Pub Date : 2021-12-26DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1997797
Sanna Strand
ABSTRACT The promise of becoming a normal or even ideal citizen of the nation-state has long been central to the politics of military recruitment and retention. However, what this promise has entailed, and how the image of the soldier has been constructed, varies across time and place. This article illustrates and historicizes the emergence of a distinct soldier image, closely associated with the neoliberal ideal of responsible, active, and entrepreneurial citizenship, in the context of Sweden. The paper adopts a genealogical approach and views ‘the enterprising soldier’ through the contemporary history of military reforms in post-Cold War Sweden. Central to these reforms was the move from universal conscription for men to a recruitment policy that gradually came to rely on voluntarism for all, a shift that culminated in the introduction of an all-volunteer force in 2010. To illustrate the significance and potential appeal of ‘the enterprising soldier’, the paper exemplifies how this image has been promoted and presupposed in three sites: (1) military recruitment materials, (2) military career planning schemes, and (3) military-private sector partnership programmes. Through this genealogical endeavour, this paper contributes new insights into how the image and promise of soldiering has transformed alongside neoliberal reforms of the armed forces.
{"title":"The birth of the enterprising soldier: governing military recruitment and retention in post-Cold War Sweden","authors":"Sanna Strand","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1997797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1997797","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The promise of becoming a normal or even ideal citizen of the nation-state has long been central to the politics of military recruitment and retention. However, what this promise has entailed, and how the image of the soldier has been constructed, varies across time and place. This article illustrates and historicizes the emergence of a distinct soldier image, closely associated with the neoliberal ideal of responsible, active, and entrepreneurial citizenship, in the context of Sweden. The paper adopts a genealogical approach and views ‘the enterprising soldier’ through the contemporary history of military reforms in post-Cold War Sweden. Central to these reforms was the move from universal conscription for men to a recruitment policy that gradually came to rely on voluntarism for all, a shift that culminated in the introduction of an all-volunteer force in 2010. To illustrate the significance and potential appeal of ‘the enterprising soldier’, the paper exemplifies how this image has been promoted and presupposed in three sites: (1) military recruitment materials, (2) military career planning schemes, and (3) military-private sector partnership programmes. Through this genealogical endeavour, this paper contributes new insights into how the image and promise of soldiering has transformed alongside neoliberal reforms of the armed forces.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"225 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.2004219
S. Amirell
ABSTRACT Based on quantitative and qualitative data and analyses, this article highlights how research in the discipline of history in Sweden has been affected by imperatives of internationalization in recent decades. Four central dimensions of the internationalization of research are discussed in some depth, based on empirically observable changes in the discipline since 2000: (i) geographical areas of research, (ii) international publications, (iii) international researcher mobility, and (iv) international research funding. It is concluded that for the first two dimensions there has been a significant shift towards more internationalization of research in the Swedish discipline of history since 2000, and particularly since 2010, but for the latter two, internationalization is less prominent, even though the opportunities for international mobility and securing international research funding have increased significantly since 2000. The article also highlights some controversies and debates pertaining to the internationalization of historical research in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. It is concluded that Swedish historians have come a long way in overcoming the methodological nationalism that characterized the discipline for most of the twentieth century, and that they now participate more than ever before on the international frontlines of historical research.
