The early detection of urea in urine is crucial for identifying the proper function of the human kidneys. This detection necessitates a sensing platform that will be efficient, cost effective and accurate. Therefore, this article presents a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, which is a label-free and real-time applicable device, employing the copper gallium sulfide (${text {CuGaS}}_{2}$ ), mercury gallium sulfide (${text {HgGa}}_{2}text {S}_{4}$ ) and 2-D materials. The Kretschmann configuration is used to design the K108 prism-based SPR sensor to acquire the benefits of surface plasmon excitation. To analyze the sensor’s performance, the transfer matrix method (TMM) is utilized along with the angular interrogation technique at a wavelength of 633 nm. The urea concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, and $2.5mathbf {g}/{mathbf {dL}}$ are considered for the detection process. Results confirm that the highest accomplished performances are a sensitivity of 512.5°/RIU, a quality factor (QF) of $162.17~{text {RIU}}^{-1}$ , a detection accuracy (DA) of 0.648, a figure of merit (FoM) of $107.171~{text {RIU}}^{-1}$ and a combined sensitivity factor of 104.622. Moreover, the comparative study also demonstrates that the proposed sensor provides a significant improvement compared to the existing sensors. Finally, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation results of the proposed sensor is shown at the end.
{"title":"Label-Free Copper Gallium Sulfide- and Mercury Gallium Sulfide-Based Plasmonic Nanobiosensor for Urea Detection in Urine Samples","authors":"Sandeep Boddu;Yesudasu Vasimalla;Ragini Singh;Sahiti Vankayalapati;Sourabh Jain;Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3614683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3614683","url":null,"abstract":"The early detection of urea in urine is crucial for identifying the proper function of the human kidneys. This detection necessitates a sensing platform that will be efficient, cost effective and accurate. Therefore, this article presents a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, which is a label-free and real-time applicable device, employing the copper gallium sulfide (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${text {CuGaS}}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), mercury gallium sulfide (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${text {HgGa}}_{2}text {S}_{4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and 2-D materials. The Kretschmann configuration is used to design the K108 prism-based SPR sensor to acquire the benefits of surface plasmon excitation. To analyze the sensor’s performance, the transfer matrix method (TMM) is utilized along with the angular interrogation technique at a wavelength of 633 nm. The urea concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.5mathbf {g}/{mathbf {dL}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are considered for the detection process. Results confirm that the highest accomplished performances are a sensitivity of 512.5°/RIU, a quality factor (QF) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$162.17~{text {RIU}}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, a detection accuracy (DA) of 0.648, a figure of merit (FoM) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$107.171~{text {RIU}}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a combined sensitivity factor of 104.622. Moreover, the comparative study also demonstrates that the proposed sensor provides a significant improvement compared to the existing sensors. Finally, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation results of the proposed sensor is shown at the end.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 12","pages":"3910-3917"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145754234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3619884
Frank Hegeler;Brent Piercy;Brian Adolf;Matt Forkin;Rustin Jensen;John D. Sethian;Anthony E. Robson;George V. Dowhan;Haden Cory;Richard L. Cairns;Matthew C. Myers
The Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF) was built to explore the initiation and stability of a Z-pinch with a cryogenically cooled deuterium fiber. The ZIF pulsed power system includes a 12-stage Marx that charges a water pulse forming line (PFL) to ~1 MV, with a two-way transit time of 64 ns. A laser-triggered $SF_{mathbf {6}}$ switch transfers the energy into a second, lower impedance water PFL. An axial Z-stack insulator separates the water PFL from the vacuum Z-pinch load. Voltage and current waveforms are presented with a 0.5 in (12.7 mm) diameter electrical short used as a system calibration load. This article is one of four papers written about ZIF. The other papers concentrate on the optical diagnostics for the Z-pinch, the Z-pinch simulations, and a summary paper on the Z-pinch experimental results. An archive of all results and mechanical drawings will be made available to the public in 2026.
