Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3454114
Yuxin Hao;Hao Zhou;Song Qiu;Che Xu;Qingxiang Liu
The stacked Blumlein pulse generator (SBPG), famed for its exceptional voltage efficiency, represents a leading technological approach among direct-drive high-power microwave (HPM) drivers. This article presents a novel inner-isolated all solid-state SBPG (IISBPG), blending the advantages of SBPG topology and semiconductor switches. It thoroughly resolves high-voltage driver isolation issue, extending the application range of insulate-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based SBPG. The presented IISBPG incorporates pulsed power bricks and isolation bricks. The pulsed power brick, consisting of a two-stage pulse forming network (PFN) and IGBT arrays, generates a high-voltage pulse of 10 kV. The isolation brick, equipped with common mode (CM) inductors and optical components, is used to alter the charging and discharging circuits and trigger the switch. A 90-stage IISBPG was constructed and tested. The results show that pulses can be superimposed to reach 432 kV, with a stable output current of 720 A.
{"title":"Development of a 90-Stage Inner-Isolated All Solid-State Stacked Blumlein Pulse Generator","authors":"Yuxin Hao;Hao Zhou;Song Qiu;Che Xu;Qingxiang Liu","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454114","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454114","url":null,"abstract":"The stacked Blumlein pulse generator (SBPG), famed for its exceptional voltage efficiency, represents a leading technological approach among direct-drive high-power microwave (HPM) drivers. This article presents a novel inner-isolated all solid-state SBPG (IISBPG), blending the advantages of SBPG topology and semiconductor switches. It thoroughly resolves high-voltage driver isolation issue, extending the application range of insulate-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based SBPG. The presented IISBPG incorporates pulsed power bricks and isolation bricks. The pulsed power brick, consisting of a two-stage pulse forming network (PFN) and IGBT arrays, generates a high-voltage pulse of 10 kV. The isolation brick, equipped with common mode (CM) inductors and optical components, is used to alter the charging and discharging circuits and trigger the switch. A 90-stage IISBPG was constructed and tested. The results show that pulses can be superimposed to reach 432 kV, with a stable output current of 720 A.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2959-2964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3418611
Zhiwei Chang;Wenli Shang;Zhong Cao;Guoxiang Shu;Yanyan Tian;Wenlong He
A Ka-band single-stage extended interaction circuit capable of multimode amplification is studied to overcome the bandwidth limitation of the conventional extended interaction circuits with single-mode amplification. High-frequency features, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, and experimental study related to the multimode amplification are presented. The feasibility of the multimode amplification is indicated in the high-frequency simulation; a −3-dB bandwidth of more than 600 MHz (1.80% relative −3-dB bandwidth) using multiple operating modes is predicted by the PIC simulation; reflection and transmission features are verified by the experimental study. Furthermore, the high-order modes and the structural parameter sensitivity are analyzed.
{"title":"A Single-Stage Multimode Extended Interaction Circuit","authors":"Zhiwei Chang;Wenli Shang;Zhong Cao;Guoxiang Shu;Yanyan Tian;Wenlong He","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3418611","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3418611","url":null,"abstract":"A Ka-band single-stage extended interaction circuit capable of multimode amplification is studied to overcome the bandwidth limitation of the conventional extended interaction circuits with single-mode amplification. High-frequency features, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation, and experimental study related to the multimode amplification are presented. The feasibility of the multimode amplification is indicated in the high-frequency simulation; a −3-dB bandwidth of more than 600 MHz (1.80% relative −3-dB bandwidth) using multiple operating modes is predicted by the PIC simulation; reflection and transmission features are verified by the experimental study. Furthermore, the high-order modes and the structural parameter sensitivity are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2686-2691"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1109/tps.2024.3426323
Son N. Quang, Nicholas R. Brown, G. Ivan Maldonado
{"title":"Testing the Activation Analysis for Fusion in OpenMC","authors":"Son N. Quang, Nicholas R. Brown, G. Ivan Maldonado","doi":"10.1109/tps.2024.3426323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2024.3426323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3454347
Anuranjan Kansal;Varun Saxena
The axial secular frequency in a dual-frequency Paul trap has been evaluated using the modified Lindstedt-Poincare method. The ion motion in the presence of two rapidly oscillating frequencies is transformed to a motion under the influence of an effective potential resulting in a Duffing-like equation with contributions from multipole fields, namely, hexapole, octopole, and decapole fields. The resulting equation is asymmetric, and the secular frequency is different for positive and negative amplitudes of the ion motion. The voltage and frequency ratios have a profound influence on the axial secular frequency. The axial secular frequency increases with an increase in the voltage ratio and decreases with an increase in the frequency ratio. The octopole field has the strongest influence on the axial secular frequency for a given voltage and frequency ratio, whereas hexapole field, the least.
