Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3519032
P.-A. Gourdain;A. Bachmann
Interferometry can accurately measure the electron density of a high energy density plasma by comparing the phase shift between a laser beam passing through the plasma and a reference beam. While the actual phase shift is continuous, the measured shift has discontinuities, since its measurement is constrained between $-pi $ and $pi $ , an effect called “wrapping.” Although many methods have been developed to recover the original, “unwrapped” phase shift, noise and under-sampling often hinder their effectiveness, requiring advanced algorithms to handle imperfect data. Analyzing an interferogram is essentially a pattern recognition task, where radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) excel. This work proposes a network architecture designed to unwrap the phase interferograms, even in the presence of significant aliasing and noise. Key aspects of this approach include a three-stage learning process that sequentially eliminates phase discontinuities, the ability to learn directly from the data without requiring a large training set, the ability to mask regions with missing or corrupted data trivially, and a parallel Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) that uses local network clustering and global synchronization to accelerate computations.
{"title":"Neural Network Reconstruction of the Electron Density of High Energy Density Plasmas From Under-Resolved Interferograms","authors":"P.-A. Gourdain;A. Bachmann","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3519032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3519032","url":null,"abstract":"Interferometry can accurately measure the electron density of a high energy density plasma by comparing the phase shift between a laser beam passing through the plasma and a reference beam. While the actual phase shift is continuous, the measured shift has discontinuities, since its measurement is constrained between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$-pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, an effect called “wrapping.” Although many methods have been developed to recover the original, “unwrapped” phase shift, noise and under-sampling often hinder their effectiveness, requiring advanced algorithms to handle imperfect data. Analyzing an interferogram is essentially a pattern recognition task, where radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) excel. This work proposes a network architecture designed to unwrap the phase interferograms, even in the presence of significant aliasing and noise. Key aspects of this approach include a three-stage learning process that sequentially eliminates phase discontinuities, the ability to learn directly from the data without requiring a large training set, the ability to mask regions with missing or corrupted data trivially, and a parallel Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) that uses local network clustering and global synchronization to accelerate computations.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5581-5596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3520485
Hossam A. Gabbar;Elena Villalobos Herra;Daniel Galvan-Perez;Juan Eduardo Esquivel Cruz;Mustafa A. Aldeeb
Integrating microwave plasma torches (MWPTs) into waste-to-energy systems offers a promising approach to address the challenges of municipal solid waste (MSW) management while enabling efficient energy recovery. However, designing an effective control system for MWPTs is complex and not widely available in current markets. This article presents a novel control system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC), specifically developed to semiautomate the operation of atmospheric MWPT. The system uses a proportional-integral–derivative (PID) control algorithm to precisely regulate the gas flow and plasma conditions, while MODBUS communication technology ensures smooth interaction between components. By addressing key challenges such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability, the proposed system reduces manual intervention, enhances operator safety, and improves scalability for MWPT applications. This work advances the understanding and implementation of automated control in MWPT-based systems, contributing significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions. The proposed solution reduces manual intervention, improves operator safety, and increases the scalability of MWPT applications by addressing important issues such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability. This work contributes significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions by enhancing our understanding and ability to use automated control in MWPT-based systems.
