She Answered Every Call: The Life ofPublic Health Nurse, Mona Gordon Wilson (1894-1981). Douglas O. Baldwin. Charlottetown: Indigo Press, 1997. The Women of Royaumont: A Scottish Women's Hospital on the Western Front. Eileen Crofton. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 1997 The Military Nurses of Canada: Recollections of Canadian Military Nurses. Vol. 1 E.A. Landells, ed. Whiterock, BC: Co-Publishing, 1995. Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990. Kathryn McPherson. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996. Nobody Ever Wins a Wan The World War I Diaries of Ella Mae Bongard, R.N. Eric Scott, ed. Ottawa: Janeric Enterprises, 1997. Jean I Gunn: Nursing Leader. Natalie Riegler. Markham: A.M.S./Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1997. Canadian nursing history is strongly rooted in conventional biography and the descriptive narrative style. Consequently, the careful recording of events and preservation of archival material has ensured a rich resource for future research in nursing's early development and its notable leaders (Gibbon and Mathewson). While recording the contributions of exceptional nurses, this method necessarily limits analysis of the role of the wider community of nursing practitioners, preventing comprehensive understanding of nursing's history and development and its place in the history of women's work. In 1991, historian Veronica Strong-Boag confidently predicted that "the history of nurses is changing women's history and the history of Canada"; she noted a new interest in nurses and nursing among social historians as they began to question nursing's relationship to issues of gender, class and race (231). Yet historians Kathryn McPherson and Meryn Stuart have cautioned that not all nursing scholars welcome these new "historical studies informed or motivated by political theory," and many prefer that nursing history mainly serve nursing's own interests (18). This conservative approach history has led to cautious consideration of nursing within the broader context of Canadian social history. By comparison, in the 1980s American scholarship took the lead in examining the work and culture of nursing. New interpretations by American historians Barbara Melosh in "The Physician's Hand": Work, Culture and Conflict ill American Nursing (1982) and Susan Reverby in Ordered to Care: the Dilemma of American Nursing, 1856-1945 (1987), directed American nursing scholarship towards labour history as a model for analysis. Until recently, Canadian nursing lacked a similar analytical framework for interpretation of its own historical development. The history of nursing in Canada spans the centuries; before the religious nursing orders brought to the continent by the earliest European colonists were the healing practices of Aboriginal peoples. Yet nursing as an organised and structured profession for Canadian women dates only from the late nineteenth century, when the Victorian enthusiasm for order and institution building gave rise to the devel
{"title":"\"Tradition and Transformation\": Recent Scholarship in Canadian Nursing History","authors":"Linda J. Quiney","doi":"10.3138/JCS.34.3.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS.34.3.282","url":null,"abstract":"She Answered Every Call: The Life ofPublic Health Nurse, Mona Gordon Wilson (1894-1981). Douglas O. Baldwin. Charlottetown: Indigo Press, 1997. The Women of Royaumont: A Scottish Women's Hospital on the Western Front. Eileen Crofton. East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 1997 The Military Nurses of Canada: Recollections of Canadian Military Nurses. Vol. 1 E.A. Landells, ed. Whiterock, BC: Co-Publishing, 1995. Bedside Matters: The Transformation of Canadian Nursing, 1900-1990. Kathryn McPherson. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996. Nobody Ever Wins a Wan The World War I Diaries of Ella Mae Bongard, R.N. Eric Scott, ed. Ottawa: Janeric Enterprises, 1997. Jean I Gunn: Nursing Leader. Natalie Riegler. Markham: A.M.S./Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1997. Canadian nursing history is strongly rooted in conventional biography and the descriptive narrative style. Consequently, the careful recording of events and preservation of archival material has ensured a rich resource for future research in nursing's early development and its notable leaders (Gibbon and Mathewson). While recording the contributions of exceptional nurses, this method necessarily limits analysis of the role of the wider community of nursing practitioners, preventing comprehensive understanding of nursing's history and development and its place in the history of women's work. In 1991, historian Veronica Strong-Boag confidently predicted that \"the history of nurses is changing women's history and the history of Canada\"; she noted a new interest in nurses and nursing among social historians as they began to question nursing's relationship to issues of gender, class and race (231). Yet historians Kathryn McPherson and Meryn Stuart have cautioned that not all nursing scholars welcome these new \"historical studies informed or motivated by political theory,\" and many prefer that nursing history mainly serve nursing's own interests (18). This conservative approach history has led to cautious consideration of nursing within the broader context of Canadian social history. By comparison, in the 1980s American scholarship took the lead in examining the work and culture of nursing. New interpretations by American historians Barbara Melosh in \"The Physician's Hand\": Work, Culture and Conflict ill American Nursing (1982) and Susan Reverby in Ordered to Care: the Dilemma of American Nursing, 1856-1945 (1987), directed American nursing scholarship towards labour history as a model for analysis. Until recently, Canadian nursing lacked a similar analytical framework for interpretation of its own historical development. The history of nursing in Canada spans the centuries; before the religious nursing orders brought to the continent by the earliest European colonists were the healing practices of Aboriginal peoples. Yet nursing as an organised and structured profession for Canadian women dates only from the late nineteenth century, when the Victorian enthusiasm for order and institution building gave rise to the devel","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"34 1","pages":"282-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1999-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69364244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-century Nova Scotia. Ian McKay. Montreal and Kingston: McGill- Queen's University Press, 1994.This decade has seen a rising national and international interest in the cultures and histories of Atlantic Canada. This attention - most conspicuously manifest in the popularity of such contemporary artistic events as The Shipping News, Margaret's Museum and the Celtic music revival - perhaps signifies that a certain romantic nostalgia for the simpler life lingers in the popular imagination. In the academic world, nostalgia is taking a reflexive turn, being acknowledged as an element at work in the hermeneutics of texts and events. Such reflexivity is particularly evident in Ian McKay's The Quest of the Folk and Ronald Rompkey's Labrador Odyssey, both of which offer alternatives to the founding fictions that have worked to efface the cultural histories of at least some Atlantic Canadians. These texts foreground the representation of culture, challenging us to read against historical and folkloric constructions of societies and their identities. They ask that we acknowledge the subject positions of historical narratives and question the processes behind what we are asked to read as culture. It is this reading practice that informs my own comments on the five diverse accounts of maritime histories and cultures offered in The Quest of the Folk, Labrador Odyssey, Home Medicine, Canadians at Last and The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island.McKay's The Quest of the Folk examines the antimodernist impulse at work in the processes of cultural selection and invention in twentieth-century Nova Scotia. Its thesis is interesting and adversarial: "The Folk," as category and construction, reduces "people once alive to the status of inert essences" and voids "the emancipatory potential of historical knowledge" (xvi). What is perhaps most contentious is not the argument itself, but the representation of "cultural producers" such as Helen Creighton as aesthetic colonizers who actively sought and produced the Folk according to their own romantic impulses: This book is about the "path of destiny" that led Creighton and countless other cultural figures to develop "the Folk" as the key to understanding Nova Scotian culture and history. It is about the ways in which urban cultural producers, pursuing their own interests and expressing their own view of things, constructed the Folk of the countryside as the romantic antithesis to everything they disliked about modern urban and industrial life. (4)Its five chapters contextualize the concept of the Folk, explore Creighton's role in the development of maritime folklore, examine the commodification and discourse of "Innocence," and survey the idea of the Folk under postmodern conditions (30). In its demystification of the interpretative framework and construction of culture and identity, The Quest of the Folk revises twentieth-century Nova Scotian history
