Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3402065
Bo Tang;Zhaoxin Wang;Wei Chen;Yi Jiang;Qing Wu
This article presents a new design for a loading machine in an electromagnetic railgun, which utilizes residual electrical energy after firing to enable rapid loading. It also compares the loading principles between railguns and conventional artillery. This article outlines the design and structure of the new loading machine, as well as a computational model to simulate a medium-caliber railgun. According to calculations, the concept of the loading machine is feasible. It can achieve a loading frequency of 1500 rounds per minute based on the calculated parameters. The loader’s structure resembles that of a small coil gun, allowing it to absorb residual electric energy from an electromagnetic launch and effectively eliminate the muzzle arc. However, lower voltage in the power supply leads to decreased ammunition-loading frequency. This issue can be resolved by increasing the voltage of final triggered power supply modules. This novel arrangement could serve as inspiration for the development of electromagnetic gun loading systems.
{"title":"Simulation of a High-Frequency Loading Machine for Railguns Utilizing Residual Electric Energy","authors":"Bo Tang;Zhaoxin Wang;Wei Chen;Yi Jiang;Qing Wu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3402065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3402065","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a new design for a loading machine in an electromagnetic railgun, which utilizes residual electrical energy after firing to enable rapid loading. It also compares the loading principles between railguns and conventional artillery. This article outlines the design and structure of the new loading machine, as well as a computational model to simulate a medium-caliber railgun. According to calculations, the concept of the loading machine is feasible. It can achieve a loading frequency of 1500 rounds per minute based on the calculated parameters. The loader’s structure resembles that of a small coil gun, allowing it to absorb residual electric energy from an electromagnetic launch and effectively eliminate the muzzle arc. However, lower voltage in the power supply leads to decreased ammunition-loading frequency. This issue can be resolved by increasing the voltage of final triggered power supply modules. This novel arrangement could serve as inspiration for the development of electromagnetic gun loading systems.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3303-3309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3459689
Fei Li;Zhaorui Wang;Liu Xiao;Jiandong Zhao;Zicheng Wang;Hongxia Yi;Xinwen Shang;Yanwei Li
The effective submillimeter-wave folded waveguide traveling wave tube (FW-TWT) design requires accurate metal surface morphology information, and predictive methods are currently urgent in this regime. In this work, a novel method based on the S-parameters of folded waveguide high-frequency components (FW-HFCs) is proposed to estimate the conductivity and surface roughness of oxygen-free copper. First, the attenuation by the loss of folded waveguide slow wave structure (FW-SWS) and rectangular waveguide was studied, and new formulas for estimating the conductivity and surface roughness were derived. Then, the surface roughness of the inner wall of the folded waveguide plates was measured, and the $S11$ and $S21$ values of FW-HFC were measured. The estimated surface roughness is $0.16~mu $ m, which is slightly higher than the measured value of $0.1313~mu $ m due to the fact that multiple forces and high-temperature welding for fabricating the FW-HFC indeed lead to the deterioration of the surface roughness inevitably. Finally, an FW-SWS with the estimated effective conductivity and surface roughness was modeled in HFSS and the $S21$ -parameter and attenuation were calculated to compared with the measured values. Comparison shows that the simulated curves of $S21$ and attenuation are basically consistent with the measured curves, which proves that the new method is effective and accurate. This novel method can easily and directly obtain the important information of the surface morphology of oxygen-free copper, which is of great significance for the accurate and rapid design of submillimeter traveling wave tube (TWT).