{"title":"The end of methodological nationalism: the internationalization of historical research in Sweden since 2000","authors":"S. Amirell","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.2004219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.2004219","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Based on quantitative and qualitative data and analyses, this article highlights how research in the discipline of history in Sweden has been affected by imperatives of internationalization in recent decades. Four central dimensions of the internationalization of research are discussed in some depth, based on empirically observable changes in the discipline since 2000: (i) geographical areas of research, (ii) international publications, (iii) international researcher mobility, and (iv) international research funding. It is concluded that for the first two dimensions there has been a significant shift towards more internationalization of research in the Swedish discipline of history since 2000, and particularly since 2010, but for the latter two, internationalization is less prominent, even though the opportunities for international mobility and securing international research funding have increased significantly since 2000. The article also highlights some controversies and debates pertaining to the internationalization of historical research in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. It is concluded that Swedish historians have come a long way in overcoming the methodological nationalism that characterized the discipline for most of the twentieth century, and that they now participate more than ever before on the international frontlines of historical research.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"391 - 413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42299582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.2011398
Sissel Bjerrum Fossat
ABSTRACT This article explores the ideas of what constituted Nordic television in discussions about the future of Danish television from 1967 to 1988. By the 1960s the Nordic countries already shared television programmes through the Nordvision cooperation. Satellite techno-logy offered a new dimension. The cultural bonds of the Nordic countries were able to be reinforced by sharing television programmes, and just as importantly, Nordic cooperation would shield Nordic viewers from a multitude of foreign channels in the future. The Nordic countries successfully negotiated the exceptional option of sharing a satellite beam across national borders at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) conference in 1977. Still, Nordic satellite television ultimately lost the battle to provincial Denmark in the early 1980s. In accordance with the dominant Danish national self-imagination, the Danish nation was to be defended from within, and regional television provided what was perceived as an authentic defence against West German television flowing across the border.
{"title":"Nordic satellite television as cultural defence in Denmark 1967–1988","authors":"Sissel Bjerrum Fossat","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.2011398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.2011398","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the ideas of what constituted Nordic television in discussions about the future of Danish television from 1967 to 1988. By the 1960s the Nordic countries already shared television programmes through the Nordvision cooperation. Satellite techno-logy offered a new dimension. The cultural bonds of the Nordic countries were able to be reinforced by sharing television programmes, and just as importantly, Nordic cooperation would shield Nordic viewers from a multitude of foreign channels in the future. The Nordic countries successfully negotiated the exceptional option of sharing a satellite beam across national borders at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) conference in 1977. Still, Nordic satellite television ultimately lost the battle to provincial Denmark in the early 1980s. In accordance with the dominant Danish national self-imagination, the Danish nation was to be defended from within, and regional television provided what was perceived as an authentic defence against West German television flowing across the border.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"48 1","pages":"116 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49074312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1989326
N. Olsen, Jacob Jensen
ABSTRACT The third way is central to the market turn that has taken place across the Western world since the 1970s. In this article, we explore the origins of the third way in Denmark, focusing on economist and Social Democratic dissident Jørn Henrik Petersen. We show how Petersen from the late 1970s onwards imported a new economic perspective on politics in the form of public choice theories into Danish debates about the welfare state, which contributed to making the third way possible as a cross-ideological project by allowing politicians of different colours to criticize, defend and reform the welfare state.
摘要第三种方式是20世纪70年代以来西方世界市场转向的核心。在这篇文章中，我们探讨了第三种方式在丹麦的起源，重点关注经济学家和社会民主党异见人士Jørn Henrik Petersen。我们展示了彼得森如何从20世纪70年代末开始，以公共选择理论的形式，将一种新的政治经济学视角引入丹麦关于福利国家的辩论中，这有助于通过允许不同肤色的政治家批评、捍卫和改革福利国家，使第三种方式成为跨意识形态项目。
{"title":"Jørn Henrik Petersen and the origins of the third way: the market turn in the Danish welfare state since the 1970s","authors":"N. Olsen, Jacob Jensen","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1989326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1989326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The third way is central to the market turn that has taken place across the Western world since the 1970s. In this article, we explore the origins of the third way in Denmark, focusing on economist and Social Democratic dissident Jørn Henrik Petersen. We show how Petersen from the late 1970s onwards imported a new economic perspective on politics in the form of public choice theories into Danish debates about the welfare state, which contributed to making the third way possible as a cross-ideological project by allowing politicians of different colours to criticize, defend and reform the welfare state.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"203 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47373259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1991468
Søren Rud
ABSTRACT In the post-WWII decolonization era, the prospect of an open, decolonized Greenland, with unrestricted mobility for inhabitants, intensified medical experts’ pre-existing concerns over sexually transmitted diseases. During the colonial phase, medical and administrative authorities could govern Greenlanders as subjects and accordingly control their mobility and interactions with Europeans. However, the decolonization agenda threatened to undermine this situation. Greenland could no longer remain a colony, enclosed and sealed off from the rest of world by trade monopoly and strict limitations on access to the country imposed by the Danish authorities. Doctors were concerned by two impending shifts that threatened to undermine efforts to control sexually transmitted diseases. First, Greenland’s decolonized status would entail more or less free access to the country. Second, after decolonization, Greenlanders would have the status as citizens, and authorities could no longer govern them as (colonial) subjects. This paper demonstrates how medical authorities struggled with the Greenlanders’ transition from controllable (sexual) subjects to rights-bearing (sexual) citizens. The paper provides a fresh perspective concerning this watershed moment, between colonialism and the process of decolonization in Greenland.