{"title":"[The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism & Cultural Selection in Twentiety-Century Nova Scotia]","authors":"I. Mckay, S. Drodge","doi":"10.2307/25144053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/25144053","url":null,"abstract":"The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-century Nova Scotia. Ian McKay. Montreal and Kingston: McGill- Queen's University Press, 1994.This decade has seen a rising national and international interest in the cultures and histories of Atlantic Canada. This attention - most conspicuously manifest in the popularity of such contemporary artistic events as The Shipping News, Margaret's Museum and the Celtic music revival - perhaps signifies that a certain romantic nostalgia for the simpler life lingers in the popular imagination. In the academic world, nostalgia is taking a reflexive turn, being acknowledged as an element at work in the hermeneutics of texts and events. Such reflexivity is particularly evident in Ian McKay's The Quest of the Folk and Ronald Rompkey's Labrador Odyssey, both of which offer alternatives to the founding fictions that have worked to efface the cultural histories of at least some Atlantic Canadians. These texts foreground the representation of culture, challenging us to read against historical and folkloric constructions of societies and their identities. They ask that we acknowledge the subject positions of historical narratives and question the processes behind what we are asked to read as culture. It is this reading practice that informs my own comments on the five diverse accounts of maritime histories and cultures offered in The Quest of the Folk, Labrador Odyssey, Home Medicine, Canadians at Last and The Tenant League of Prince Edward Island.McKay's The Quest of the Folk examines the antimodernist impulse at work in the processes of cultural selection and invention in twentieth-century Nova Scotia. Its thesis is interesting and adversarial: \"The Folk,\" as category and construction, reduces \"people once alive to the status of inert essences\" and voids \"the emancipatory potential of historical knowledge\" (xvi). What is perhaps most contentious is not the argument itself, but the representation of \"cultural producers\" such as Helen Creighton as aesthetic colonizers who actively sought and produced the Folk according to their own romantic impulses: This book is about the \"path of destiny\" that led Creighton and countless other cultural figures to develop \"the Folk\" as the key to understanding Nova Scotian culture and history. It is about the ways in which urban cultural producers, pursuing their own interests and expressing their own view of things, constructed the Folk of the countryside as the romantic antithesis to everything they disliked about modern urban and industrial life. (4)Its five chapters contextualize the concept of the Folk, explore Creighton's role in the development of maritime folklore, examine the commodification and discourse of \"Innocence,\" and survey the idea of the Folk under postmodern conditions (30). In its demystification of the interpretative framework and construction of culture and identity, The Quest of the Folk revises twentieth-century Nova Scotian history ","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"34 1","pages":"215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/25144053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68816157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Why is it that the management of natural resources, although rational and well meaning, has so far very much resembled a "bull in a china shop"?" Governments and organizations have responded to increasing pressure on scarce natural resources by creating a multiplicity of, and occasionally conflicting, rules. In the resulting confusion, policy objectives are never realized. Contributors to "The Role of Law in Natural Resource Management" investigate these responses and ask questions designed to illuminate the real complexity of the natural resource arena. To illustrate that preference for private property over common property is a core problem in both industrialized and developing countries, the editors have assembled case studies from both Western and non-Western countries. The contributors to this volume cover classic topics such as the managment of pasture in the colonial and post-colonial Sahel and the fisheries in the eastern United States and Canada. They go beyond these to the management of the woodlot and dairy industries in Canada, irrigation water in Nepal and Bali and the privatization of "ejido" lands in Mexico.
{"title":"The role of law in natural resource management.","authors":"J. Spiertz, M. Wiber","doi":"10.2307/2660988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2660988","url":null,"abstract":"\"Why is it that the management of natural resources, although rational and well meaning, has so far very much resembled a \"bull in a china shop\"?\" Governments and organizations have responded to increasing pressure on scarce natural resources by creating a multiplicity of, and occasionally conflicting, rules. In the resulting confusion, policy objectives are never realized. Contributors to \"The Role of Law in Natural Resource Management\" investigate these responses and ask questions designed to illuminate the real complexity of the natural resource arena. To illustrate that preference for private property over common property is a core problem in both industrialized and developing countries, the editors have assembled case studies from both Western and non-Western countries. The contributors to this volume cover classic topics such as the managment of pasture in the colonial and post-colonial Sahel and the fisheries in the eastern United States and Canada. They go beyond these to the management of the woodlot and dairy industries in Canada, irrigation water in Nepal and Bali and the privatization of \"ejido\" lands in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"34 1","pages":"184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2660988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68703831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Nation of Immigrants: Past, Present and FutureChristopher G. AndersonEds. Shiva S. Halli and Leo Driedger. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999."Immigration made the last century a success for Canada."