出一种改进的算法来确定具有测量权重的混合模型的EGNOS定位精度。该数学算法将测量权重视为位置精度稀释(PDOP)几何系数的平方反比和反比的函数。该研究使用安装在Diamond DA - 20-C飞机上的两个机载GNSS接收器记录的实际EGNOS测量数据。计算分别确定了每个接收机的EGNOS定位精度和两个GNSS接收机集合的结果值。试验结果表明，以PDOP几何系数平方反比为函数形式的测量权混合模型效率最高，与单独计算每个GNSS接收机位置误差的结果相比，EGNOS定位精度提高了37% ~ 63%。
{"title":"Analysis of the Determination of the Accuracy Parameter for Dual Receivers Based on EGNOS Solution in Aerial Navigation","authors":"K. Krasuski, J. Ćwiklak, M. Bakuła, M. Mrozik","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents the results of research on the determination of the accuracy parameter for European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) positioning for a dual set of on-board global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. The study focusses in particular on presenting a modified algorithm to determine the accuracy of EGNOS positioning for a mixed model with measurement weights. The mathematical algorithm considers the measurement weights as a function of the squared inverse and the inverse of the position dilution of precision (PDOP) geometrical coefficient. The research uses actual EGNOS measurement data recorded by two on-board GNSS receivers installed in a Diamond DA 20-C airplane. The calculations determined the accuracy of EGNOS positioning separately for each receiver and the resultant value for the set of two GNSS receivers. Based on the conducted tests, it was determined that the mixed model with measurement weights in the form of a function of the inverse square of the PDOP geometrical coefficient was the most efficient and that it improved the accuracy of EGNOS positioning by 37%–63% compared to the results of position errors calculated separately for each GNSS receiver.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"365 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47642145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article presents the use of swarming algorithms in selecting the heat transfer coefficient, taking into account the boundary condition of the IV types. Numerical calculations were made using the proprietary TalyFEM program and classic form of swarming algorithms. A function was also used for the calculations, which, during the calculation, determined the error of the approximate solution and was minimalised using a pair of individually employed algorithms, namely artificial bee colony (ABC) and ant colony optimisation (ACO). The tests were carried out to select the heat transfer coefficient from one range. Describing the geometry for a mesh of 408 fine elements with 214 nodes, the research carried out presents two squares (one on top of the other) separated by a heat transfer layer with a κ coefficient. A type III boundary condition was established on the right and left of both edges. The upper and lower edges were isolated, and a type IV boundary condition with imperfect contact was established between the squares. Calculations were made for ABC and ACO, respectively, for populations equal to 20, 40 and 60 individuals and 2, 6 and 12 iterations. In addition, in each case, 0%, 1%, 2% and 5% noise of the reference values were also considered. The obtained results are satisfactory and very close to the reference values of the κ parameter. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to reconstruct the IV type boundary condition value during heat conduction modelling.