{"title":"A Novel Method to Estimate the Conductivity and Surface Roughness of Folded Waveguide From S-Parameters for Submillimeter Traveling Wave Tube","authors":"Fei Li;Zhaorui Wang;Liu Xiao;Jiandong Zhao;Zicheng Wang;Hongxia Yi;Xinwen Shang;Yanwei Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3459689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3459689","url":null,"abstract":"The effective submillimeter-wave folded waveguide traveling wave tube (FW-TWT) design requires accurate metal surface morphology information, and predictive methods are currently urgent in this regime. In this work, a novel method based on the S-parameters of folded waveguide high-frequency components (FW-HFCs) is proposed to estimate the conductivity and surface roughness of oxygen-free copper. First, the attenuation by the loss of folded waveguide slow wave structure (FW-SWS) and rectangular waveguide was studied, and new formulas for estimating the conductivity and surface roughness were derived. Then, the surface roughness of the inner wall of the folded waveguide plates was measured, and the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S11$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S21$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 values of FW-HFC were measured. The estimated surface roughness is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.16~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m, which is slightly higher than the measured value of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.1313~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m due to the fact that multiple forces and high-temperature welding for fabricating the FW-HFC indeed lead to the deterioration of the surface roughness inevitably. Finally, an FW-SWS with the estimated effective conductivity and surface roughness was modeled in HFSS and the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S21$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-parameter and attenuation were calculated to compared with the measured values. Comparison shows that the simulated curves of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S21$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and attenuation are basically consistent with the measured curves, which proves that the new method is effective and accurate. This novel method can easily and directly obtain the important information of the surface morphology of oxygen-free copper, which is of great significance for the accurate and rapid design of submillimeter traveling wave tube (TWT).","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3360-3369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3457239
Irina P. Ivanova;Igor M. Piskarev
Purification of drinking water from low concentrations of pharmaceuticals and disinfection of hard-to-reach objects is becoming in demand at present. The most promising way is to use hydroxyl radicals (advanced oxidation technologies) for these purposes. In a corona electric discharge in air, in the presence of water vapor, an ozone-hydroxyl mixture is formed, in which the lifetime of hydroxyl radicals is up to 1 s. This makes it possible to transport hydroxyl radicals outside the reactor to come into contact with the liquid or surface to be treated. Ozone is used to keep hydroxyl radicals alive. The oxidizing and antimicrobial ability of the ozone-hydroxyl mixture generated by corona electric discharge was studied using for example degradation of tetracycline, phenol, and disinfection of solutions and surfaces. Generators with seven discharge electrodes (liquid volume 50 mL) and 49 electrodes (liquid volume 80 L) were used. Deep oxidation of tetracycline to the level of 10-3 mg/L was obtained at a dose of 140 J/(50 mL). The dose at which the concentration of tetracycline is halved is $D_{1/2} = 12~pm ~2$ J/(50 mL). The energy yield for 50% conversion at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L is $G_{50} = 10~pm ~3$ mg/kWh. In the case of phenol, purification was obtained to a level of 0.018 mg/L at a dose of $5times 10^{4}$ J/(50 mL). Inhibition of the oxidative reaction associated with the course of reverse reactions was observed. The decontamination of solutions and surfaces infected with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was studied. The energy cost to reduce the colony-forming unit (CFU) by ten times is 59±11 J/(100 mL), and under the conditions of this experiment, it does not depend on the initial concentration of bacteria. Water treated with an ozone-hydroxyl mixture has antimicrobial properties that allow surfaces to be disinfected by irrigation. In the case of liquid treatment, it is preferable to use a storage tank and circulate the aqueous solution through an ozone-hydroxyl mixture generator.