(1) So declared Elinor Caplan, the minister of Citizenship and Immigration, as she announced the government's intention to admit between 200,000 and 225,000 immigrants and refugees into the country during 2000. It is a remark that none of the authors under review here would probably contest, as they all, each in their own fashion, explore various ways in which newcomers have contributed to Canada throughout its history. Whereas the minister's comment was offered as an expression of millennial optimism, however, there is another, darker side to the immigration story that is also the focus of the books examined below. Canada has not always opened its door to immigrants and refugees, and those admitted have not always found themselves welcomed as equal members of society. For much of the country's history, immigration has been used as a means to increase the labour pool in the pursuit of economic growth, and most immigrants did not share in the wealth that was thereby created. Of course, the immigrant experience in Canada (and the Canadian experience with immigration) has never simply been an economic process, but also one of managing the reality of social diversity and understanding the meaning of political equality. As well, the experience has involved a search for safety by the persecuted, and Canada's response to the needs of refugees constitutes another way in which to assess the country's success in the twentieth century.Thus, Caplan's statement - like the familiar refrain that Canada is "a nation of immigrants" - is at first blush telling more for what it hides than what it reveals. The books under review here help to develop the tools necessary to comprehend more fully the complexity of what it means for Canada to succeed as a country of permanent settlement for immigrants and refugees. The five volumes reflect the diversity of the field across disciplines and methodologies. Here the reader is drawn through the realms of demography, history, political science and sociology, carried by empirical and theoretical work, macro- and micro-level studies, qualitative and quantitative analyses, archival research and surveys of the literature, often undertaken in compelling combinations. The authors and editors explore the distant and recent past, but always with an eye towards the present and the near future. If there is one common theme that joins these texts it is that to understand Canada, it is necessary to study the many ways in which newcomers have shaped its evolution. Not surprisingly, the authors and editors do not manage all that they set out to achieve. Indeed, individually and collectively, these works reveal in particular the extent to which the last quarter of the twentieth century remains little understood. None the less, each boo
《一个移民的国家:过去、现在和未来》克里斯托弗·g·安德森著。Shiva S. Halli和Leo Driedger。多伦多:多伦多大学出版社，1999。“移民使加拿大在上个世纪取得了成功，”公民和移民部长埃莉诺·卡普兰(Elinor Caplan)在宣布政府打算在2000年接纳20万至22.5万移民和难民时如此宣称。这是一种评论，在这里评论的作者可能不会反驳，因为他们都以自己的方式，探索了新来者在加拿大历史上的各种贡献方式。然而，尽管部长的评论是作为千禧一代乐观主义的一种表达，但移民故事还有另一个更黑暗的一面，这也是下面几本书的重点。加拿大并不总是向移民和难民敞开大门，而那些被接纳的人也并不总是发现自己受到社会平等成员的欢迎。在这个国家历史的大部分时间里，移民一直被用作增加劳动力储备以追求经济增长的手段，大多数移民并没有分享由此创造的财富。当然，加拿大的移民经历(以及加拿大的移民经历)从来不是一个简单的经济过程，也是一个管理社会多样性现实和理解政治平等意义的过程。此外，这方面的经验还包括受迫害者寻求安全，加拿大对难民需要的反应是评估该国在二十世纪取得成功的另一种方式。因此，卡普兰的声明——就像人们熟悉的“加拿大是一个移民国家”——乍一看，它隐藏的东西比它揭示的东西更多。本文所讨论的书籍有助于开发必要的工具，以更全面地理解加拿大作为移民和难民永久定居国家的成功意味着什么。这五卷反映了跨学科和方法领域的多样性。本书通过实证和理论工作、宏观和微观研究、定性和定量分析、档案研究和文献调查，将人口学、历史学、政治学和社会学等领域的内容吸引读者，这些内容往往以令人信服的方式结合在一起。作者和编辑探索遥远和最近的过去，但总是着眼于现在和不久的将来。如果这些文本有一个共同的主题，那就是要了解加拿大，有必要研究新来者塑造其演变的许多方式。不足为奇的是，作者和编辑并没有做到他们所要达到的目标。的确，无论是个人还是集体，这些作品都特别揭示了人们对20世纪最后25年知之甚少的程度。尽管如此，每本书都对加拿大移民(因此也是加拿大)的研究做出了独特的贡献，并为未来的研究建立了重要的路标。随着《马赛克的制作》一书的出版，加拿大移民政策文献中一个显著的需求，即使没有得到满足，至少也得到了很好的满足。在Ninette Kelley和Michael Trebilcock的卷之前，学生们缺乏对这一政策领域的全面指导。(2)在提供这样的资源时，作者提供的不仅仅是对那些不熟悉该领域的人的介绍，或者对已经精通的人的概述。实际上，它们还提供了一个有用的文献指南，使人们注意到它的一些优点和缺点。在寻求“描述和解释加拿大移民政策演变的主要时代或事件，以揭示和明确表达参与公众辩论的思想或价值观、利益和问题，并检查在每个时期调解这些思想、利益和问题的机构”(4)的过程中，凯利和特雷比尔科克给自己设定了一个艰巨的任务。…
{"title":"Immigrant Canada : demographic, economic, and social challenges","authors":"Christopher G. Anderson, L. Driedger, S. Halli","doi":"10.3138/9781442676022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442676022","url":null,"abstract":"A Nation of Immigrants: Past, Present and FutureChristopher G. AndersonEds. Shiva S. Halli and Leo Driedger. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.\"Immigration made the last century a success for Canada.\"(1) So declared Elinor Caplan, the minister of Citizenship and Immigration, as she announced the government's intention to admit between 200,000 and 225,000 immigrants and refugees into the country during 2000. It is a remark that none of the authors under review here would probably contest, as they all, each in their own fashion, explore various ways in which newcomers have contributed to Canada throughout its history. Whereas the minister's comment was offered as an expression of millennial optimism, however, there is another, darker side to the immigration story that is also the focus of the books examined below. Canada has not always opened its door to immigrants and refugees, and those admitted have not always found themselves welcomed as equal members of society. For much of the country's history, immigration has been used as a means to increase the labour pool in the pursuit of economic growth, and most immigrants did not share in the wealth that was thereby created. Of course, the immigrant experience in Canada (and the Canadian experience with immigration) has never simply been an economic process, but also one of managing the reality of social diversity and understanding the meaning of political equality. As well, the experience has involved a search for safety by the persecuted, and Canada's response to the needs of refugees constitutes another way in which to assess the country's success in the twentieth century.Thus, Caplan's statement - like the familiar refrain that Canada is \"a nation of immigrants\" - is at first blush telling more for what it hides than what it reveals. The books under review here help to develop the tools necessary to comprehend more fully the complexity of what it means for Canada to succeed as a country of permanent settlement for immigrants and refugees. The five volumes reflect the diversity of the field across disciplines and methodologies. Here the reader is drawn through the realms of demography, history, political science and sociology, carried by empirical and theoretical work, macro- and micro-level studies, qualitative and quantitative analyses, archival research and surveys of the literature, often undertaken in compelling combinations. The authors and editors explore the distant and recent past, but always with an eye towards the present and the near future. If there is one common theme that joins these texts it is that to understand Canada, it is necessary to study the many ways in which newcomers have shaped its evolution. Not surprisingly, the authors and editors do not manage all that they set out to achieve. Indeed, individually and collectively, these works reveal in particular the extent to which the last quarter of the twentieth century remains little understood. None the less, each boo","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"36 1","pages":"180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1999-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69601196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Law, Crime, Punishment and SocietyGreg MarquisEds. Julian V. Roberts and David P. Cole. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. 363 pp.Legal studies in Canada are experiencing a golden age as articles, anthologies and monographs produced by academics trained in the 1980s and 1990s continue to appear. Nine books, nearly 50 authors and more than 2,000 pages of text and notes later, this reviewer is suffering from intellectual fatigue, but the type that comes from a good workout.In terms of Canada's legal history, the Osgoode Society has been the leading force for publication for two decades. As of 1999 it had produced more than three dozen monographs or collections of essays. Its most recent anthology is edited by G. Blaine Baker and Jim Phillips, law professors who are also noted legal historians. Essays in the History of Canadian Law VIII evolved out of a 1998 conference dedicated to pioneering legal scholar R.C.B. Risk. In the 1970s the American-trained Risk published on the relationship between law and the economy in nineteenth-century Ontario. Significantly, these essays did not appear in history publications, but in law journals. His work is largely unknown to most Canadian historians, but Risk has exerted an important influence on legal history scholars associated with law faculties. His stature is acknowledged by two scholars of international repute, Robert Gordon and David Sugarman, and