{"title":"The Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF)–A Description of the Pulsed Power System and the Frozen Deuterium Fiber Maker","authors":"Frank Hegeler;Brent Piercy;Brian Adolf;Matt Forkin;Rustin Jensen;John D. Sethian;Anthony E. Robson;George V. Dowhan;Haden Cory;Richard L. Cairns;Matthew C. Myers","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3619884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3619884","url":null,"abstract":"The Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF) was built to explore the initiation and stability of a Z-pinch with a cryogenically cooled deuterium fiber. The ZIF pulsed power system includes a 12-stage Marx that charges a water pulse forming line (PFL) to ~1 MV, with a two-way transit time of 64 ns. A laser-triggered <inline-formula> <tex-math>$SF_{mathbf {6}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> switch transfers the energy into a second, lower impedance water PFL. An axial Z-stack insulator separates the water PFL from the vacuum Z-pinch load. Voltage and current waveforms are presented with a 0.5 in (12.7 mm) diameter electrical short used as a system calibration load. This article is one of four papers written about ZIF. The other papers concentrate on the optical diagnostics for the Z-pinch, the Z-pinch simulations, and a summary paper on the Z-pinch experimental results. An archive of all results and mechanical drawings will be made available to the public in 2026.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3453-3461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11220228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3619594
Gang Xu;Baoming Li
Accurate acquisition of the rail inductance gradient is critical to the design of electromagnetic launch systems. To address the inefficiency of finite element analysis (FEA) and limitations of analytical methods in calculating inductance gradient for convex electromagnetic launcher rails, this article proposed a new modeling approach using image-domain convolutional neural network (CNN). By directly extracting spatial electromagnetic features from rail cross section images, it overcomes the challenges in geometric parameterization and achieves high-precision prediction with minimal training data. A CNN mapping model (input: rail cross section images; output: inductance gradient values) was trained on merely 125 FEA-generated samples with K-fold cross-validation suppressing overfitting. The performance was benchmarked against back propagation (BP) neural network. The model achieved: 1) test-set $R^{2} =0.9699$ and MAPE = 0.42%; 2) maximum out-of-sample error <1.1%; and 3) 93.8% error reduction compared with BP networks (MAPE = 6.81%). This methodology significantly reduced the reliance on costly and time-consuming FEA simulations for obtaining massive amounts of training data, providing new tools for the design and optimization of electromagnetic railguns.
{"title":"Image-Driven Inductance Gradient Prediction for Convex Electromagnetic Launcher Rails Using Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Gang Xu;Baoming Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3619594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3619594","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate acquisition of the rail inductance gradient is critical to the design of electromagnetic launch systems. To address the inefficiency of finite element analysis (FEA) and limitations of analytical methods in calculating inductance gradient for convex electromagnetic launcher rails, this article proposed a new modeling approach using image-domain convolutional neural network (CNN). By directly extracting spatial electromagnetic features from rail cross section images, it overcomes the challenges in geometric parameterization and achieves high-precision prediction with minimal training data. A CNN mapping model (input: rail cross section images; output: inductance gradient values) was trained on merely 125 FEA-generated samples with K-fold cross-validation suppressing overfitting. The performance was benchmarked against back propagation (BP) neural network. The model achieved: 1) test-set <inline-formula> <tex-math>$R^{2} =0.9699$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and MAPE = 0.42%; 2) maximum out-of-sample error <1.1%; and 3) 93.8% error reduction compared with BP networks (MAPE = 6.81%). This methodology significantly reduced the reliance on costly and time-consuming FEA simulations for obtaining massive amounts of training data, providing new tools for the design and optimization of electromagnetic railguns.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3581-3587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ASELSAN Inc. has been working on electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) since 2014. The last prototype has a $50times 60$ mm convex bore with a length of 6 m. The barrel design of an EML is important for high efficiency. One of the most important features of the barrel is the armature geometry. In this study, the shape of the armature of an EML, EMFY-4 launcher developed by ASELSAN Inc., with an experimental current waveform, is optimized. A multiobjective optimization study is conducted to get a minimum armature mass (i.e., to minimize parasitic mass and to maximize system efficiency) and to minimize the current density ripple on the saddle line (CDRSL) (i.e., to obtain homogeneous current density), including a minimum armature cross-sectional area constraint, which depends on the specific action value of the armature material. The armature parametric model is built within a 3-D finite-element environment, while the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is employed within a numeric computing environment. These two software tools are integrated to achieve the optimal armature shape. Also, the effect of the contact resistance is investigated on the optimum armature, and it is observed that the contact resistance causes a more homogeneous current density in the armature–rail contact region. A 262-g armature is found to be the optimum and gives a more homogeneous current density distribution. The optimized armature reduces the mass by 12.6% and decreases CDRSL by 50.6%.
