The operational stability of ITER power supplies requires the optimal coordination of the reactive power compensation (RPC) system, which comprises a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and tuned filters, particularly under high-dynamic load conditions. Existing RPC control methods have inherent limitations, such as high latency, model dependency, and poor disturbance rejection, which restrict their ability to meet stringent regulation demands during extreme plasma control scenarios. This article develops a forecasting-$Q$ -linear active disturbance rejection control (FQLADRC) framework that integrates an extended state observer (ESO) and a proportional-derivative (PD) controller, with predictive $Q$ commands calculated by coordinating plasma control system (PCS) reference signals. The proposed control strategy achieves higher precision in dynamic $Q$ regulation, faster transient responses, and strong robustness against model deviations and environmental interference. Key $Q$ -linear active disturbance rejection control (QLADRC) parameters are determined via bandwidth parameterization with engineering configurations. Simulations validate the algorithm’s efficacy, showing significant reductions in grid $Q$ oscillations and voltage fluctuations during load disturbances, alongside improved ac busbar stability. Furthermore, this work provides guidance for optimizing RPC systems in other high-capacity, strong-impulse power grids, with resilience to internal uncertainties (e.g., response delays and parameter perturbations) and external disturbances (e.g., harmonics and operational noise).
{"title":"Enhanced Coordinated Control of ITER Power Supplies and Reactive Power Compensation System","authors":"Dengge Jia;Jun Tao;Renjing Fan;Yiyun Huang;Mingxing Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3615910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3615910","url":null,"abstract":"The operational stability of ITER power supplies requires the optimal coordination of the reactive power compensation (RPC) system, which comprises a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and tuned filters, particularly under high-dynamic load conditions. Existing RPC control methods have inherent limitations, such as high latency, model dependency, and poor disturbance rejection, which restrict their ability to meet stringent regulation demands during extreme plasma control scenarios. This article develops a forecasting-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-linear active disturbance rejection control (FQLADRC) framework that integrates an extended state observer (ESO) and a proportional-derivative (PD) controller, with predictive <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> commands calculated by coordinating plasma control system (PCS) reference signals. The proposed control strategy achieves higher precision in dynamic <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> regulation, faster transient responses, and strong robustness against model deviations and environmental interference. Key <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-linear active disturbance rejection control (QLADRC) parameters are determined via bandwidth parameterization with engineering configurations. Simulations validate the algorithm’s efficacy, showing significant reductions in grid <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> oscillations and voltage fluctuations during load disturbances, alongside improved ac busbar stability. Furthermore, this work provides guidance for optimizing RPC systems in other high-capacity, strong-impulse power grids, with resilience to internal uncertainties (e.g., response delays and parameter perturbations) and external disturbances (e.g., harmonics and operational noise).","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3440-3452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3613236
G. V. Dowhan;B. Piercy;B. Adolf;M. Forkin;R. Jensen;J. L. Giuliani;A. E. Robson;J. D. Sethian;N. Chaturvedi;J. Chittenden;F. Hegeler
This article provides an overview of the diagnostic systems of the z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF). The goal of these diagnostics was to investigate the initialization and early evolution of a cryogenic deuterium fiber z-pinch. The optical diagnostics consist of an eight-frame, fast-framing (FF) camera for visible self-emission imaging, a streak camera for radial or axial temporal visible self-emission profiles, and a single-frame, 532-nm laser-backlit shadowgraphy system. X-ray emission is monitored through the use of p-i-n and diamond radiation detectors (DRD). Neutron emission is measured and characterized through the combined use of a suite of bubble detectors (BDs) and neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detectors. This article is one of the four papers written about ZIF. The other papers concentrate on the ZIF driver, the z-pinch simulations, and a summary paper on the z-pinch experimental results. An archive of all results will be made available to the public in 2026.