{"title":"Disinfection of Water and Solid Surfaces: Possibilities for Deep Degradation of Phenol and Tetracycline by Corona Electric Discharge","authors":"Irina P. Ivanova;Igor M. Piskarev","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3457239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3457239","url":null,"abstract":"Purification of drinking water from low concentrations of pharmaceuticals and disinfection of hard-to-reach objects is becoming in demand at present. The most promising way is to use hydroxyl radicals (advanced oxidation technologies) for these purposes. In a corona electric discharge in air, in the presence of water vapor, an ozone-hydroxyl mixture is formed, in which the lifetime of hydroxyl radicals is up to 1 s. This makes it possible to transport hydroxyl radicals outside the reactor to come into contact with the liquid or surface to be treated. Ozone is used to keep hydroxyl radicals alive. The oxidizing and antimicrobial ability of the ozone-hydroxyl mixture generated by corona electric discharge was studied using for example degradation of tetracycline, phenol, and disinfection of solutions and surfaces. Generators with seven discharge electrodes (liquid volume 50 mL) and 49 electrodes (liquid volume 80 L) were used. Deep oxidation of tetracycline to the level of 10-3 mg/L was obtained at a dose of 140 J/(50 mL). The dose at which the concentration of tetracycline is halved is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$D_{1/2} = 12~pm ~2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 J/(50 mL). The energy yield for 50% conversion at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L is \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$G_{50} = 10~pm ~3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mg/kWh. In the case of phenol, purification was obtained to a level of 0.018 mg/L at a dose of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$5times 10^{4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 J/(50 mL). Inhibition of the oxidative reaction associated with the course of reverse reactions was observed. The decontamination of solutions and surfaces infected with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was studied. The energy cost to reduce the colony-forming unit (CFU) by ten times is 59±11 J/(100 mL), and under the conditions of this experiment, it does not depend on the initial concentration of bacteria. Water treated with an ozone-hydroxyl mixture has antimicrobial properties that allow surfaces to be disinfected by irrigation. In the case of liquid treatment, it is preferable to use a storage tank and circulate the aqueous solution through an ozone-hydroxyl mixture generator.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3118-3126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3454023
Yubin He;Wanbin Ren;Chao Zhang
For three-phase alternating current (ac) contactors, the degradation of switching performance is affected by the accumulated arc erosion on contacts seriously. The direct consequence is the asynchronous contact breaking behavior and further disconnection failure. In this article, we explicitly recorded the typical contact voltage, contact current, and coil current waveforms of the contactor during ac-1 electrical endurance tests. Through the analysis of the waveforms, the asynchronous bridge breaking phenomenon within the three-phase ac contactor is discovered. Furthermore, by examining variations in bridge breaking time difference and opening time difference among phases with operation cycles, the correlation between asynchronous bridge breaking behavior and associated unbalanced arc erosion is analyzed explicitly. Finally, the failure mechanisms for the three-phase ac contactor are proposed based on the asynchronous break phenomenon of the contact bridge and the asynchronous separation phenomenon of the three phases.
{"title":"Understanding the Role of Asynchronous Contact Breaking in Three-Phase AC Contactors Failure","authors":"Yubin He;Wanbin Ren;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3454023","url":null,"abstract":"For three-phase alternating current (ac) contactors, the degradation of switching performance is affected by the accumulated arc erosion on contacts seriously. The direct consequence is the asynchronous contact breaking behavior and further disconnection failure. In this article, we explicitly recorded the typical contact voltage, contact current, and coil current waveforms of the contactor during ac-1 electrical endurance tests. Through the analysis of the waveforms, the asynchronous bridge breaking phenomenon within the three-phase ac contactor is discovered. Furthermore, by examining variations in bridge breaking time difference and opening time difference among phases with operation cycles, the correlation between asynchronous bridge breaking behavior and associated unbalanced arc erosion is analyzed explicitly. Finally, the failure mechanisms for the three-phase ac contactor are proposed based on the asynchronous break phenomenon of the contact bridge and the asynchronous separation phenomenon of the three phases.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3237-3245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3458428
Ye Dong;Qianhong Zhou;Wenyuan Yang;Qiang Sun;Wei Yang;Zhiwei Dong
By using a self-programmed cylindrical coordinate 2-D, three velocity components, particle-in-cell (2D3V-PIC) code, the influences of ion source parameters on the flow, and expansion of deuterium-titanium ions in a vacuum device are investigated. The flow and expansion characteristics of deuterium-titanium ions from the ion source to the expansion cup are influenced by plasma generation rate, electron temperature, and kinetic energy of multicomponention, but hardly influenced by ion proportions. Decreasing electron temperature or plasma generation rate will weaken the radial expansion capabilities of ions. Increasing the kinetic energy of a certain component ion will also weaken the radial expansion capabilities of this component ion. But, the influence mechanisms are not the same. Decreasing electron temperature or plasma generation rate will weaken the electric field intensity in the plasma sheath near the ion source wall. This effect will weaken the radial accelerating capabilities of ions. Increasing the kinetic energy of a certain component ion will cause the total velocity of this component ion deflection from radial to axial direction. Compared with Ti2+, the flow and expansion characteristics of D+ are more sensitive to ion source parameters. The ion extraction efficiency of D+ is notably lower than Ti2+. In the steady phase, there is no ion-acceleration in the axial direction. Ion-acceleration occurs only in the radial direction. The two different radial ion-acceleration mechanisms are theoretically analyzed. One is sheath acceleration; ions are radially accelerated by the electric field formed by the sheath near the ion source wall. The other one is expansion acceleration, ions are radially accelerated by the electric field formed by the gradient of electron density in the expansion cup. The theoretical results well verify the simulated results.