{"title":"Governing sexual citizens: decolonization and venereal disease in Greenland","authors":"Søren Rud","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1991468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1991468","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the post-WWII decolonization era, the prospect of an open, decolonized Greenland, with unrestricted mobility for inhabitants, intensified medical experts’ pre-existing concerns over sexually transmitted diseases. During the colonial phase, medical and administrative authorities could govern Greenlanders as subjects and accordingly control their mobility and interactions with Europeans. However, the decolonization agenda threatened to undermine this situation. Greenland could no longer remain a colony, enclosed and sealed off from the rest of world by trade monopoly and strict limitations on access to the country imposed by the Danish authorities. Doctors were concerned by two impending shifts that threatened to undermine efforts to control sexually transmitted diseases. First, Greenland’s decolonized status would entail more or less free access to the country. Second, after decolonization, Greenlanders would have the status as citizens, and authorities could no longer govern them as (colonial) subjects. This paper demonstrates how medical authorities struggled with the Greenlanders’ transition from controllable (sexual) subjects to rights-bearing (sexual) citizens. The paper provides a fresh perspective concerning this watershed moment, between colonialism and the process of decolonization in Greenland.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"567 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46508130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-23DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1985602
H. Franzén
ABSTRACT In the late nineteenth century, anatomists at Uppsala University took an interest in embryology, that is, fetal development from conception to birth. In order to conduct embryological research, fetal bodies from all stages of development were needed, but difficult to obtain. By building connections with medical professionals – such as midwives, physicians, and obstetrician-gynaecologists – who had access to pregnant and labouring women, the anatomists at Uppsala University were able to assemble the raw material for their research. However, the various professions involved, and the female patients, had different understandings of what fetal bodies meant and how to manage them. By exploring three contexts of collecting fetal bodies – miscarriages, surgeries to address ectopic pregnancy, and the birth of deviant bodies – this study draws attention to the social processes of knowledge production. It highlights the plethora of meanings ascribed to fetal bodies; underscores that these meanings were underpinned, as well as affected, by understandings of pregnancy; and argues that medical knowledge of reproduction was produced in the dynamic relations between the embryological collection and medical practice.
{"title":"‘The precious material’: obtaining human fetal bodies for an embryological collection at Uppsala University, ca 1890–1930","authors":"H. Franzén","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1985602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1985602","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the late nineteenth century, anatomists at Uppsala University took an interest in embryology, that is, fetal development from conception to birth. In order to conduct embryological research, fetal bodies from all stages of development were needed, but difficult to obtain. By building connections with medical professionals – such as midwives, physicians, and obstetrician-gynaecologists – who had access to pregnant and labouring women, the anatomists at Uppsala University were able to assemble the raw material for their research. However, the various professions involved, and the female patients, had different understandings of what fetal bodies meant and how to manage them. By exploring three contexts of collecting fetal bodies – miscarriages, surgeries to address ectopic pregnancy, and the birth of deviant bodies – this study draws attention to the social processes of knowledge production. It highlights the plethora of meanings ascribed to fetal bodies; underscores that these meanings were underpinned, as well as affected, by understandings of pregnancy; and argues that medical knowledge of reproduction was produced in the dynamic relations between the embryological collection and medical practice.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"178 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44721283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1979094
I. Lindblom
ABSTRACT Focusing on the life description of clergyman Pehr Stenberg, this article examines the internal processing of romantic jealousy in a late 18th-century Swedish context. During his lifetime, Stenberg wrote a vast life description with the intent of documenting his innermost thoughts and feelings. In this account, the romantic jealousy that plagued Stenberg during his second marriage is described in intimate detail. Using this extensive and complex account to conduct a micro-historical exploration of romantic jealousy, this article displays jealousy as an entangled emotion by examining its relationship to key contemporary beliefs, thoughts and ideals, as well as to other emotions. Consequently, jealousy in relation to love and marriage, honour, psychological and physical pathology and religion is examined. Although comprising a single account, the life description of Pehr Stenberg manages to display the multidimensional nature of romantic jealousy and the very historically specific ways in which we explain and process our emotional experiences.