{"title":"Diagnostic Suite on the Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF) for Investigation of the Frozen Fiber Z-Pinch","authors":"G. V. Dowhan;B. Piercy;B. Adolf;M. Forkin;R. Jensen;J. L. Giuliani;A. E. Robson;J. D. Sethian;N. Chaturvedi;J. Chittenden;F. Hegeler","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3613236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3613236","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview of the diagnostic systems of the z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF). The goal of these diagnostics was to investigate the initialization and early evolution of a cryogenic deuterium fiber z-pinch. The optical diagnostics consist of an eight-frame, fast-framing (FF) camera for visible self-emission imaging, a streak camera for radial or axial temporal visible self-emission profiles, and a single-frame, 532-nm laser-backlit shadowgraphy system. X-ray emission is monitored through the use of p-i-n and diamond radiation detectors (DRD). Neutron emission is measured and characterized through the combined use of a suite of bubble detectors (BDs) and neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detectors. This article is one of the four papers written about ZIF. The other papers concentrate on the ZIF driver, the z-pinch simulations, and a summary paper on the z-pinch experimental results. An archive of all results will be made available to the public in 2026.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3536-3543"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11197141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3610866
Yingquan Liu;Kai Zhang;Junyong Lu;Yangyang Wu
In this article, the impedance characteristics of a lithium-ion battery pack under the high-rate periodic pulse discharge are studied. The impedance transfer function of lithium-ion batteries in the electrochemical reaction process is derived from the reaction mechanism of the high-rate periodic pulse-discharged lithium battery, and the frequency-domain impedance model is established. The frequency response characteristics of lithium-ion batteries at low frequency and high frequency are analyzed. Finally, model validation and impedance extraction are carried out on the battery test data under low- and high-frequency pulse discharge conditions. The results show that the frequency-domain impedance model can well simulate the frequency-domain characteristics and dynamic behavior of the lithium-ion battery (pack) under the high-rate periodic pulse discharge, and the impedance extraction based on the harmonic analysis method can achieve good modeling accuracy.
{"title":"The Frequency-Domain Impedance Model for a High-Rate Pulse-Discharged Lithium-Ion Battery Pack","authors":"Yingquan Liu;Kai Zhang;Junyong Lu;Yangyang Wu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3610866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3610866","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the impedance characteristics of a lithium-ion battery pack under the high-rate periodic pulse discharge are studied. The impedance transfer function of lithium-ion batteries in the electrochemical reaction process is derived from the reaction mechanism of the high-rate periodic pulse-discharged lithium battery, and the frequency-domain impedance model is established. The frequency response characteristics of lithium-ion batteries at low frequency and high frequency are analyzed. Finally, model validation and impedance extraction are carried out on the battery test data under low- and high-frequency pulse discharge conditions. The results show that the frequency-domain impedance model can well simulate the frequency-domain characteristics and dynamic behavior of the lithium-ion battery (pack) under the high-rate periodic pulse discharge, and the impedance extraction based on the harmonic analysis method can achieve good modeling accuracy.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3562-3571"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microparticles on the rail surface are recognized as one of the primary causes of the gouging phenomena during the high-speed sliding electrical contact processes. In this article, the mechanism of the rail gouging phenomena induced by the microparticles on the rail surface is studied by a modified smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, considering the velocity skin effect (VSE). First, based on the modified SPH method, a slider–rail model is established to explore the gouging processes under the collisions of microparticles on the rail surface. Then, the influence of the size and quantity of microparticles on the gouging damages is investigated. Finally, the formation mechanism of gouging damages induced by the microparticles is analyzed. The results demonstrate that as the horizontal velocity of the slider increases, the gouge craters on the rail surface become more extensive and pronounced. Furthermore, as the radius of the microparticle increases, the length of the gouge craters and the height of the gouge lips increase while the depth of the gouge craters increases first and then decreases. When the quantity of microparticles on the rail surface increases, both the length and the depth of the gouge craters and the height of the gouge lips rise. It is also found that the combined effects of localized pressure and heat concentration during the high-speed sliding electrical contact processes are the fundamental cause of the gouging damages to the rail surface. The results of this article may provide valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of gouging damages in sliding electrical contact systems.