{"title":"Weak Multipole Field Effects on Axial Secular Frequency in a Nonlinear Dual-Frequency Paul Trap","authors":"Anuranjan Kansal;Varun Saxena","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454347","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454347","url":null,"abstract":"The axial secular frequency in a dual-frequency Paul trap has been evaluated using the modified Lindstedt-Poincare method. The ion motion in the presence of two rapidly oscillating frequencies is transformed to a motion under the influence of an effective potential resulting in a Duffing-like equation with contributions from multipole fields, namely, hexapole, octopole, and decapole fields. The resulting equation is asymmetric, and the secular frequency is different for positive and negative amplitudes of the ion motion. The voltage and frequency ratios have a profound influence on the axial secular frequency. The axial secular frequency increases with an increase in the voltage ratio and decreases with an increase in the frequency ratio. The octopole field has the strongest influence on the axial secular frequency for a given voltage and frequency ratio, whereas hexapole field, the least.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2668-2675"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Numerical Study of Large Contact Diameter and Gap High Current Vacuum Arc","authors":"Xiaolong Huang, Shuangwei Zhao, Huikai Xu, Jiayi Song, Haibo Su, Wenjun Ning, Lihua Zhao, Shenli Jia","doi":"10.1109/tps.2024.3398710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tps.2024.3398710","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, an electrical device was proposed to generate and electrically characterize plasmas of nanosecond dielectric barrier discharges (nsDBDs) for biological samples exposure. The influence of biological solution contained in Petri dish on the discharge characteristics was studied under exposure conditions. The solution surface operated as a counter electrode directly in contact with the discharge plasma and was considered in both classical floating or grounded configurations. The device also allowed large-bandwidth voltage and current measurements assessments. An electrical model of the discharge cell including the Petri dish was developed to electrically characterize the discharge under biological exposure conditions. The discharge current, the dynamic resistance of the discharge, and the energy deposited in the discharge were determined. Circuit simulations supported and completed the experiments.
{"title":"Nanosecond Dielectric Barrier Discharge (nsDBD) Device Characterization in In Vitro Biomedical Exposure Conditions","authors":"Delphine Bessieres;Delia Arnaud-Cormos;Philippe Leveque;Jean Paillol","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454361","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3454361","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an electrical device was proposed to generate and electrically characterize plasmas of nanosecond dielectric barrier discharges (nsDBDs) for biological samples exposure. The influence of biological solution contained in Petri dish on the discharge characteristics was studied under exposure conditions. The solution surface operated as a counter electrode directly in contact with the discharge plasma and was considered in both classical floating or grounded configurations. The device also allowed large-bandwidth voltage and current measurements assessments. An electrical model of the discharge cell including the Petri dish was developed to electrically characterize the discharge under biological exposure conditions. The discharge current, the dynamic resistance of the discharge, and the energy deposited in the discharge were determined. Circuit simulations supported and completed the experiments.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2800-2808"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The propagation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through an under dense plasma slab with uniform electron density is studied. The reflection and transmission coefficients of electromagnetic waves through the plasma slab are complex in nature and sensitive to slab thickness, angle of incidence, and plasma frequency. A phase shift is created in the transmitted wave, and the desired phase shift can be achieved by varying the slab thickness, plasma frequency, or angle of incidence.
{"title":"Reflection, Transmission, and Phase Shifting of Electromagnetic Waves Using a Plasma Slab","authors":"Shivangi Parashar;Shobhit Verma;Brijmohan Maheshwari","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3408452","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3408452","url":null,"abstract":"The propagation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through an under dense plasma slab with uniform electron density is studied. The reflection and transmission coefficients of electromagnetic waves through the plasma slab are complex in nature and sensitive to slab thickness, angle of incidence, and plasma frequency. A phase shift is created in the transmitted wave, and the desired phase shift can be achieved by varying the slab thickness, plasma frequency, or angle of incidence.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2438-2443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, a new bunching method, which was inspired by the kladistron technology, is proposed to enable high-efficiency operation of klystrons in high-frequency bands. This new bunching method combines the kladistron principle and the extended interaction klystron (EIK), and a G-band klystron based on it is designed to verify the new bunching method. Based on the same unit cell, an EIK and a klystron based on kladistron principle are designed for comparison. With a beam current of 0.6 A and a voltage of 18.8 kV, the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) results show a maximum output power of 644.41 W and an electron efficiency of 5.71%, which is higher than the EIK (533.66 W and 4.73%) and the klystron based on kladistron principle (554.45 W and 4.92%). The output cavity was optimized by adjusting the positions of the coupling holes and velocity tapering, resulting in a saturated output power of 712.15 W and an electron efficiency of 6.31%.