{"title":"Static Armature Shape Optimization for Electromagnetic Launchers Considering Specific Action","authors":"Görkem Gülletutan;Nail Tosun;Mustafa Karagöz;Baran Yıldırım;Zeynep Çöklü;Ozan Keysan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3619078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3619078","url":null,"abstract":"ASELSAN Inc. has been working on electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) since 2014. The last prototype has a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50times 60$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm convex bore with a length of 6 m. The barrel design of an EML is important for high efficiency. One of the most important features of the barrel is the armature geometry. In this study, the shape of the armature of an EML, EMFY-4 launcher developed by ASELSAN Inc., with an experimental current waveform, is optimized. A multiobjective optimization study is conducted to get a minimum armature mass (i.e., to minimize parasitic mass and to maximize system efficiency) and to minimize the current density ripple on the saddle line (CDRSL) (i.e., to obtain homogeneous current density), including a minimum armature cross-sectional area constraint, which depends on the specific action value of the armature material. The armature parametric model is built within a 3-D finite-element environment, while the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is employed within a numeric computing environment. These two software tools are integrated to achieve the optimal armature shape. Also, the effect of the contact resistance is investigated on the optimum armature, and it is observed that the contact resistance causes a more homogeneous current density in the armature–rail contact region. A 262-g armature is found to be the optimum and gives a more homogeneous current density distribution. The optimized armature reduces the mass by 12.6% and decreases CDRSL by 50.6%.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3544-3553"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3621706
Lev A. Yurovskiy;Naum S. Ginzburg
This article suggest the method to enhance the intensity of terahertz (THz) super-radiance pulses (SR) obtained through the laser pulse backscattering on relativistic electron beams with frequency down-conversion by introducing an external resonator for both THz SR and laser pulses. Due to the reflection from the resonator mirrors, the process of generation will continue on the subsequent passes when both pump and scattered pulses intersect with electron beam. Such scheme with multiple backscattering allows increasing the peak power of the generated SR pulses, as well as its transformation into the periodic sequence. It has been shown that when $1~mu $ m laser pulse with energy of 3 kJ is repeatedly backscattering on 2 MeV/2 kA electron beam, it is possible to generate the periodic sequence of 3 THz SR pulses, with peak power about 2 MW and a duration of about 20 ps.
{"title":"Laser Pulse Multiple Backscattering on Relativistic Electron Beam for Generation of Sequence of Terahertz Pulses With Enhanced Intensity","authors":"Lev A. Yurovskiy;Naum S. Ginzburg","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3621706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3621706","url":null,"abstract":"This article suggest the method to enhance the intensity of terahertz (THz) super-radiance pulses (SR) obtained through the laser pulse backscattering on relativistic electron beams with frequency down-conversion by introducing an external resonator for both THz SR and laser pulses. Due to the reflection from the resonator mirrors, the process of generation will continue on the subsequent passes when both pump and scattered pulses intersect with electron beam. Such scheme with multiple backscattering allows increasing the peak power of the generated SR pulses, as well as its transformation into the periodic sequence. It has been shown that when <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m laser pulse with energy of 3 kJ is repeatedly backscattering on 2 MeV/2 kA electron beam, it is possible to generate the periodic sequence of 3 THz SR pulses, with peak power about 2 MW and a duration of about 20 ps.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3603-3607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3618709
Patibandla Anilkumar;Shaomeng Wang;Udayabhaskararao Thumu;Yubin Gong
The growing demand for terahertz (THz) traveling wave tubes (TWTs) in advanced applications has driven the design and simulation of a modified blended staggered double-vane slow wave structure (MBSDV-SWS) operating at 1.002 THz. The optimized design achieves an improved beam-RF coupling with 0.32–0.24 normalized phase velocity and $1.53~Omega $ interaction impedance, while demonstrating the notable 30 GHz bandwidth with reflection coefficient (S11) under −10 dB at 1–1.03 THz despite conductive losses when transmission coefficient S21 is −50 dB. Under 23.7 kV beam voltage, 20.8 mA current, and 3 mW input power, the device delivers 2.94 W output power with 29.91 dB gain and 0.6% electronic efficiency. Thermal simulations confirm water cooling (2000 W/m${}^{2}cdot text {K}$ ) maintains safe operation below 420 K, establishing this MBSDV-SWS as a promising solution for high-performance THz vacuum electronics.