{"title":"Making sense of romantic jealousy in late 18th-century Sweden – the experiences of Pehr Stenberg","authors":"I. Lindblom","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1979094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1979094","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Focusing on the life description of clergyman Pehr Stenberg, this article examines the internal processing of romantic jealousy in a late 18th-century Swedish context. During his lifetime, Stenberg wrote a vast life description with the intent of documenting his innermost thoughts and feelings. In this account, the romantic jealousy that plagued Stenberg during his second marriage is described in intimate detail. Using this extensive and complex account to conduct a micro-historical exploration of romantic jealousy, this article displays jealousy as an entangled emotion by examining its relationship to key contemporary beliefs, thoughts and ideals, as well as to other emotions. Consequently, jealousy in relation to love and marriage, honour, psychological and physical pathology and religion is examined. Although comprising a single account, the life description of Pehr Stenberg manages to display the multidimensional nature of romantic jealousy and the very historically specific ways in which we explain and process our emotional experiences.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"46 1","pages":"593 - 618"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47169921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-08DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1950048
Marie-Theres Fojuth
ABSTRACT The article traces the beginnings of the powerful liaison between automobile technology, tourism, and the ‘Land of the Fjords’. Focusing on the German automobile club ADAC in the period 1920s to 1960s, the article examines how German motorists discovered and embraced Norwegian roads, and what idea of the ‘Norway experience’ was constructed along the way. Tourists, it is argued, were primed for car travel through the narratives of contrasting vistas and sublime nature stemming from the time Norway was experienced by cruise and cariole. During the German occupation of Norway 1940–1945, narratives and pictures of Norwegian landscapes were spread among Germans as never before; now combined with narratives of heroism, conquest, and technology. In the 1950s, when West Germany was experiencing the onset of mass tourism and mass motorization, the concept of the extraordinary car trip on Norway’s roads was ready to be widely communicated and put into praxis. Postwar ‘Grand Tours on wheels’ to Scandinavia were both continuing narratives on Northern remoteness and otherness, and ‘silencing’ historical landscapes of war. By the mid-1960s, Norway had been established as a superb car travellers’ destination, a sanctuary of nature just accessible by a car.
{"title":"Northwards: How Norway became a destination for German car tourism, 1920s–1960s","authors":"Marie-Theres Fojuth","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1950048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1950048","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The article traces the beginnings of the powerful liaison between automobile technology, tourism, and the ‘Land of the Fjords’. Focusing on the German automobile club ADAC in the period 1920s to 1960s, the article examines how German motorists discovered and embraced Norwegian roads, and what idea of the ‘Norway experience’ was constructed along the way. Tourists, it is argued, were primed for car travel through the narratives of contrasting vistas and sublime nature stemming from the time Norway was experienced by cruise and cariole. During the German occupation of Norway 1940–1945, narratives and pictures of Norwegian landscapes were spread among Germans as never before; now combined with narratives of heroism, conquest, and technology. In the 1950s, when West Germany was experiencing the onset of mass tourism and mass motorization, the concept of the extraordinary car trip on Norway’s roads was ready to be widely communicated and put into praxis. Postwar ‘Grand Tours on wheels’ to Scandinavia were both continuing narratives on Northern remoteness and otherness, and ‘silencing’ historical landscapes of war. By the mid-1960s, Norway had been established as a superb car travellers’ destination, a sanctuary of nature just accessible by a car.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"47 1","pages":"129 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42980909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-07DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1961856
Sverrir Jakobsson
ABSTRACT It is a common supposition that Iceland became a part of Norway over a period of few years following 1262, that this was done through the adoption of a document known as The Old Covenant (ON. Gamli sattmali) and that the most important part of this transition was that the Icelanders now accepted the Norwegian king as their own king. Some of these statements must be subject to qualification. In fact, different parts of Iceland became subject to the Norwegian king at various times, the Old Covenant had no legal status neither in Iceland nor the Norwegian kingdom at large, and the Norwegian king had already been accepted as the ruler of most of Iceland before 1262.This article will demonstrate that the incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian realm involved three distinct but interconnected issues: The introduction of government into Iceland, the introduction of regular taxation and, finally, the adjustment of Icelandic laws to reflect the laws of the Norwegian kingdom. The focus will not be on the events of a single year or a period of few years, but on a longer period of transition, from 1220 to 1281, of which the adaption of Jonsbok was the final act. The adoption of a new law code changed the nature of the government that had been introduced in Iceland, which became more centralized than anyone might have expected. With the adoption of Jonsbok at the Icelandic parliament in 1281, the incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian kingdom was finalized. The new law code defined the status of the king and the new government of Iceland and harmonized Icelandic laws with the laws of other parts of the kingdom, although Iceland retained some of its separate legal tradition.