{"title":"Exploration of a High-Efficiency G -Band Klystron Combined With Multigap Cavity and Kladistron Principles","authors":"Zhenting Zheng;Zhigang Lu;Peng Gao;Jingrui Duan;Xiaofan Gui;Zheng Chang;Zhanliang Wang;Yuan Zheng;Huarong Gong;Shaomeng Wang;Yubin Gong","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3453969","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3453969","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a new bunching method, which was inspired by the kladistron technology, is proposed to enable high-efficiency operation of klystrons in high-frequency bands. This new bunching method combines the kladistron principle and the extended interaction klystron (EIK), and a G-band klystron based on it is designed to verify the new bunching method. Based on the same unit cell, an EIK and a klystron based on kladistron principle are designed for comparison. With a beam current of 0.6 A and a voltage of 18.8 kV, the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) results show a maximum output power of 644.41 W and an electron efficiency of 5.71%, which is higher than the EIK (533.66 W and 4.73%) and the klystron based on kladistron principle (554.45 W and 4.92%). The output cavity was optimized by adjusting the positions of the coupling holes and velocity tapering, resulting in a saturated output power of 712.15 W and an electron efficiency of 6.31%.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"3021-3028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2024.3412936
Xiao-Jing Zhang;Fang-Ping Wang;Wen-Shan Duan
Previous studies on the dynamics of charged particles in an asymmetric magnetic mirror mainly used a 2-D model. However, using a 2-D model to study the confinement of charged particles in an asymmetric mirror may lack validity. This article addresses this limitation using the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The dependence of the confinement time of an electron beam in a bent trap with a magnetic mirror on various beam parameters is presented, including initial electron number density, electron temperature, initial beam speed, and initial beam velocity direction. Two types of oscillations of the electrons in the magnetic mirror are revealed from the presented 3-D trajectories: Larmor cyclotron oscillation and reciprocal reflection between coils. The presented results have potential applications in designing more efficient magnetic mirrors to confine electrons and other charged particles.
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Simulation of Electron Beam Motion in Bent Trap With Magnetic Mirrors","authors":"Xiao-Jing Zhang;Fang-Ping Wang;Wen-Shan Duan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3412936","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3412936","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies on the dynamics of charged particles in an asymmetric magnetic mirror mainly used a 2-D model. However, using a 2-D model to study the confinement of charged particles in an asymmetric mirror may lack validity. This article addresses this limitation using the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) method. The dependence of the confinement time of an electron beam in a bent trap with a magnetic mirror on various beam parameters is presented, including initial electron number density, electron temperature, initial beam speed, and initial beam velocity direction. Two types of oscillations of the electrons in the magnetic mirror are revealed from the presented 3-D trajectories: Larmor cyclotron oscillation and reciprocal reflection between coils. The presented results have potential applications in designing more efficient magnetic mirrors to confine electrons and other charged particles.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2770-2777"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The electron gun, as a critical device for emitting high-speed electrons, determines the electron beam current and quality in electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). In this article, a tetrode electron gun with a control electrode is designed to improve the quality and controllability of the electron beam. The control electrode, optimized by parametric simulation, provides secondary confinement of the electron beam. This confinement aims to reduce the beam spot size and emittance while decoupling spot size from the current. Specifically, the maximum attainable current reaches 200 mA, while the beam waist radius contracts to a mere 1.09 mm. The normalized emittance, a crucial parameter, measures at $1.536times 10^{-{7}}~text {m}cdot text {rad}$ . Furthermore, stability analysis of the electron gun explores the influence of electrode potential on its performance. By co-regulating the bias voltage and the control voltage, the electron beam current can smoothly rise to 200 mA while maintaining the beam spot radius of 2 mm. This article indicates the tetrode electron gun’s potential for precise control, thereby improving the quality and precision of high melting point alloy additive manufacturing processes.
{"title":"Electrostatic Design of a Tunable Tetrode Electron Gun for Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Device","authors":"Zhenyi Zhang;Zijian Zhou;Keyan Sheng;Haozhe Li;Mianzhi Xiong;Jiangrui Xing;Chunjiang Lin;Jiang Huang","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3449088","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPS.2024.3449088","url":null,"abstract":"The electron gun, as a critical device for emitting high-speed electrons, determines the electron beam current and quality in electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). In this article, a tetrode electron gun with a control electrode is designed to improve the quality and controllability of the electron beam. The control electrode, optimized by parametric simulation, provides secondary confinement of the electron beam. This confinement aims to reduce the beam spot size and emittance while decoupling spot size from the current. Specifically, the maximum attainable current reaches 200 mA, while the beam waist radius contracts to a mere 1.09 mm. The normalized emittance, a crucial parameter, measures at \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.536times 10^{-{7}}~text {m}cdot text {rad}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Furthermore, stability analysis of the electron gun explores the influence of electrode potential on its performance. By co-regulating the bias voltage and the control voltage, the electron beam current can smoothly rise to 200 mA while maintaining the beam spot radius of 2 mm. This article indicates the tetrode electron gun’s potential for precise control, thereby improving the quality and precision of high melting point alloy additive manufacturing processes.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"52 7","pages":"2760-2765"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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