{"title":"Selection of the Heat Transfer Coefficient Using Swarming Algorithms","authors":"E. Gawrońska, R. Dyja, M. Zych, G. Domek","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents the use of swarming algorithms in selecting the heat transfer coefficient, taking into account the boundary condition of the IV types. Numerical calculations were made using the proprietary TalyFEM program and classic form of swarming algorithms. A function was also used for the calculations, which, during the calculation, determined the error of the approximate solution and was minimalised using a pair of individually employed algorithms, namely artificial bee colony (ABC) and ant colony optimisation (ACO). The tests were carried out to select the heat transfer coefficient from one range. Describing the geometry for a mesh of 408 fine elements with 214 nodes, the research carried out presents two squares (one on top of the other) separated by a heat transfer layer with a κ coefficient. A type III boundary condition was established on the right and left of both edges. The upper and lower edges were isolated, and a type IV boundary condition with imperfect contact was established between the squares. Calculations were made for ABC and ACO, respectively, for populations equal to 20, 40 and 60 individuals and 2, 6 and 12 iterations. In addition, in each case, 0%, 1%, 2% and 5% noise of the reference values were also considered. The obtained results are satisfactory and very close to the reference values of the κ parameter. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to reconstruct the IV type boundary condition value during heat conduction modelling.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"325 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48858055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Kaczor, Krzysztof Bajer, G. Domek, P. Madajski, A. Raszkowska-Kaczor, P. Szroeder
Abstract Twin-screw extrusion is a crucial method for the direct inserting of carbon micro- and nanomaterials into a polymer matrix using a dry procedure. The study aimed to determine the influence of the parameters of the twin-screw extruder plasticizing system on the dispersion homogeneity and distribution of graphite filler in the polylactide polymer matrix and overall quality of the composite. As a filler, a graphite micropowder with a 5 μm lateral size of platelets was used at concentration of 1 wt.%. Three configurations of screws with different mixing intensity and various types segments were considered in the extrusion experiments. Morphology and chemical structure of the obtained composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Raman spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and melting flow rate measurements (MFR) were used to asses thermal and rheological properties of the composites. Samples of the polylactide/graphite composites were also subjected to mechanical tests. The results show that the selection of the mechanical parameters of twin-screw extruder plasticizing system plays a key role in the preparation of the homogeneous PLA/graphite composites. Incorrect selection of the screw geometry results in poor mixing quality and a significant deterioration of the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. Optimised mixing and extrusion parameters can be the starting point for the design of efficient twin-screw extruder plasticizing system for fabrication of PLA composites with carbon nanotube and graphene fillers.
{"title":"Influence of Extruder Plasticizing Systems on the Selected Properties of PLA/Graphite Composite","authors":"D. Kaczor, Krzysztof Bajer, G. Domek, P. Madajski, A. Raszkowska-Kaczor, P. Szroeder","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Twin-screw extrusion is a crucial method for the direct inserting of carbon micro- and nanomaterials into a polymer matrix using a dry procedure. The study aimed to determine the influence of the parameters of the twin-screw extruder plasticizing system on the dispersion homogeneity and distribution of graphite filler in the polylactide polymer matrix and overall quality of the composite. As a filler, a graphite micropowder with a 5 μm lateral size of platelets was used at concentration of 1 wt.%. Three configurations of screws with different mixing intensity and various types segments were considered in the extrusion experiments. Morphology and chemical structure of the obtained composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Raman spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and melting flow rate measurements (MFR) were used to asses thermal and rheological properties of the composites. Samples of the polylactide/graphite composites were also subjected to mechanical tests. The results show that the selection of the mechanical parameters of twin-screw extruder plasticizing system plays a key role in the preparation of the homogeneous PLA/graphite composites. Incorrect selection of the screw geometry results in poor mixing quality and a significant deterioration of the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. Optimised mixing and extrusion parameters can be the starting point for the design of efficient twin-screw extruder plasticizing system for fabrication of PLA composites with carbon nanotube and graphene fillers.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"316 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45051992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The integrated geometrical product specification (GPS) system for workpiece geometry specification and verification is an improved engineering tool for product development and production. The goal of the GPS system is to provide tools for cost-effective management of variability in products and processes. This can be achieved by using a more precise way of expressing the functional requirements of the workpiece, complete and well-defined specifications and integrated verification approaches. The intended function of the product is ensured by controlling the geometry and material properties of the workpiece parts, which make up the product. GPS is a language just for checking geometry, and further development is based on computational mathematics and correct, consistent logic using general sets of rules that can be applied to all types of specifications. This article deals with the application of GPS rules in the design of gearboxes.