his body of work and its effect are assessed in an insightful chapter by G. Blaine Baker.Most of the contributors to the Risk festschrift are involved with law schools, and the tone of most chapters tends towards classic legal history. Many of the contributions will challenge undergraduate students of history or criminal justice. Exceptions include Constance Backhouse's study of a racially motivated murder of a member of the Onyota'a:ka (Oneida) First Nation in 1902, a case study that underscores the lack of research on race and law in Canadian history. Hamar Foster's examination of Indian title in British Columbia and John McLaren's article on Chinese criminality in British Columbia from 1890 to 1920 also have broader appeal than mainstream legal history. White society "racialized" the Chinese not only through stereotypes, but through criminal law and law enforcement, especially in the areas of gambling, prostitution and opium smoking. McLaren indicates that although the Chinese in British Columbia were subjected to legal and bureaucratic racism, police harassment and informal discrimination, as a "despised minority" they also appealed to the rule of law and the courts for protection. On a more mundane level they utilized the civil courts for disputed commercial transactions. Because most criminal convictions against the Chinese were summary offences, it was rare for them to surface in appeal courts. Yet according to McLaren, appellate judges in British Columbia were guided by law, not racial prejudice, in many of their rulings involving the Chinese.Pe
《法律、犯罪、惩罚与社会》格雷格·马奎斯主编。朱利安·v·罗伯茨和大卫·p·科尔。多伦多:多伦多大学出版社，1999。加拿大的法律研究正经历着一个黄金时代，由在20世纪80年代和90年代受过训练的学者撰写的文章、选集和专著不断出现。在阅读了九本书、近50位作者、2000多页的文字和笔记之后，这位书评人正在遭受智力疲劳的折磨，但这种疲劳来自于良好的锻炼。就加拿大的法律史而言，奥斯古德学会20年来一直是出版的主导力量。到1999年为止，它已经出版了三十多部专著或文集。它最近的选集是由G.布莱恩·贝克和吉姆·菲利普斯编辑的，他们是法学教授，也是著名的法律史学家。在加拿大法律VIII的历史论文演变出1998年的会议，致力于开拓法律学者R.C.B.风险。20世纪70年代，在美国受训的Risk发表了关于19世纪安大略省法律与经济关系的文章。值得注意的是，这些文章并没有出现在历史出版物上，而是出现在法律期刊上。他的作品在很大程度上不为大多数加拿大历史学家所知，但Risk对与法学院相关的法律史学者产生了重要影响。他的地位得到了两位国际知名学者罗伯特·戈登和大卫·舒格曼的认可，他的大部分工作及其影响在g·布莱恩·贝克的一章中得到了深刻的评价。《风险》杂志的大部分撰稿人都与法学院有关，大部分章节的基调都倾向于经典的法律史。许多贡献将挑战历史或刑事司法专业的本科生。例外情况包括康斯坦斯·巴克斯豪斯(Constance Backhouse)对1902年奥奈达第一民族(Onyota'a:ka (Oneida) First Nation)一名成员因种族原因被谋杀的研究，这一案例研究突显了加拿大历史上对种族和法律研究的缺乏。哈马尔·福斯特(Hamar Foster)对不列颠哥伦比亚省印第安人所有权的研究，以及约翰·麦克拉伦(John McLaren)关于1890年至1920年不列颠哥伦比亚省华人犯罪的文章，也比主流法律史更具吸引力。白人社会不仅通过刻板印象，而且通过刑法和执法，特别是在赌博、卖淫和吸食鸦片等领域，将中国人“种族化”。麦克拉伦指出，尽管不列颠哥伦比亚省的华人受到法律和官僚主义的种族主义、警察的骚扰和非正式的歧视，但作为“被鄙视的少数民族”，他们也向法治和法院寻求保护。在更世俗的层面上，他们利用民事法庭来处理有争议的商业交易。由于大多数针对中国人的刑事定罪都是即决性犯罪，他们很少在上诉法庭上露面。然而，根据麦克拉伦的说法，不列颠哥伦比亚省的上诉法官在许多涉及华人的裁决中都是以法律为指导，而不是以种族偏见为指导。彼得·奥利弗(Peter Oliver)在上加拿大历史编纂中的司法一章中，对最近的解释提出了一种反修正主义的批评，这些解释谴责殖民精英在1791年宪法下操纵法律体系。在20世纪的大部分时间里，上加拿大的保守派和“共识”历史学家以积极的态度看待法官和其他法律精英成员，并将威廉·里昂·麦肯齐(William Lyon Mackenzie)等激进改革者视为“煽动家”。19世纪早期的改革者曾大声抱怨司法管理，特别是当保守党地方法官和法官为了政治目的滥用司法时。近年来，研究叛国罪、煽动叛乱、诽谤和一些著名谋杀案审判的学者将保守党精英描绘成颠覆法治的人。根据奥利弗的说法，在19世纪40年代之前，是任命的法官，而不是受欢迎的政治家，推动了法律改革——比如1833年显著减少死刑、监狱改革和囚犯权利等改革。…
{"title":"Making Sense of Sentencing","authors":"G. Marquis, Julian V. Roberts, David P. Cole","doi":"10.3138/9781442676923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442676923","url":null,"abstract":"Law, Crime, Punishment and SocietyGreg MarquisEds. Julian V. Roberts and David P. Cole. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999. 363 pp.Legal studies in Canada are experiencing a golden age as articles, anthologies and monographs produced by academics trained in the 1980s and 1990s continue to appear. Nine books, nearly 50 authors and more than 2,000 pages of text and notes later, this reviewer is suffering from intellectual fatigue, but the type that comes from a good workout.In terms of Canada's legal history, the Osgoode Society has been the leading force for publication for two decades. As of 1999 it had produced more than three dozen monographs or collections of essays. Its most recent anthology is edited by G. Blaine Baker and Jim Phillips, law professors who are also noted legal historians. Essays in the History of Canadian Law VIII evolved out of a 1998 conference dedicated to pioneering legal scholar R.C.B. Risk. In the 1970s the American-trained Risk published on the relationship between law and the economy in nineteenth-century Ontario. Significantly, these essays did not appear in history publications, but in law journals. His work is largely unknown to most Canadian historians, but Risk has exerted an important influence on legal history scholars associated with law faculties. His stature is acknowledged by two scholars of international repute, Robert Gordon and David Sugarman, and his body of work and its effect are assessed in an insightful chapter by G. Blaine Baker.Most of the contributors to the Risk festschrift are involved with law schools, and the tone of most chapters tends towards classic legal history. Many of the contributions will challenge undergraduate students of history or criminal justice. Exceptions include Constance Backhouse's study of a racially motivated murder of a member of the Onyota'a:ka (Oneida) First Nation in 1902, a case study that underscores the lack of research on race and law in Canadian history. Hamar Foster's examination of Indian title in British Columbia and John McLaren's article on Chinese criminality in British Columbia from 1890 to 1920 also have broader appeal than mainstream legal history. White society \"racialized\" the Chinese not only through stereotypes, but through criminal law and law enforcement, especially in the areas of gambling, prostitution and opium smoking. McLaren indicates that although the Chinese in British Columbia were subjected to legal and bureaucratic racism, police harassment and informal discrimination, as a \"despised minority\" they also appealed to the rule of law and the courts for protection. On a more mundane level they utilized the civil courts for disputed commercial transactions. Because most criminal convictions against the Chinese were summary offences, it was rare for them to surface in appeal courts. Yet according to McLaren, appellate judges in British Columbia were guided by law, not racial prejudice, in many of their rulings involving the Chinese.Pe","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"36 1","pages":"166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1999-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69600920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1997.When Shakespeare's Juliet asked "what's in a name?" she entered a long and continuing conversation about the relationship between words and the world, about the self, identity and representation. In a postscript to a letter written in January 1961, Margaret Laurence asks her lifelong friend, Adele Wiseman, "did I tell you - I've changed my name to Margaret?" Named Jean Margaret by her parents, Laurence was known in her early years as Peggy, and it is this name that she forsakes in her letter to Wiseman claiming that "it was Peggy I hated, so I have killed her off (I hope)" (Lennox and Panofsky 129). Margaret Laurence, of course, was the name under which her first novel, This Side Jordan, had appeared in 1960, and it is the name under which all her subsequent work was published, work that justly earned Laurence respect and acknowledgement as one of Canada's foremost and accomplished writers. In The Life of Margaret Laurence, James King reflects on this postscript, first asking "why did Margaret 'kill off' Peggy?" then answering that "Peggy was the girl she had been, whereas Margaret was the woman she aspired to be" (151). While King sees this transition as "sudden and violent, almost as if a change in personality would follow a change in name" (Ibid.), the disjuncture between the two is subtly qualified by Laurence's parenthetical "I hope." The name Margaret Laurence may have been adopted, but the relinquishing of all that had gone before was clearly not possible.Reading through the list of the above titles, it is this name, Margaret Laurence, that emerges as the constant element, and, in the language of the library catalogue, as the main subject of this review. But, as is always the case with any search for a subject, these eight works reveal that the ostensibly singular subject with which one begins cannot finally be apprehended or discerned in any single or uniform manner. Given the emphasis in literary theory and criticism over the past several decades on notions of plurality, multiplicity, heterogeneity and difference, to note that the writings of Margaret Laurence have been approached and interpreted in diverse ways may seem mundane, even unnecessary. However, the writings of Margaret Laurence are not all that is located under the main subject heading here. There is also the person who bore the name Margaret Laurence, and the life that she led. In this collection of recent works on the subject of Margaret Laurence we accordingly find two collections of essays on Laurence's writing, two works offering comparative discussion of Laurence alongside another writer, a structuralist reading of two of Laurence's Manawaka novels, two letter collections and a biography.Names and identity, subjects and subjectivity have received much critical scrutiny of late, and I introduce these issues at the outset of this review both to foreground the concerns this scrutiny has raised, and to suggest that they are of par