{"title":"Particle-in-Cell Investigation on the Influences of Ion Source Parameters on Flow and Expansion Characteristics of Deuterium-Titanium Ions","authors":"Ye Dong;Qianhong Zhou;Wenyuan Yang;Qiang Sun;Wei Yang;Zhiwei Dong","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3458428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3458428","url":null,"abstract":"By using a self-programmed cylindrical coordinate 2-D, three velocity components, particle-in-cell (2D3V-PIC) code, the influences of ion source parameters on the flow, and expansion of deuterium-titanium ions in a vacuum device are investigated. The flow and expansion characteristics of deuterium-titanium ions from the ion source to the expansion cup are influenced by plasma generation rate, electron temperature, and kinetic energy of multicomponention, but hardly influenced by ion proportions. Decreasing electron temperature or plasma generation rate will weaken the radial expansion capabilities of ions. Increasing the kinetic energy of a certain component ion will also weaken the radial expansion capabilities of this component ion. But, the influence mechanisms are not the same. Decreasing electron temperature or plasma generation rate will weaken the electric field intensity in the plasma sheath near the ion source wall. This effect will weaken the radial accelerating capabilities of ions. Increasing the kinetic energy of a certain component ion will cause the total velocity of this component ion deflection from radial to axial direction. Compared with Ti2+, the flow and expansion characteristics of D+ are more sensitive to ion source parameters. The ion extraction efficiency of D+ is notably lower than Ti2+. In the steady phase, there is no ion-acceleration in the axial direction. Ion-acceleration occurs only in the radial direction. The two different radial ion-acceleration mechanisms are theoretically analyzed. One is sheath acceleration; ions are radially accelerated by the electric field formed by the sheath near the ion source wall. The other one is expansion acceleration, ions are radially accelerated by the electric field formed by the gradient of electron density in the expansion cup. The theoretical results well verify the simulated results.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3370-3380"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasma technology has recently been applied in various fields. In agricultural applications, plasma-activated organic fertilizer (PAOF) is a promising alternative. In this study, the spent coffee grounds (SCGs) was activated by using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with argon/air as the treating gas, which was called plasma-activated coffee grounds solution (PACs). In addition, alkali was added to shift pH from acidic to neutral, enhancing nitrate concentration in PACs. Nitrate levels increased significantly, reaching 66 times that of nonplasma-treated solution. High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analysis revealed amino acid decomposition by alkali and their participation in reactions with reactive species in PACs. The sufficient nitrate concentration and appropriate pH value exhibit advantages of PACs with the addition of alkali, showing great potential as a novel fertilizer in agriculture fields.