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Modified Blended Staggered Double Vane Slow Wave Structure for 1 THz Traveling Wave Tube","authors":"Patibandla Anilkumar;Shaomeng Wang;Udayabhaskararao Thumu;Yubin Gong","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3618709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3618709","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for terahertz (THz) traveling wave tubes (TWTs) in advanced applications has driven the design and simulation of a modified blended staggered double-vane slow wave structure (MBSDV-SWS) operating at 1.002 THz. The optimized design achieves an improved beam-RF coupling with 0.32–0.24 normalized phase velocity and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.53~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> interaction impedance, while demonstrating the notable 30 GHz bandwidth with reflection coefficient (S11) under −10 dB at 1–1.03 THz despite conductive losses when transmission coefficient S21 is −50 dB. Under 23.7 kV beam voltage, 20.8 mA current, and 3 mW input power, the device delivers 2.94 W output power with 29.91 dB gain and 0.6% electronic efficiency. Thermal simulations confirm water cooling (2000 W/m<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{2}cdot text {K}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) maintains safe operation below 420 K, establishing this MBSDV-SWS as a promising solution for high-performance THz vacuum electronics.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3608-3616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3617125
Boris E. Fridman;Michail V. Karpishin;Yuriy L. Kryukov;Maksim V. Medvedev;Nikolay E. Nechaev;Roman A. Serebrov;Dmitriy B. Stepanov
Transmission lines from 15-m to 25-m long are intended to connect capacitor cells of 6 kV, 36 kJ with load. The lines shall transmit the packets of cell discharge current pulses with an amplitude up to 100 kA and with a repetition rate of 1 Hz within 20 min. The transmission line in the cell serves as an inductor which limits the discharge current, transforms the energy released at the discharge of capacitors into magnetic field energy, and then, after a crowbar diodes are switched on, transmits the magnetic field energy to the load. This article presents the transmission line design and the results of calculations and experimental study of electrical and thermal parameters of the transmission line operating in the conditions of sharp skin effect. It also describes the techniques used to align the inductances of the transmission lines with various lengths of several capacitor cells operating into the total load, the estimations of the forces acting between the line wires, and the requirements for the tightening elements of the transmission line.
{"title":"Transmission Line of the Capacitor Cell of High Repetition Rate Discharges","authors":"Boris E. Fridman;Michail V. Karpishin;Yuriy L. Kryukov;Maksim V. Medvedev;Nikolay E. Nechaev;Roman A. Serebrov;Dmitriy B. Stepanov","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3617125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3617125","url":null,"abstract":"Transmission lines from 15-m to 25-m long are intended to connect capacitor cells of 6 kV, 36 kJ with load. The lines shall transmit the packets of cell discharge current pulses with an amplitude up to 100 kA and with a repetition rate of 1 Hz within 20 min. The transmission line in the cell serves as an inductor which limits the discharge current, transforms the energy released at the discharge of capacitors into magnetic field energy, and then, after a crowbar diodes are switched on, transmits the magnetic field energy to the load. This article presents the transmission line design and the results of calculations and experimental study of electrical and thermal parameters of the transmission line operating in the conditions of sharp skin effect. It also describes the techniques used to align the inductances of the transmission lines with various lengths of several capacitor cells operating into the total load, the estimations of the forces acting between the line wires, and the requirements for the tightening elements of the transmission line.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3462-3467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3617350
Xuwen Liang;Wei Zhong;Yuanjie Shi;Ao Xu;Xiang Wan
Electrode erosion is an inevitable mass loss and morphology modification behavior of electrode materials under the action of arc plasma, which is one of the main factors that restricts the reliability and long-term operation efficiency of high-power pulsed devices. The interaction between arc and material plays a key role, especially in the adjacent zone of the electrodes. This work established a numerical model of diffused arc erosion in an atmosphere spark channel and tried to understand how arc plasma results in crater formation and mass loss of electrode material. The model mainly included metal vapor, electron, and background gas, which applied energy flux, pressure on anode, and ion, thermo-field electron are involved at the cathode surface. The electrode material experienced heating, melting, expanding, and finally formed an erosion crater or melting pool. In a diffused spark arc with peak current of 1 kA, current density, energy flux, and pressure at the electrode surface rise sharply in the initial 100 ns, with peak reaching 1E9 A/m2, 1E11 W/m2, and −10 MPa. And subsequently, they all descend quickly and oscillate with the spark current. The results show that the gas ion bombardment plays a dominant role in electrode erosion of atmosphere spark, instead of that played by thermo-field electron in vacuum arc. In two oscillating periods of spark current (about $4~mu $ s), the peak surface electric field at Mo and Cu electrodes could reach 1.1E9 and 1.5E9 V/m, which are slightly below that in the vacuum arc spot. Despite the obvious difference between Mo and Cu material characteristics, the peak temperature that could reach in the atmosphere spark arc is proximate, about 3100 K, far beyond the melting point. Evolution of the melting pool on Mo and Cu electrodes is discussed and crater characteristics are analyzed and confirm the erosion morphology with previous experimental results.