埃德蒙顿:阿尔伯塔大学出版社，1997。当莎士比亚的朱丽叶问“名字里有什么”时，她开始了一场关于文字与世界、自我、身份和表现之间关系的漫长而持续的对话。在1961年1月写的一封信的附言中，玛格丽特·劳伦斯问她一生的朋友阿黛尔·怀斯曼:“我告诉过你吗——我已经改名为玛格丽特了?”劳伦斯的父母给她起名叫简·玛格丽特(Jean Margaret)，早年叫她佩吉(Peggy)，她在给怀斯曼的信中放弃了这个名字，声称“我讨厌佩吉，所以我把她杀了(我希望)”。(Lennox and Panofsky, 129)。当然，玛格丽特·劳伦斯是她在1960年出版的第一部小说《约旦这边》的名字，也是她后来出版的所有作品的名字，这些作品为劳伦斯赢得了加拿大最重要、最成功的作家之一的尊重和认可。在《玛格丽特·劳伦斯的一生》中，詹姆斯·金对这篇附言进行了反思，他首先问道:“为什么玛格丽特‘杀死’了佩吉?”然后回答说:“佩吉是她曾经的那个女孩，而玛格丽特是她渴望成为的那个女人。”虽然金认为这种转变是“突然而猛烈的，几乎就像一个性格的改变会伴随着名字的改变”(同上)，但两者之间的脱节被劳伦斯插入的“我希望”巧妙地限定了。玛格丽特·劳伦斯这个名字也许被采纳了，但放弃过去的一切显然是不可能的。纵观上面的标题列表，玛格丽特·劳伦斯这个名字成为了永恒的元素，用图书馆目录的语言来说，也是本次评论的主要主题。但是，正如任何寻找主题的情况一样，这八部作品揭示了一个人开始时表面上的单一主题最终不能以任何单一或统一的方式来理解或辨别。考虑到过去几十年文学理论和批评对多元、多样性、异质性和差异概念的强调，玛格丽特·劳伦斯的作品被以不同的方式处理和解释可能显得平淡无奇，甚至是不必要的。然而，玛格丽特·劳伦斯的作品并不是这里主要主题标题下的全部。还有一个名叫玛格丽特·劳伦斯的人，以及她所过的生活。在这本关于玛格丽特·劳伦斯主题的近期作品集中我们相应地发现了两本关于劳伦斯写作的散文集，两本是劳伦斯与另一位作家的比较讨论，一篇是对劳伦斯的两本玛纳瓦卡小说的结构主义解读，两本书信集和一本传记。名字和身份，主题和主观性最近受到了很多批判性的审查，我在这篇评论的一开始就介绍了这些问题，既突出了这种审查所引起的关注，也表明它们在考虑玛格丽特·劳伦斯的生活和工作时特别相关。过去几十年的许多文学研究都解决了关于作家、作家在世界上的生活、世界和作品之间关系的重要问题。最近对玛格丽特·劳伦斯的研究都在不同程度上考虑了这些关系和问题。如果说早期的正统批评认为，文学作品应该被视为自主和独立的，与创作的历史和传记环境分开，那么，最近许多文学分析背后的推动力是，人们迫切希望将作品回归到它产生和接受的环境中。然而，这种回归并没有支持对历史、一段时期或一段生活的理解的再现，这些理解仅仅是背景，或者是作者的意图和意义可以固定的基础。相反，文学文本越来越被理解为一种话语形式，在特定的历史时刻，它与其他话语和实践相互作用，并被其他话语和实践塑造。．．．
{"title":"[Challenging Territory: The Writing of Margaret Laurence]","authors":"Susan J. Warwick, C. Riegel","doi":"10.5860/choice.35-1964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-1964","url":null,"abstract":"Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1997.When Shakespeare's Juliet asked \"what's in a name?\" she entered a long and continuing conversation about the relationship between words and the world, about the self, identity and representation. In a postscript to a letter written in January 1961, Margaret Laurence asks her lifelong friend, Adele Wiseman, \"did I tell you - I've changed my name to Margaret?\" Named Jean Margaret by her parents, Laurence was known in her early years as Peggy, and it is this name that she forsakes in her letter to Wiseman claiming that \"it was Peggy I hated, so I have killed her off (I hope)\" (Lennox and Panofsky 129). Margaret Laurence, of course, was the name under which her first novel, This Side Jordan, had appeared in 1960, and it is the name under which all her subsequent work was published, work that justly earned Laurence respect and acknowledgement as one of Canada's foremost and accomplished writers. In The Life of Margaret Laurence, James King reflects on this postscript, first asking \"why did Margaret 'kill off' Peggy?\" then answering that \"Peggy was the girl she had been, whereas Margaret was the woman she aspired to be\" (151). While King sees this transition as \"sudden and violent, almost as if a change in personality would follow a change in name\" (Ibid.), the disjuncture between the two is subtly qualified by Laurence's parenthetical \"I hope.\" The name Margaret Laurence may have been adopted, but the relinquishing of all that had gone before was clearly not possible.Reading through the list of the above titles, it is this name, Margaret Laurence, that emerges as the constant element, and, in the language of the library catalogue, as the main subject of this review. But, as is always the case with any search for a subject, these eight works reveal that the ostensibly singular subject with which one begins cannot finally be apprehended or discerned in any single or uniform manner. Given the emphasis in literary theory and criticism over the past several decades on notions of plurality, multiplicity, heterogeneity and difference, to note that the writings of Margaret Laurence have been approached and interpreted in diverse ways may seem mundane, even unnecessary. However, the writings of Margaret Laurence are not all that is located under the main subject heading here. There is also the person who bore the name Margaret Laurence, and the life that she led. In this collection of recent works on the subject of Margaret Laurence we accordingly find two collections of essays on Laurence's writing, two works offering comparative discussion of Laurence alongside another writer, a structuralist reading of two of Laurence's Manawaka novels, two letter collections and a biography.Names and identity, subjects and subjectivity have received much critical scrutiny of late, and I introduce these issues at the outset of this review both to foreground the concerns this scrutiny has raised, and to suggest that they are of par","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"33 1","pages":"177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71055940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent Work on Canadian Political InstitutionsRand DyckKeith Archer and Alan Whitehorn. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997.Patrick Malcolmson and Richard Myers are among the political scientists who regret that the discipline has "moved away from the study of government and political institutions in an attempt to explain political phenomena in terms of economic, sociological, psychological and anthropological phenomena." Instead, they argue, "the starting point for a sound understanding of Canadian politics is to focus on the basic institutions of government." Three of the other four books in this varied collection do deal with government institutions - the public service, the House of Commons and the courts - while the fifth concerns a quasi-governmental institution, the New Democratic Party. This review can thus be said to examine recent books on Canadian political institutions, but not all of them depend on an institutional or neo-institutional approach.The Canadian Regime has about 200 pages of text and 50 pages of Constitution Acts, 1867 and 1982. Malcolmson and Myers aim for a "short and clear account of Canadian government." Given the "poor condition of civic education in contemporary Canada," their target audience is first-year political science students and ordinary citizens who want to be better informed. They hope "to articulate the inner logic and coherence of the regime," that is, to explain the interactions among the political institutions as well as their underlying principles.The book is a fairly basic "civics" text, which briefly describes the constitution, federalism, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Crown, cabinet and prime minister, Parliament and the judiciary. It looks beyond this institutional base to include chapters on elections, political parties and "interest groups, public opinion, and democratic citizenship." Although they eschew theoretical approaches beyond their affection for institutions, the authors make reference to Aristotle, Mill and Locke in their categorization of political regimes and in their discussion of the fundamental principles of equality and liberty. What they say is clearly written, necessarily condensed, and conventional; most theoretical questions are handled well; and while some of their examples are excellent, others are hypothetical when better "real" examples exist. They touch upon such controversial questions as the merits of majority and minority governments, the reserve powers of the Crown, fixed election dates, the federal spending power, Michael Mandel's critique of the legalization of politics, prime ministerial government, the principle of ministerial responsibility, the effectiveness of backbenchers, the Triple-E Senate, the effects of the single-member plurality electoral system, party ideology and the "horse-race" coverage of election campaigns.The book's main strength is its defence of the existing parliamentary system, with its executive dominance, party discipline, institu