{"title":"Mechanism of Rail Gouging Phenomena Induced by Microparticles During High-Speed Sliding Electrical Contact Based on SPH Method","authors":"Yingyao Zhang;Jiale Dai;Miaosong Gu;Shuai Lei;Ning Jia","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3613674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3613674","url":null,"abstract":"The microparticles on the rail surface are recognized as one of the primary causes of the gouging phenomena during the high-speed sliding electrical contact processes. In this article, the mechanism of the rail gouging phenomena induced by the microparticles on the rail surface is studied by a modified smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, considering the velocity skin effect (VSE). First, based on the modified SPH method, a slider–rail model is established to explore the gouging processes under the collisions of microparticles on the rail surface. Then, the influence of the size and quantity of microparticles on the gouging damages is investigated. Finally, the formation mechanism of gouging damages induced by the microparticles is analyzed. The results demonstrate that as the horizontal velocity of the slider increases, the gouge craters on the rail surface become more extensive and pronounced. Furthermore, as the radius of the microparticle increases, the length of the gouge craters and the height of the gouge lips increase while the depth of the gouge craters increases first and then decreases. When the quantity of microparticles on the rail surface increases, both the length and the depth of the gouge craters and the height of the gouge lips rise. It is also found that the combined effects of localized pressure and heat concentration during the high-speed sliding electrical contact processes are the fundamental cause of the gouging damages to the rail surface. The results of this article may provide valuable insights for a comprehensive understanding of gouging damages in sliding electrical contact systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3617-3624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3610177
Guanyi Li;Zhanliang Wang;Jingrui Duan;Yang Dong;Haichen Tang;Zhigang Lu;Hurong Gong;Yubin Gong
To suppress the fundamental mode competition and achieve stable high-order mode (HOM) amplification in staggered double-grating (SDG), a slow wave structure (SWS) named composite SDG (C-SDG) is proposed in this article. Based on the traditional SDG (T-SDG), C-SDG reconstructs the TE10 mode electric field distribution by centering and longitudinally extending metal gratings along the broadside of the waveguide. Meanwhile, a hybrid-dispersion technique is employed to mitigate the energy accumulation of the TE10 mode during beam–wave interaction, thereby enhancing device stability. The high-frequency characteristics and beam–wave interaction behavior are analyzed using CST Studio Suite. Particle-in-cell (PIC) results predict that the C-SDG traveling-wave tube (TWT) can achieve a maximum output power of 118 W and a gain of 20.7 dB at 220 GHz when driven by two sheet beams with an operating voltage of 21.4 kV, a beam current of 0.06-A per beam, and an input power of 1 W.
为了抑制交错双光栅（SDG）中的基模竞争，实现稳定的高阶模（HOM）放大，本文提出了一种名为复合SDG （C-SDG）的慢波结构（SWS）。C-SDG在传统SDG （T-SDG）的基础上，通过在波导的宽侧向中心并纵向延伸金属光栅，重构了TE10模电场分布。同时，采用混合色散技术减轻了TE10模式在波束相互作用过程中的能量积累，从而提高了器件的稳定性。利用CST Studio Suite软件对其高频特性和波束相互作用特性进行了分析。实验结果表明，当工作电压为21.4 kV、束流为0.06 a、输入功率为1w时，C-SDG行波管（TWT）在220 GHz下的最大输出功率为118w，增益为20.7 dB。
{"title":"A Composite Staggered Double-Grating Structure for G-Band Dual-Beam TWT With High-Order Mode Operation","authors":"Guanyi Li;Zhanliang Wang;Jingrui Duan;Yang Dong;Haichen Tang;Zhigang Lu;Hurong Gong;Yubin Gong","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3610177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3610177","url":null,"abstract":"To suppress the fundamental mode competition and achieve stable high-order mode (HOM) amplification in staggered double-grating (SDG), a slow wave structure (SWS) named composite SDG (C-SDG) is proposed in this article. Based on the traditional SDG (T-SDG), C-SDG reconstructs the TE<sub>10</sub> mode electric field distribution by centering and longitudinally extending metal gratings along the broadside of the waveguide. Meanwhile, a hybrid-dispersion technique is employed to mitigate the energy accumulation of the TE<sub>10</sub> mode during beam–wave interaction, thereby enhancing device stability. The high-frequency characteristics and beam–wave interaction behavior are analyzed using CST Studio Suite. Particle-in-cell (PIC) results predict that the C-SDG traveling-wave tube (TWT) can achieve a maximum output power of 118 W and a gain of 20.7 dB at 220 GHz when driven by two sheet beams with an operating voltage of 21.4 kV, a beam current of 0.06-A per beam, and an input power of 1 W.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3596-3602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3611140
D. Tsiklauri
In this work, we use particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations to study interaction of a spatially uniform electron beam with a rotational magnetic hole in the form of a Harris current sheet. We vary the width of the Harris current sheet to investigate how this affects the quasi-linear relaxation, i.e., plateau formation of the bump-on-tail unstable electron beam. We find that when the width of the Harris current sheet approaches and becomes smaller than the electron gyro-radius, quasi-linear relaxation becomes hampered and a positive slope in the electron velocity distribution function (VDF) persists. We explain this by the effects of nonconservation of electron magnetic moment, which, as recent works suggest, can maintain the positive slope of the VDF. In part, this can explain why some electron beams (the ones that interact with narrow magnetic holes with sharp boundaries, represented in our study by a Harris current sheet) in the solar wind travel much longer distances than predicted by the quasi-linear theory, at least in those cases when the electron beams slide along the current sheets that are abundant when the different speed solar wind streams interact with each other.