{"title":"Semiautomated Control System of Microwave Plasma Torch for Waste-to-Energy Treatment","authors":"Hossam A. Gabbar;Elena Villalobos Herra;Daniel Galvan-Perez;Juan Eduardo Esquivel Cruz;Mustafa A. Aldeeb","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3520485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3520485","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating microwave plasma torches (MWPTs) into waste-to-energy systems offers a promising approach to address the challenges of municipal solid waste (MSW) management while enabling efficient energy recovery. However, designing an effective control system for MWPTs is complex and not widely available in current markets. This article presents a novel control system based on a programmable logic controller (PLC), specifically developed to semiautomate the operation of atmospheric MWPT. The system uses a proportional-integral–derivative (PID) control algorithm to precisely regulate the gas flow and plasma conditions, while MODBUS communication technology ensures smooth interaction between components. By addressing key challenges such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability, the proposed system reduces manual intervention, enhances operator safety, and improves scalability for MWPT applications. This work advances the understanding and implementation of automated control in MWPT-based systems, contributing significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions. The proposed solution reduces manual intervention, improves operator safety, and increases the scalability of MWPT applications by addressing important issues such as unstable plasma ignition and maintaining operational reliability. This work contributes significantly to sustainable waste-to-energy solutions by enhancing our understanding and ability to use automated control in MWPT-based systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5573-5580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3516953
Zhongfeng Zhu;Zhaoxia Peng;Guolin Yang;Zhigang Liu;Cong Xu;Yangyang Fu;Xinxin Wang;Xingliang Jiang;Yutai Li
In response to climate change, an increasing number of countries are setting carbon-neutral and net-zero emission targets. Clean energy is receiving wider attention. Many wind power stations are located in high mountains with abundant wind resources, and their blades have serious ice-covering problems in winter. Currently, there are no widely available solutions. In order to solve this problem, this article proposes a new de-icing method based on shock waves generated by pulsed liquid discharges. This method has never been proposed and experimented with before. The advantage of this method is energy efficiency, requiring only a tiny amount of energy to break up the ice. The structure of the new de-icing device was first designed and tested with liquid discharges. It was verified with unsecured nails that the shock wave generated by the pulsed liquid discharges could be transmitted to the outer surface of the blades. Then, the de-icing experiments were carried out in different blade arrangement directions to confirm the effectiveness of the new de-icing method. Finally, the propagation of the shock wave after its generation with its resulting elastic microdeformation process of the blade is calculated. This study provides a new solution idea for the ice-covering problem of wind turbine blade, which is of great significance to the sustainable development of human society.
{"title":"Investigation of a New De-Icing Method for Wind Turbine Blades Based on Shock Waves Generated by Pulsed Liquid Discharges","authors":"Zhongfeng Zhu;Zhaoxia Peng;Guolin Yang;Zhigang Liu;Cong Xu;Yangyang Fu;Xinxin Wang;Xingliang Jiang;Yutai Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3516953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3516953","url":null,"abstract":"In response to climate change, an increasing number of countries are setting carbon-neutral and net-zero emission targets. Clean energy is receiving wider attention. Many wind power stations are located in high mountains with abundant wind resources, and their blades have serious ice-covering problems in winter. Currently, there are no widely available solutions. In order to solve this problem, this article proposes a new de-icing method based on shock waves generated by pulsed liquid discharges. This method has never been proposed and experimented with before. The advantage of this method is energy efficiency, requiring only a tiny amount of energy to break up the ice. The structure of the new de-icing device was first designed and tested with liquid discharges. It was verified with unsecured nails that the shock wave generated by the pulsed liquid discharges could be transmitted to the outer surface of the blades. Then, the de-icing experiments were carried out in different blade arrangement directions to confirm the effectiveness of the new de-icing method. Finally, the propagation of the shock wave after its generation with its resulting elastic microdeformation process of the blade is calculated. This study provides a new solution idea for the ice-covering problem of wind turbine blade, which is of great significance to the sustainable development of human society.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5641-5648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3514605
Xiuquan Cao;Lin Wang;Yong He;Guangzhong Hu
As a commonly used wear resistance material, the NM400 steel is widely used in various mechanical parts. For prolonging the service life of these mechanical parts, various surface quenching methods are always adapted to improve their wear resistance. As a novel surface quenching method, a homemade laminar plasma surface quenching system was used to quench the NM400 steel for studying the quenching mechanism and the coupling mechanism of the main quenching parameters in this article. First, based on the orthogonal experimental design method, the corresponding experiments were conducted to decide the optimal processing conditions by using the orthogonal experimental range analysis. Sequencing, the microstructures, and wear resistance behaviors of the NM400 steel hardened under optimal processing conditions were tested. Besides, for revealing the hardening mechanism of NM400 steel, a corresponding homemade thermal-solid coupling model was built to explore the temperature distribution of the sample. Finally, the corresponding microstructure and wear resistance were discussed in detail based on the temperature field simulation and experimental results. The study results show that: 1) the NM400 steel could get the best-hardened effect under the following processing conditions: the quenching velocity, quenching distance, and arc current are 160 mm/min, 50 mm, and 110 A, respectively; 2) the microstructure in the hardened zone (HZ) is transformed from ferrite and cementite into lath martensite, while a little part of the microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is transformed into martensite and residual austenite; and 3) the microhardness and the absorption work of the HZ are improved from 245 HV0.2 to 415 HV0.2 and 7.52 to 8.36 J, respectively, while the volume wear loss rate of the HZ is decreased from 1.13E-5 to 6.16E-6 mm3/(N$cdot $ m).