{"title":"[Political Activists: The NDP in Convention]","authors":"K. Archer, Alan Whitehorn, Rand Dyck","doi":"10.2307/3551529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3551529","url":null,"abstract":"Recent Work on Canadian Political InstitutionsRand DyckKeith Archer and Alan Whitehorn. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997.Patrick Malcolmson and Richard Myers are among the political scientists who regret that the discipline has \"moved away from the study of government and political institutions in an attempt to explain political phenomena in terms of economic, sociological, psychological and anthropological phenomena.\" Instead, they argue, \"the starting point for a sound understanding of Canadian politics is to focus on the basic institutions of government.\" Three of the other four books in this varied collection do deal with government institutions - the public service, the House of Commons and the courts - while the fifth concerns a quasi-governmental institution, the New Democratic Party. This review can thus be said to examine recent books on Canadian political institutions, but not all of them depend on an institutional or neo-institutional approach.The Canadian Regime has about 200 pages of text and 50 pages of Constitution Acts, 1867 and 1982. Malcolmson and Myers aim for a \"short and clear account of Canadian government.\" Given the \"poor condition of civic education in contemporary Canada,\" their target audience is first-year political science students and ordinary citizens who want to be better informed. They hope \"to articulate the inner logic and coherence of the regime,\" that is, to explain the interactions among the political institutions as well as their underlying principles.The book is a fairly basic \"civics\" text, which briefly describes the constitution, federalism, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Crown, cabinet and prime minister, Parliament and the judiciary. It looks beyond this institutional base to include chapters on elections, political parties and \"interest groups, public opinion, and democratic citizenship.\" Although they eschew theoretical approaches beyond their affection for institutions, the authors make reference to Aristotle, Mill and Locke in their categorization of political regimes and in their discussion of the fundamental principles of equality and liberty. What they say is clearly written, necessarily condensed, and conventional; most theoretical questions are handled well; and while some of their examples are excellent, others are hypothetical when better \"real\" examples exist. They touch upon such controversial questions as the merits of majority and minority governments, the reserve powers of the Crown, fixed election dates, the federal spending power, Michael Mandel's critique of the legalization of politics, prime ministerial government, the principle of ministerial responsibility, the effectiveness of backbenchers, the Triple-E Senate, the effects of the single-member plurality electoral system, party ideology and the \"horse-race\" coverage of election campaigns.The book's main strength is its defence of the existing parliamentary system, with its executive dominance, party discipline, institu","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"35 1","pages":"239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1998-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3551529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68703834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his March 1997 speech to the World Affairs Council in Los Angeles, Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy discussed the changing nature of the Canadian-American relationship. Axworthy stated that "the world has experienced a profound geopolitical shift.... Countries are being forced to redefine their international relations. ... Nowhere is this process of redefinition more clear than our relationship with one another." Almost the exact words could have been said by William Lyon Mackenzie King (until 1946 the prime minister also held the External Affairs portfolio) about the altered nature of global politics at the end of the Second World War as the United States and the Soviet Union began to dominate the international arena; or by Mitchell Sharp in 1972 after the Trudeau government's adoption of the third option policy in reaction to the "Nixon shock" as the Bretton Woods system came under revision by the American administration; or by Joe Clark in 1989 after the Mulroney government was re-elected with a renewed mandate (arguably) to implement free trade, the Conservatives having spent their first mandate negotiating the bilateral trade agreement with the United States because of apparently increasing global protectionist trends. The point is that when Canadian foreign ministers talk about "profound shifts" and "redefinitions" in international relations, such talk must inevitably centre on the country's relationship with the United States.The pivotal importance of understanding Canadian-American relations quickly becomes obvious to any student of Canadian foreign policy. Trying to make sense of Canadian actions in the international arena inevitably means attempting to come to grips with the linkages between Ottawa and Washington. Given that the study of foreign policy, according to William Wallace,(f.1) is a "boundary problem" in two respects: it is an area of politics bordering the nation-state and its international environment, and it is a field of study embodying (at least) two academic disciplines, namely, the study of domestic government and politics and the study of international politics and diplomacy, how is this to be done? For those of us who have focussed our attention on international relations, the Canadian-American relationship can be little understood from the global events and trends that have become even more apparent with the end of the Cold War. Whether sharing similar ideological premises,(f.2) coming from the same civilization,(f.3) or being equally subject to (or subjects of) "McWofid,"(f.4) Canada and the United States are largely part of the same entity called the "West," thus forcing us to question why it is that Canadian governments continue to pronounce and propagate the view that Canada is unique (particularly vis-a-vis the United States). The most recent manifestation of this can be found in the Chretien government's foreign policy statement, Canada in the World,(f.5) where along with the two objectives of promoti