{"title":"Interaction of a Spatially Uniform Electron Beam With a Rotational Magnetic Hole in a Form of a Harris Current Sheet","authors":"D. Tsiklauri","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3611140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3611140","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we use particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations to study interaction of a spatially uniform electron beam with a rotational magnetic hole in the form of a Harris current sheet. We vary the width of the Harris current sheet to investigate how this affects the quasi-linear relaxation, i.e., plateau formation of the bump-on-tail unstable electron beam. We find that when the width of the Harris current sheet approaches and becomes smaller than the electron gyro-radius, quasi-linear relaxation becomes hampered and a positive slope in the electron velocity distribution function (VDF) persists. We explain this by the effects of nonconservation of electron magnetic moment, which, as recent works suggest, can maintain the positive slope of the VDF. In part, this can explain why <italic>some</i> electron beams (the ones that interact with narrow magnetic holes with sharp boundaries, represented in our study by a Harris current sheet) in the solar wind travel much longer distances than predicted by the quasi-linear theory, at least in those cases when the electron beams slide along the current sheets that are abundant when the different speed solar wind streams interact with each other.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3486-3497"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3611025
Ziyi Tan;Jianshu Zhang;Guoping Wang
The critical velocity effect of electromagnetic railguns refers to the high amplitude stresses and strains that occur in the rail when the projectile velocity reaches a threshold value. This effect may lead to shortened rail life and damage, making critical velocity one of the important design parameters for electromagnetic railguns. A number of scholars have already investigated the critical velocity of elastic foundation beams and applied this model to an electromagnetic railgun. On this basis, the influence of inter-rail supporting is systematically investigated. The equipment is modeled as an elastically connected double-beam system on a Winkler foundation. An analytical expression for rail critical velocity incorporating support stiffness is derived. The dynamic response is subsequently obtained through the modal superposition method. Results demonstrate that the rail critical velocity increases with enhanced support stiffness. Furthermore, the support stiffness exhibits greater influence on critical velocity than the elastic foundation. These findings therefore provide theoretical guidance for improving electromagnetic launcher design.
{"title":"Dynamic Characteristics of Electromagnetic Launcher Considering Inter-Rail Support Stiffness and Its Critical Velocity Study","authors":"Ziyi Tan;Jianshu Zhang;Guoping Wang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3611025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3611025","url":null,"abstract":"The critical velocity effect of electromagnetic railguns refers to the high amplitude stresses and strains that occur in the rail when the projectile velocity reaches a threshold value. This effect may lead to shortened rail life and damage, making critical velocity one of the important design parameters for electromagnetic railguns. A number of scholars have already investigated the critical velocity of elastic foundation beams and applied this model to an electromagnetic railgun. On this basis, the influence of inter-rail supporting is systematically investigated. The equipment is modeled as an elastically connected double-beam system on a Winkler foundation. An analytical expression for rail critical velocity incorporating support stiffness is derived. The dynamic response is subsequently obtained through the modal superposition method. Results demonstrate that the rail critical velocity increases with enhanced support stiffness. Furthermore, the support stiffness exhibits greater influence on critical velocity than the elastic foundation. These findings therefore provide theoretical guidance for improving electromagnetic launcher design.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3572-3580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, a 2.5-D numerical computational model of a magnetron injection gun (MIG) is established. The design principles of the compact MIG of terahertz gyrotrons are investigated, and a design is proposed. In the electric field calculation stage, a multigrid (MG) method combined with successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration is employed to enhance computational efficiency. The elite strategy-enhanced multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm automatically optimizes the initial MIG toward the target parameter values. Then, a compact MIG of terahertz gyrotrons is designed, with the output electron beam parameters achieving the design targets: a pitch ratio of 1.3 and a velocity spread of 3%. Its total axial length is less than 160 mm. These results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Optimization Design of Compact Magnetron Injection Gun of Terahertz Gyrotrons","authors":"Weijian Liu;Yu Huang;Houxiu Xiao;Xianfei Chen;Runfeng Tang;Chenxi He;Yichen Lu;Ruisi Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3607823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3607823","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a 2.5-D numerical computational model of a magnetron injection gun (MIG) is established. The design principles of the compact MIG of terahertz gyrotrons are investigated, and a design is proposed. In the electric field calculation stage, a multigrid (MG) method combined with successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration is employed to enhance computational efficiency. The elite strategy-enhanced multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm automatically optimizes the initial MIG toward the target parameter values. Then, a compact MIG of terahertz gyrotrons is designed, with the output electron beam parameters achieving the design targets: a pitch ratio of 1.3 and a velocity spread of 3%. Its total axial length is less than 160 mm. These results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3588-3595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because of the complex electrical characteristics and detection difficulty of the series arc fault, it is prone to cause serious electrical fires. Especially, a large number of power electronic loads have been put into use in recent years, which makes the circuit topology more complex, further increasing the difficulty of series arc fault detection. In this article, series arcs are divided into long arcs and short arcs according to the differential behavior of fault currents under different arc lengths. By comparing the simulation results of series power electronic loads under various black box models and measuring the similarity of time series and other parameters, it is considered that the Cassie model with a smaller time constant is better than Mayr and its derived models. It can better reflect the oscillation of the long arc current in the time domain. Furthermore, an improved arc model is proposed in this article, considering the influence of the black box model time constant on high-frequency fault current oscillation of power electronic loads such as fluorescent lamps. The difference between the short arc fault waveform of the improved model and the actual waveform is reduced by an average of 16.07% compared to that before the improvement, which provides a reference for the accurate detection of series arc faults in power electronic loads.