{"title":"Surface Behaviors of NM400 Steel Quenched by Laminar Plasma Jet","authors":"Xiuquan Cao;Lin Wang;Yong He;Guangzhong Hu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3514605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3514605","url":null,"abstract":"As a commonly used wear resistance material, the NM400 steel is widely used in various mechanical parts. For prolonging the service life of these mechanical parts, various surface quenching methods are always adapted to improve their wear resistance. As a novel surface quenching method, a homemade laminar plasma surface quenching system was used to quench the NM400 steel for studying the quenching mechanism and the coupling mechanism of the main quenching parameters in this article. First, based on the orthogonal experimental design method, the corresponding experiments were conducted to decide the optimal processing conditions by using the orthogonal experimental range analysis. Sequencing, the microstructures, and wear resistance behaviors of the NM400 steel hardened under optimal processing conditions were tested. Besides, for revealing the hardening mechanism of NM400 steel, a corresponding homemade thermal-solid coupling model was built to explore the temperature distribution of the sample. Finally, the corresponding microstructure and wear resistance were discussed in detail based on the temperature field simulation and experimental results. The study results show that: 1) the NM400 steel could get the best-hardened effect under the following processing conditions: the quenching velocity, quenching distance, and arc current are 160 mm/min, 50 mm, and 110 A, respectively; 2) the microstructure in the hardened zone (HZ) is transformed from ferrite and cementite into lath martensite, while a little part of the microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is transformed into martensite and residual austenite; and 3) the microhardness and the absorption work of the HZ are improved from 245 HV0.2 to 415 HV0.2 and 7.52 to 8.36 J, respectively, while the volume wear loss rate of the HZ is decreased from 1.13E-5 to 6.16E-6 mm3/(N<inline-formula> <tex-math>$cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m).","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5561-5572"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3519497
{"title":"Member ad suite","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3519497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3519497","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 10","pages":"5304-5304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3519509
{"title":"Member ad suite","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3519509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3519509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 10","pages":"5124-5124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3506092
Chao Chang
{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Issue on Selected Papers From APCOPTS 2023","authors":"Chao Chang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3506092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3506092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 10","pages":"4934-4934"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10816273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142890339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3516143
Deepak Kaushik;Manish Yadav;M. Joy Thomas
Coilguns offer an exciting option for achieving hypervelocity ($geq 3$ km/s) launching systems. However, they suffer from low efficiency due to poor coupling between the projectile and the drive coils. The drive coils and the projectile must also sustain high thermal and mechanical stresses. Although, the drive coils can be reinforced to sustain such stress, it is difficult to design the projectile in most of the cases. Therefore, it is imperative to design the coilgun launching system to reduce the thermal and mechanical stresses on the system in addition to achieving higher efficiency. In this work, the authors propose a novel design of an induction coilgun system named as the split drive coilgun. The authors have split the drive coil of the conventional coilgun into inner and outer drive coils. In addition to achieving a higher efficiency and projectile muzzle velocity, the proposed design presents a reduced thermal and mechanical stresses on the system. The authors have compared the conventional coilgun launching system with the split drive coilgun on several performance parameters. In addition, this article also presents simulation results using the current filament method for both systems along with their experimental validation.
{"title":"A Multi-Excited Electromagnetic Coilgun Using Split Drive Coils","authors":"Deepak Kaushik;Manish Yadav;M. Joy Thomas","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3516143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3516143","url":null,"abstract":"Coilguns offer an exciting option for achieving hypervelocity (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$geq 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> km/s) launching systems. However, they suffer from low efficiency due to poor coupling between the projectile and the drive coils. The drive coils and the projectile must also sustain high thermal and mechanical stresses. Although, the drive coils can be reinforced to sustain such stress, it is difficult to design the projectile in most of the cases. Therefore, it is imperative to design the coilgun launching system to reduce the thermal and mechanical stresses on the system in addition to achieving higher efficiency. In this work, the authors propose a novel design of an induction coilgun system named as the split drive coilgun. The authors have split the drive coil of the conventional coilgun into inner and outer drive coils. In addition to achieving a higher efficiency and projectile muzzle velocity, the proposed design presents a reduced thermal and mechanical stresses on the system. The authors have compared the conventional coilgun launching system with the split drive coilgun on several performance parameters. In addition, this article also presents simulation results using the current filament method for both systems along with their experimental validation.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 12","pages":"5657-5666"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143106501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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