{"title":"GPS Application in the Design of Gearboxes","authors":"S. Maláková, S. Sivák","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The integrated geometrical product specification (GPS) system for workpiece geometry specification and verification is an improved engineering tool for product development and production. The goal of the GPS system is to provide tools for cost-effective management of variability in products and processes. This can be achieved by using a more precise way of expressing the functional requirements of the workpiece, complete and well-defined specifications and integrated verification approaches. The intended function of the product is ensured by controlling the geometry and material properties of the workpiece parts, which make up the product. GPS is a language just for checking geometry, and further development is based on computational mathematics and correct, consistent logic using general sets of rules that can be applied to all types of specifications. This article deals with the application of GPS rules in the design of gearboxes.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"309 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45096097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Fiedurek, P. Szroeder, M. Macko, A. Raszkowska-Kaczor, Marcin Borowicz, N. Puszczykowska
Abstract Co-rotating twin-screw extrusion is an energy consuming process that is generally not fully optimised to a specific polymer. From the point of view of the efficiency of the extrusion process, the starting material should be characterised by small grain sizes in comparison to the screw channel area, small surface area to volume ratio and small internal friction between the pellets. To develop a model describing the effect of polylactide (PLA) grain size on the extrusion efficiency, a series of experiments with a twin-screw extruder were carried out during which the energy consumption; torque on shafts and temperature of the melt on the extruder die were monitored. As feed material, both the neat PLA with different grain sizes and the PLA with expandable graphite fillers and phosphorous-based flame retardants were used. Morphology and dispersion quality of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); flammability, smoke production, mass loss and heat release rates were tested using cone calorimetry; and melt flow rate was determine using a plastometer. Moreover, the thermal properties of the obtained composites were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the choice of the starting material affects both the efficiency of the extrusion process and the flame retardancy properties of the composite materials.
{"title":"Introduction to Modelling the Correlation Between Grain Sizes of Feed Material and the Structure and Efficiency of the Process of Co-Rotating Twin-Screw Extrusion of Non-Flammable Composites with a Pla Matrix","authors":"K. Fiedurek, P. Szroeder, M. Macko, A. Raszkowska-Kaczor, Marcin Borowicz, N. Puszczykowska","doi":"10.2478/ama-2022-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ama-2022-0036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Co-rotating twin-screw extrusion is an energy consuming process that is generally not fully optimised to a specific polymer. From the point of view of the efficiency of the extrusion process, the starting material should be characterised by small grain sizes in comparison to the screw channel area, small surface area to volume ratio and small internal friction between the pellets. To develop a model describing the effect of polylactide (PLA) grain size on the extrusion efficiency, a series of experiments with a twin-screw extruder were carried out during which the energy consumption; torque on shafts and temperature of the melt on the extruder die were monitored. As feed material, both the neat PLA with different grain sizes and the PLA with expandable graphite fillers and phosphorous-based flame retardants were used. Morphology and dispersion quality of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); flammability, smoke production, mass loss and heat release rates were tested using cone calorimetry; and melt flow rate was determine using a plastometer. Moreover, the thermal properties of the obtained composites were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the choice of the starting material affects both the efficiency of the extrusion process and the flame retardancy properties of the composite materials.","PeriodicalId":44942,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica et Automatica","volume":"16 1","pages":"301 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49427908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Knysh, Ivan Reheі, N. Kandiak, S. Ternytskyi, B. Ivaskiv
Abstract The paper reports experimental research on torques during cardboard cutting in the die-cutting press with eccentrics in the drive of the movable pressure plate. To conduct the research, an experimental bench with eccentrics in the drive of the die-cutting press is designed and manufactured. The manufactured experimental device for the research on cardboard blanks provides the possibility of getting dependencies of loadings at different parameters of the die-cutting process. The experimental approach envisages the use of the strain gauge measurement method and the wireless module for data collecting, as well as the software for its processing, for getting trustworthy results with minimum faults. The method gives an opportunity to study the torque values during the cardboard-cutting efforts on the drive shaft. The paper shows changes in the torque value on the drive shaft during the kinematic cycle with and without the use of cardboard blank. The angle of the drive shaft rotation during the cutting process was evaluated at selected values of the cardboard thickness. The relationship between the linear cutting efforts and the cardboard thickness, its fibre direction, cutting rule type and rotational speed of the drive shaft is elaborated. This kind of data is approximated by a logarithmic function (logarithmic curve), at R2 from 0.90 to 0.98. The thickness of the cardboard significantly influences the value of the linear cutting effort at all the studied parameters.
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