{"title":"Improved Series Arc Model for Power Electronic Loads","authors":"Yanbo Tao;Jun Jiang;Xinyang Lu;Wenqian Zhang;Chaohai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3607393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3607393","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the complex electrical characteristics and detection difficulty of the series arc fault, it is prone to cause serious electrical fires. Especially, a large number of power electronic loads have been put into use in recent years, which makes the circuit topology more complex, further increasing the difficulty of series arc fault detection. In this article, series arcs are divided into long arcs and short arcs according to the differential behavior of fault currents under different arc lengths. By comparing the simulation results of series power electronic loads under various black box models and measuring the similarity of time series and other parameters, it is considered that the Cassie model with a smaller time constant is better than Mayr and its derived models. It can better reflect the oscillation of the long arc current in the time domain. Furthermore, an improved arc model is proposed in this article, considering the influence of the black box model time constant on high-frequency fault current oscillation of power electronic loads such as fluorescent lamps. The difference between the short arc fault waveform of the improved model and the actual waveform is reduced by an average of 16.07% compared to that before the improvement, which provides a reference for the accurate detection of series arc faults in power electronic loads.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3476-3485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3610635
Chengxian Li;Gang Wu;Baiyang Wang;Yilin Li;Anbang Gu;Jinghan Xu;Shengguo Xia;Liming Liu
During the high-speed motion phase of the armature in an electromagnetic rail launcher, the impact load may cause collision vibration between the armature’s tail and the rail, leading to a loss of contact between the armature and rail. This, in turn, can generate a transition arc, affecting the launch performance of the armature. This article establishes a dynamic calculation model of ultrahigh speed oblique impact for the armature/rail (A/R) interface based on the Johnson–Cook nonlinear constitutive model of materials. The model considers the strong coupling relationship between strain, strain rate, and pressure of the A/R materials. Based on this calculation model, the dynamic response of the armature structure during the oblique impact collision and the change in contact status between the armature and rail are studied. The critical conditions for the loss of contact at the A/R interface are analyzed, a new transition mechanism at the current falling edge is proposed, and the critical magnetic pressure and critical current line density corresponding to the transition under different impact angles and armature motion speeds are given. The findings of this article can help reduce the occurrence of transition phenomena during the electromagnetic launch process.
{"title":"Research on the Transition Mechanism in Rail Gun Based on the Ultrahigh Speed Oblique Impact Collision Calculation Model","authors":"Chengxian Li;Gang Wu;Baiyang Wang;Yilin Li;Anbang Gu;Jinghan Xu;Shengguo Xia;Liming Liu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3610635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3610635","url":null,"abstract":"During the high-speed motion phase of the armature in an electromagnetic rail launcher, the impact load may cause collision vibration between the armature’s tail and the rail, leading to a loss of contact between the armature and rail. This, in turn, can generate a transition arc, affecting the launch performance of the armature. This article establishes a dynamic calculation model of ultrahigh speed oblique impact for the armature/rail (A/R) interface based on the Johnson–Cook nonlinear constitutive model of materials. The model considers the strong coupling relationship between strain, strain rate, and pressure of the A/R materials. Based on this calculation model, the dynamic response of the armature structure during the oblique impact collision and the change in contact status between the armature and rail are studied. The critical conditions for the loss of contact at the A/R interface are analyzed, a new transition mechanism at the current falling edge is proposed, and the critical magnetic pressure and critical current line density corresponding to the transition under different impact angles and armature motion speeds are given. The findings of this article can help reduce the occurrence of transition phenomena during the electromagnetic launch process.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3554-3561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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