{"title":"The Effect of KOH Addition on Nitrate Formation in Plasma-Activated Coffee Ground Solution","authors":"Shao-Hsuan Chin;Yuan-Tai Lai;Sheng-Yu Hsu;Po-Yu Chen;Jenq-Gong Duh","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3431016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3431016","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma technology has recently been applied in various fields. In agricultural applications, plasma-activated organic fertilizer (PAOF) is a promising alternative. In this study, the spent coffee grounds (SCGs) was activated by using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with argon/air as the treating gas, which was called plasma-activated coffee grounds solution (PACs). In addition, alkali was added to shift pH from acidic to neutral, enhancing nitrate concentration in PACs. Nitrate levels increased significantly, reaching 66 times that of nonplasma-treated solution. High-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analysis revealed amino acid decomposition by alkali and their participation in reactions with reactive species in PACs. The sufficient nitrate concentration and appropriate pH value exhibit advantages of PACs with the addition of alkali, showing great potential as a novel fertilizer in agriculture fields.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3145-3152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3443150
Delin Zeng;Junyong Lu
As a special nonperiodic transient system, the electromagnetic launch system realizes the conversion of ultrahigh power of energy in a few seconds, which is harmful when the system fails. It is urgent to study the online fault diagnosis method of the system to stop the launch in time. Fault diagnosis based on online detection of abnormal waveform of time series in launch period is an important direction to solve the problems. Compared with traditional waveforms anomaly detection, the time series data points of electromagnetic launch system are very large, the time distortion is serious, and the abnormal waveform characteristics are not obvious. Therefore, the traditional methods can not realize online anomaly detection and location. This article analyzes the characteristics of electromagnetic launch time series and proposes a novel named FWSSP-TSAD anomaly detection method. To verify the performance of the proposed method, multiple discharge tests were conducted based on an electromagnetic launch system, and the obtained PFN voltage time series dataset was used as an algorithm input. The results show that the proposed algorithm accurately identifies all abnormal waveforms and extracts all abnormal sub waveforms, achieving fault diagnosis and localization. The average calculation time is less than the window time, which meets the requirements of online fault diagnosis.
{"title":"Online Fault Diagnosis of Electromagnetic Launch System via Time Series Anomaly Detection","authors":"Delin Zeng;Junyong Lu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3443150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3443150","url":null,"abstract":"As a special nonperiodic transient system, the electromagnetic launch system realizes the conversion of ultrahigh power of energy in a few seconds, which is harmful when the system fails. It is urgent to study the online fault diagnosis method of the system to stop the launch in time. Fault diagnosis based on online detection of abnormal waveform of time series in launch period is an important direction to solve the problems. Compared with traditional waveforms anomaly detection, the time series data points of electromagnetic launch system are very large, the time distortion is serious, and the abnormal waveform characteristics are not obvious. Therefore, the traditional methods can not realize online anomaly detection and location. This article analyzes the characteristics of electromagnetic launch time series and proposes a novel named FWSSP-TSAD anomaly detection method. To verify the performance of the proposed method, multiple discharge tests were conducted based on an electromagnetic launch system, and the obtained PFN voltage time series dataset was used as an algorithm input. The results show that the proposed algorithm accurately identifies all abnormal waveforms and extracts all abnormal sub waveforms, achieving fault diagnosis and localization. The average calculation time is less than the window time, which meets the requirements of online fault diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 8","pages":"3285-3293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3454816
Sunidhi Singla;Geetika Slathia;Rajneet Kaur;N. S. Saini
In this investigation, the formation of kinetic Alfvén (KA) solitons in nonthermal electron-positron–ion (e-p-i) plasma has been illustrated. The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is derived by using the reductive perturbation technique. Further, the inclusion of higher order (HO) such as nonlinear and dispersion effects and inhomogeneous KdV-type equation is derived. Only positive potential KA wave (KAW) solitons are evolved in the given plasma environment. The influence of plasma beta, positron density, and nonthermality of electrons and positrons has been analyzed to study the characteristics of KAW solitons. The combined impact of density, nonthermality of electrons, as well as positrons has vastly modified the characteristics of solitons as well as dressed KAW solitons. This investigation may have applications for particle acceleration and energy transportation in interstellar medium where nonthermal electron and positron pairs exist.