{"title":"Understanding and Modeling of Metal Electrode Erosion in Atmosphere Spark Channel","authors":"Xuwen Liang;Wei Zhong;Yuanjie Shi;Ao Xu;Xiang Wan","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3617350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3617350","url":null,"abstract":"Electrode erosion is an inevitable mass loss and morphology modification behavior of electrode materials under the action of arc plasma, which is one of the main factors that restricts the reliability and long-term operation efficiency of high-power pulsed devices. The interaction between arc and material plays a key role, especially in the adjacent zone of the electrodes. This work established a numerical model of diffused arc erosion in an atmosphere spark channel and tried to understand how arc plasma results in crater formation and mass loss of electrode material. The model mainly included metal vapor, electron, and background gas, which applied energy flux, pressure on anode, and ion, thermo-field electron are involved at the cathode surface. The electrode material experienced heating, melting, expanding, and finally formed an erosion crater or melting pool. In a diffused spark arc with peak current of 1 kA, current density, energy flux, and pressure at the electrode surface rise sharply in the initial 100 ns, with peak reaching 1E9 A/m<sup>2</sup>, 1E11 W/m<sup>2</sup>, and −10 MPa. And subsequently, they all descend quickly and oscillate with the spark current. The results show that the gas ion bombardment plays a dominant role in electrode erosion of atmosphere spark, instead of that played by thermo-field electron in vacuum arc. In two oscillating periods of spark current (about <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s), the peak surface electric field at Mo and Cu electrodes could reach 1.1E9 and 1.5E9 V/m, which are slightly below that in the vacuum arc spot. Despite the obvious difference between Mo and Cu material characteristics, the peak temperature that could reach in the atmosphere spark arc is proximate, about 3100 K, far beyond the melting point. Evolution of the melting pool on Mo and Cu electrodes is discussed and crater characteristics are analyzed and confirm the erosion morphology with previous experimental results.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3625-3632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3615231
Ankit Dhaka;Pintu Bandyopadhyay;P. V. Subhash;Abhijit Sen
The development and commissioning of a new capacitively coupled dusty plasma experimental (CCDPx) device is reported. The plasma discharge of argon gas is produced using a dual-channel radio frequency source. The dusty plasma is produced by the introduction of monodispersive microspheres of melamine formaldehyde in the discharge. The characterization of the plasma is performed using an RF-compensated Langmuir probe. The device features an innovative lower electrode that is capable of creating a variety of potential wells to trap the dust particles in 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D equilibrium configurations. Importantly, the transverse confinement of the particles can be controlled in real time in a continuous and dynamic manner to observe transitions from a 1-D chain to 2-D and 3-D structures. This design feature provides a unique and powerful ability to explore new areas of dusty plasma research related to phase transitions and structural transitions. A detailed description of the design features, diagnostic facilities, and operational characteristics are provided. Preliminary experimental findings of dusty plasmas of differing dimensionalities are presented, and the potential for exploiting the device’s unique facilities for future research is discussed.
{"title":"Capacitively Coupled Dusty Plasma Experimental (CCDPx) Device: A Machine for Studying Multidimensional Complex Plasmas","authors":"Ankit Dhaka;Pintu Bandyopadhyay;P. V. Subhash;Abhijit Sen","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3615231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3615231","url":null,"abstract":"The development and commissioning of a new capacitively coupled dusty plasma experimental (CCDPx) device is reported. The plasma discharge of argon gas is produced using a dual-channel radio frequency source. The dusty plasma is produced by the introduction of monodispersive microspheres of melamine formaldehyde in the discharge. The characterization of the plasma is performed using an RF-compensated Langmuir probe. The device features an innovative lower electrode that is capable of creating a variety of potential wells to trap the dust particles in 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D equilibrium configurations. Importantly, the transverse confinement of the particles can be controlled in real time in a continuous and dynamic manner to observe transitions from a 1-D chain to 2-D and 3-D structures. This design feature provides a unique and powerful ability to explore new areas of dusty plasma research related to phase transitions and structural transitions. A detailed description of the design features, diagnostic facilities, and operational characteristics are provided. Preliminary experimental findings of dusty plasmas of differing dimensionalities are presented, and the potential for exploiting the device’s unique facilities for future research is discussed.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"53 11","pages":"3524-3535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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