{"title":"[Canada: An American Nation?]","authors":"A. Smith, Edna Keeble","doi":"10.2307/2601868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2601868","url":null,"abstract":"In his March 1997 speech to the World Affairs Council in Los Angeles, Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy discussed the changing nature of the Canadian-American relationship. Axworthy stated that \"the world has experienced a profound geopolitical shift.... Countries are being forced to redefine their international relations. ... Nowhere is this process of redefinition more clear than our relationship with one another.\" Almost the exact words could have been said by William Lyon Mackenzie King (until 1946 the prime minister also held the External Affairs portfolio) about the altered nature of global politics at the end of the Second World War as the United States and the Soviet Union began to dominate the international arena; or by Mitchell Sharp in 1972 after the Trudeau government's adoption of the third option policy in reaction to the \"Nixon shock\" as the Bretton Woods system came under revision by the American administration; or by Joe Clark in 1989 after the Mulroney government was re-elected with a renewed mandate (arguably) to implement free trade, the Conservatives having spent their first mandate negotiating the bilateral trade agreement with the United States because of apparently increasing global protectionist trends. The point is that when Canadian foreign ministers talk about \"profound shifts\" and \"redefinitions\" in international relations, such talk must inevitably centre on the country's relationship with the United States.The pivotal importance of understanding Canadian-American relations quickly becomes obvious to any student of Canadian foreign policy. Trying to make sense of Canadian actions in the international arena inevitably means attempting to come to grips with the linkages between Ottawa and Washington. Given that the study of foreign policy, according to William Wallace,(f.1) is a \"boundary problem\" in two respects: it is an area of politics bordering the nation-state and its international environment, and it is a field of study embodying (at least) two academic disciplines, namely, the study of domestic government and politics and the study of international politics and diplomacy, how is this to be done? For those of us who have focussed our attention on international relations, the Canadian-American relationship can be little understood from the global events and trends that have become even more apparent with the end of the Cold War. Whether sharing similar ideological premises,(f.2) coming from the same civilization,(f.3) or being equally subject to (or subjects of) \"McWofid,\"(f.4) Canada and the United States are largely part of the same entity called the \"West,\" thus forcing us to question why it is that Canadian governments continue to pronounce and propagate the view that Canada is unique (particularly vis-a-vis the United States). The most recent manifestation of this can be found in the Chretien government's foreign policy statement, Canada in the World,(f.5) where along with the two objectives of promoti","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"32 1","pages":"168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2601868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68548319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For nearly a generation now, Canadian labour history has gone beyond a simple identification of its task with the writing of the labour union history. The landmarks of the latter have long been familiar to all students of Canadian history: the 1872 legalization of trade unions, the Berlin Conference, IDIA, Winnipeg General Strike, PC 1003 and the Rand formula. To this list will likely be added the recent trend away from international unions marked by the creation of the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW). But it has been Braverman and not Harold Logan from whom labour historians have taken their marching orders.(f.1) Labour history has very much become working class history.The core of the discipline, like Caesar's Gaul, has been composed of three unequal-sized parts. The largest embraces studies of workplace control, the contested terrain of industrial capitalism. Drawing on the seminal work of Braverman, writers such as Radforth, Heron and the authors of the outstanding On the Job collection have given us a wealth of case studies on the work experience in a broad variety of settings.(f.2) The issue of skill has in particular been well explored, moving beyond simplistic models of de-skilling to more sophisticated understandings of the impact of new technologies and managerial strategies on the control of production at the shop floor level. Working-class culture forms the second part of labour history's core. Palmer, Fingard and many others have helped us to understand the lives of past workers within and beyond the workplace and how gender, ethnicity and other factors have textured those lives.(f.3) Finally, a minority of labour historians has continued to find the political history of labour to be of interest.(f.4) These three approaches can be seen together in one of the field's exemplary works, Kealey's well regarded Toronto Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism.(f.5)While these developments place Canadian labour history in the mainstream of contemporary English-language labour historiography, finding uniquely Canadian aspects of the country's labour history has been more problematic. In his review essay on American labour history, Nellis challenged practitioners of that specialty to show how their work impinged on or was impinged upon by other debates and broader themes in national history.(f.6) A similar gauntlet could be thrown down on this side of the line. Kealey's own identification of continental economic integration and regional identities and federalism as "account[ing] for that national uniqueness of the historical experience of our working class"(f.7) has not been pursued. Pentland's ambitious thesis, though admired, has not defined overall chronological developments in a clear analytical framework;(f.8) thus Leir's recent regret over the lack of theory in the writing of labour history.(f.9) Perhaps the most promising candidate for an approach to this problem is national comparison. Similarities and contrasts with the United States are
{"title":"[Hard Lessons: The Mine Mill Union in the Canadian Labour Movement]","authors":"J. Hull, D. Buse, Peter Suschnigg, M. Steedman","doi":"10.2307/25144128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/25144128","url":null,"abstract":"For nearly a generation now, Canadian labour history has gone beyond a simple identification of its task with the writing of the labour union history. The landmarks of the latter have long been familiar to all students of Canadian history: the 1872 legalization of trade unions, the Berlin Conference, IDIA, Winnipeg General Strike, PC 1003 and the Rand formula. To this list will likely be added the recent trend away from international unions marked by the creation of the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW). But it has been Braverman and not Harold Logan from whom labour historians have taken their marching orders.(f.1) Labour history has very much become working class history.The core of the discipline, like Caesar's Gaul, has been composed of three unequal-sized parts. The largest embraces studies of workplace control, the contested terrain of industrial capitalism. Drawing on the seminal work of Braverman, writers such as Radforth, Heron and the authors of the outstanding On the Job collection have given us a wealth of case studies on the work experience in a broad variety of settings.(f.2) The issue of skill has in particular been well explored, moving beyond simplistic models of de-skilling to more sophisticated understandings of the impact of new technologies and managerial strategies on the control of production at the shop floor level. Working-class culture forms the second part of labour history's core. Palmer, Fingard and many others have helped us to understand the lives of past workers within and beyond the workplace and how gender, ethnicity and other factors have textured those lives.(f.3) Finally, a minority of labour historians has continued to find the political history of labour to be of interest.(f.4) These three approaches can be seen together in one of the field's exemplary works, Kealey's well regarded Toronto Workers Respond to Industrial Capitalism.(f.5)While these developments place Canadian labour history in the mainstream of contemporary English-language labour historiography, finding uniquely Canadian aspects of the country's labour history has been more problematic. In his review essay on American labour history, Nellis challenged practitioners of that specialty to show how their work impinged on or was impinged upon by other debates and broader themes in national history.(f.6) A similar gauntlet could be thrown down on this side of the line. Kealey's own identification of continental economic integration and regional identities and federalism as \"account[ing] for that national uniqueness of the historical experience of our working class\"(f.7) has not been pursued. Pentland's ambitious thesis, though admired, has not defined overall chronological developments in a clear analytical framework;(f.8) thus Leir's recent regret over the lack of theory in the writing of labour history.