{"title":"Higher Order Corrections to Kinetic Alfvén Waves in Nonthermal Plasma","authors":"Sunidhi Singla;Geetika Slathia;Rajneet Kaur;N. S. Saini","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2024.3454816","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, the formation of kinetic Alfvén (KA) solitons in nonthermal electron-positron–ion (e-p-i) plasma has been illustrated. The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is derived by using the reductive perturbation technique. Further, the inclusion of higher order (HO) such as nonlinear and dispersion effects and inhomogeneous KdV-type equation is derived. Only positive potential KA wave (KAW) solitons are evolved in the given plasma environment. The influence of plasma beta, positron density, and nonthermality of electrons and positrons has been analyzed to study the characteristics of KAW solitons. The combined impact of density, nonthermality of electrons, as well as positrons has vastly modified the characteristics of solitons as well as dressed KAW solitons. This investigation may have applications for particle acceleration and energy transportation in interstellar medium where nonthermal electron and positron pairs exist.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2460-2466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3454996
Aleksandr S. Klimov;Ilya Yu Bakeev;Ebroem Joel-Eric Dagri;Anna V. Dolgova;Efim M. Oks;Aleksey A. Zenin
We show that the use of a two-stage discharge system—an extended hollow-cathode main discharge system with an auxiliary hollow-cathode discharge system mounted on the ends of the main discharge region—extends the operating pressure range toward a lower pressure range, down to 0.1 Pa. We have measured the electron flux from the auxiliary discharge cells to the hollow cathode of the main discharge as a function of operating gas pressure and the gas species and determined the dependence of main discharge ignition voltage on auxiliary discharge current. In the extended operating pressure range of 0.1–20 Pa, the source is capable of generating ribbon electron beams ( $20times 2$ cm2) at an electron energy of 5 keV and a current density of 10 mA/cm2, while the nonuniformity along the length of the beam is less than 10%.
{"title":"Extending the Operating Pressure Range of a Forevacuum-Pressure Plasma-Cathode Ribbon Electron Beam Source","authors":"Aleksandr S. Klimov;Ilya Yu Bakeev;Ebroem Joel-Eric Dagri;Anna V. Dolgova;Efim M. Oks;Aleksey A. Zenin","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454996","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454996","url":null,"abstract":"We show that the use of a two-stage discharge system—an extended hollow-cathode main discharge system with an auxiliary hollow-cathode discharge system mounted on the ends of the main discharge region—extends the operating pressure range toward a lower pressure range, down to 0.1 Pa. We have measured the electron flux from the auxiliary discharge cells to the hollow cathode of the main discharge as a function of operating gas pressure and the gas species and determined the dependence of main discharge ignition voltage on auxiliary discharge current. In the extended operating pressure range of 0.1–20 Pa, the source is capable of generating ribbon electron beams (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 cm2) at an electron energy of 5 keV and a current density of 10 mA/cm2, while the nonuniformity along the length of the beam is less than 10%.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2786-2791"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3450546
Chien-Cheng Jen;Jang-Hsing Hsieh;Weite Wu
The purpose of this study was to investigate the dissociation rate and efficiency of carbon dioxide (CO2) using Ar atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) at room temperature. Various process parameters, including CO2 flow rate, pulse frequency, and peak voltage, were used to study, under which the plasma characteristics, mainly electron temperature ( $T_{e}$ ), electron density ( $n_{e}$ ), and the intensity ratio of CO to CO2 ( $I_{mathrm {CO}}$ / $I_{mathrm {CO}2}$ ), were evaluated and correlated to the results of the dissociation rate and efficiency of CO2. The plasmas were characterized using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In the experiment, the plasma consisted of Ar (10 slm) and CO2 (6, 9, 12, and 15 sccm). The pulse frequencies were 13.16 and 16.67 kHz, and the peak voltages of the square wave were 9, 9.5, and 10 kV. In the measurement and numerical analysis, the dissociation rate and efficiency of CO2 were measured by a newly developed way, which used a CO2 chemical sensor. The results show that the increase in CO2 flow rate would cause a decrease in plasma density due to high breakdown voltage of CO2 gas, which is not conducive to the formation of plasma. As a result, the CO2 dissociation rate and efficiency would also decrease. With the increase of pulse frequency, $n_{e}$ would be enhanced to promote more Ar atoms to be excited or ionized. These results would be advantageous toward improving the dissociation rate of CO2. According to the results obtained from $I_{mathrm {CO}}$ / $I_{mathrm {CO}2}$ ratio analysis, the trends were consistent with those measured and calculated dissociation efficiency and rate. To summarize, it can be concluded that the highest CO2 dissociation rate could be obtained at a low CO2 flow rate, high pulse frequency, and high peak voltage. The highest average dissociation efficiency obtained here was 67.71%, while the highest average dissociation rate was 0.48 g/h. This was obtained when the CO2 input was 6 sccm with a pulse frequency of 16.67 kHz and a peak voltage of 10 kV.
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