(f.9) Perhaps the most promising candidate for an approach to this problem is national comparison. Similarities and contrasts with the United States are","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"32 1","pages":"195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/25144128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68816212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Canadian Social Welfare in the Twenty-First CenturyJohn R. Graham and Louise M. QueridoJohn Richards. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1997. 304 pp.Over the past generation, the Canadian welfare state has undergone a radical transformation. Principles of universality, nurtured during and after the Second World War, have been superseded in the 1980s and 1990s by selective programmes that target benefits according to need. Contemporary social programmes are also decreasingly comprehensive, and governments' willingness to provide a reliable funding base, likewise, has been diminished. As well, political leaders have attempted to transfer social welfare responsibility to other levels of government. Ottawa has downloaded responsibility to the provinces, or in some instances directly to municipal jurisdictions, and the provinces have downloaded more fiscal and administrative responsibilities to municipalities. All levels of government, in turn, have hoped for - and in many cases systematically sought - an increased role for non-governmental authorities - social service organizations, religious groups and community and neighbourhood groups. If these fail, default rests with those families capable of providing support. Not surprisingly, holes in the social safety net are apparent. Those experiencing these changes directly and those working on the front lines of social services can attest to the profound - and to many, the present reviewers among them, unnecessary - suffering that many Canadians experience regularly. Shelters for the homeless in major urban centres are well beyond capacity, and the homeless are increasingly apparent in downtown cores.(1) Underresourced homes for the aged provide less care for those unable to care for themselves (Lightman). Programmes such as Employment Insurance provide decreasingly comprehensive benefits to a shrinking proportion of the country's unemployed.(2) In 1995, Statistics Canada announced a 58 per cent increase in childhood poverty over the previous six years, and a total of 1.4 million Canadian children living below the poverty line (Canadian Council on Social Development). These and dozens of other social problems highlight contemporary social-policy-related problems.At least part of the underlying logic for changes to contemporary social policies has been ideological, with the rise in the 1980s of neo-conservative politics and the apparent flattening of the ideological spectrum in that decade and the years since. Part of the logic has been fiscal, with burgeoning government debt and deficits creating a rationale for reductions in certain government spending commitments - social welfare especially. Part, as well, has been the rise of a new international capitalism, sometimes referred to under a broader rubric of "globalization." Free-market forces and privatization prevail, transnational corporations are seemingly freed from a sense of national responsibility, and environmental policy, workplace conditions, job s
《21世纪的加拿大社会福利》，作者:john R. Graham和Louise M. QueridoJohn Richards。多伦多:C.D. Howe研究所，1997。在过去的一代人里，加拿大的福利制度经历了彻底的转变。在第二次世界大战期间和之后形成的普遍性原则在1980年代和1990年代已被针对需要的利益的选择性方案所取代。当代社会方案也越来越不全面，同样，政府提供可靠资金基础的意愿也在减弱。此外，政治领导人也试图将社会福利责任转移到其他各级政府。渥太华将责任下放给各省，或在某些情况下直接下放给市级管辖，而各省则将更多的财政和行政责任下放给市政当局。反过来，各级政府希望- -在许多情况下系统地寻求- -非政府当局- -社会服务组织、宗教团体、社区和邻里团体发挥更大的作用。如果这些计划失败，违约将由那些有能力提供支持的家庭承担。毫不奇怪，社会保障网络的漏洞是显而易见的。那些直接经历这些变化的人和那些在社会服务第一线工作的人可以证明，许多加拿大人经常经历的痛苦是深刻的- -对许多人来说，包括目前的审查人员在内，是不必要的。主要城市中心为无家可归者提供的庇护所远远超出了容量，而在市中心的核心，无家可归者越来越明显。(1)资源不足的养老院对那些无法自理的人提供的照顾越来越少(莱特曼)。(2) 1995年，加拿大统计局宣布，在过去六年中，儿童贫困增加了58%，总共有140万加拿大儿童生活在贫困线以下(加拿大社会发展委员会)。这些以及其他几十个社会问题凸显了当代社会政策相关问题。随着20世纪80年代新保守主义政治的兴起，以及在那十年和之后的几年里，意识形态光谱的明显扁平化，至少当代社会政策变化的部分潜在逻辑是意识形态的。部分逻辑是财政方面的，不断增长的政府债务和赤字为削减某些政府支出承诺——尤其是社会福利——创造了理由。部分原因是新的国际资本主义的兴起，有时被称为更广泛的“全球化”。自由市场力量和私有化占上风，跨国公司似乎摆脱了国家责任感，环境政策、工作场所条件、工作保障、工资和社会政策似乎更少地由国家政策决定，而更多地由日益国际化和竞争性的工业化世界的市场驱动力量决定。但是，随着社会福利政策的相应转变，人们不禁要问，对于事情应该如何发展，是否存在任何连贯的愿景?我们曾经熟悉的、引领二战后全面福利国家的那些系统性蓝图，今天的对等物在哪里?在英国，威廉·贝弗里奇于1942年发表了他著名的报告《社会保险和联合服务》。在加拿大，伦纳德·马什(Leonard Marsh)写了一份意图和范围类似的文件——《加拿大社会安全报告》(1943)。而在这之前，皇家委员会、学术研究和众多评论员为政府撰写的报告都先于这些报告。普遍福利国家是有逻辑的，并且有大量的思想为这个逻辑提供信息。这些书也许有一天会成为二十一世纪早期社会政策综合观点的基础。…
{"title":"[Retooling the Welfare State: What's Right, What's Wrong, What's to Be Done?]","authors":"J. Richards, J. Graham, Louise Q. Querido","doi":"10.2307/3552023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3552023","url":null,"abstract":"Canadian Social Welfare in the Twenty-First CenturyJohn R. Graham and Louise M. QueridoJohn Richards. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1997. 304 pp.Over the past generation, the Canadian welfare state has undergone a radical transformation. Principles of universality, nurtured during and after the Second World War, have been superseded in the 1980s and 1990s by selective programmes that target benefits according to need. Contemporary social programmes are also decreasingly comprehensive, and governments' willingness to provide a reliable funding base, likewise, has been diminished. As well, political leaders have attempted to transfer social welfare responsibility to other levels of government. Ottawa has downloaded responsibility to the provinces, or in some instances directly to municipal jurisdictions, and the provinces have downloaded more fiscal and administrative responsibilities to municipalities. All levels of government, in turn, have hoped for - and in many cases systematically sought - an increased role for non-governmental authorities - social service organizations, religious groups and community and neighbourhood groups. If these fail, default rests with those families capable of providing support. Not surprisingly, holes in the social safety net are apparent. Those experiencing these changes directly and those working on the front lines of social services can attest to the profound - and to many, the present reviewers among them, unnecessary - suffering that many Canadians experience regularly. Shelters for the homeless in major urban centres are well beyond capacity, and the homeless are increasingly apparent in downtown cores.(1) Underresourced homes for the aged provide less care for those unable to care for themselves (Lightman). Programmes such as Employment Insurance provide decreasingly comprehensive benefits to a shrinking proportion of the country's unemployed.(2) In 1995, Statistics Canada announced a 58 per cent increase in childhood poverty over the previous six years, and a total of 1.4 million Canadian children living below the poverty line (Canadian Council on Social Development). These and dozens of other social problems highlight contemporary social-policy-related problems.At least part of the underlying logic for changes to contemporary social policies has been ideological, with the rise in the 1980s of neo-conservative politics and the apparent flattening of the ideological spectrum in that decade and the years since. Part of the logic has been fiscal, with burgeoning government debt and deficits creating a rationale for reductions in certain government spending commitments - social welfare especially. Part, as well, has been the rise of a new international capitalism, sometimes referred to under a broader rubric of \"globalization.\" Free-market forces and privatization prevail, transnational corporations are seemingly freed from a sense of national responsibility, and environmental policy, workplace conditions, job s","PeriodicalId":45057,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES-REVUE D ETUDES CANADIENNES","volume":"35 1","pages":"297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3552023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68704935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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