{"title":"All the King’s men. The incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian Realm","authors":"Sverrir Jakobsson","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1961856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1961856","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is a common supposition that Iceland became a part of Norway over a period of few years following 1262, that this was done through the adoption of a document known as The Old Covenant (ON. Gamli sattmali) and that the most important part of this transition was that the Icelanders now accepted the Norwegian king as their own king. Some of these statements must be subject to qualification. In fact, different parts of Iceland became subject to the Norwegian king at various times, the Old Covenant had no legal status neither in Iceland nor the Norwegian kingdom at large, and the Norwegian king had already been accepted as the ruler of most of Iceland before 1262.This article will demonstrate that the incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian realm involved three distinct but interconnected issues: The introduction of government into Iceland, the introduction of regular taxation and, finally, the adjustment of Icelandic laws to reflect the laws of the Norwegian kingdom. The focus will not be on the events of a single year or a period of few years, but on a longer period of transition, from 1220 to 1281, of which the adaption of Jonsbok was the final act. The adoption of a new law code changed the nature of the government that had been introduced in Iceland, which became more centralized than anyone might have expected. With the adoption of Jonsbok at the Icelandic parliament in 1281, the incorporation of Iceland into the Norwegian kingdom was finalized. The new law code defined the status of the king and the new government of Iceland and harmonized Icelandic laws with the laws of other parts of the kingdom, although Iceland retained some of its separate legal tradition.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"46 1","pages":"571 - 592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48171220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1080/03468755.2021.1929455
Heli Huhtamaa, F. Ljungqvist
ABSTRACT This article assesses the development and current state of climate history research conducted in the five Nordic countries and Estonia. The possible societal impacts of past climatic changes already interested a handful of Nordic historians in the early twentieth century, but the lack of data on past climate fluctuations constrained scholarship in this field until recently. The data availability has increased fundamentally over the past decades due to the advances of palaeoclimatology. However, these advances have created new challenges, related to the ability to utilize data from the natural sciences in historical research as well as acquiring a basic knowledge on climatology. In many European countries, climate history has established itself as a strong academic subfield and consequently has created approaches as to how to overcome some main pitfalls, like climate determinism, related to the early works in the field. These epistemological advances are just beginning to gain a foothold in Nordic historical research. Thus, the article concludes with ten recommendations to improve future research in Nordic climate history.
{"title":"Climate in Nordic historical research – a research review and future perspectives","authors":"Heli Huhtamaa, F. Ljungqvist","doi":"10.1080/03468755.2021.1929455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2021.1929455","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article assesses the development and current state of climate history research conducted in the five Nordic countries and Estonia. The possible societal impacts of past climatic changes already interested a handful of Nordic historians in the early twentieth century, but the lack of data on past climate fluctuations constrained scholarship in this field until recently. The data availability has increased fundamentally over the past decades due to the advances of palaeoclimatology. However, these advances have created new challenges, related to the ability to utilize data from the natural sciences in historical research as well as acquiring a basic knowledge on climatology. In many European countries, climate history has established itself as a strong academic subfield and consequently has created approaches as to how to overcome some main pitfalls, like climate determinism, related to the early works in the field. These epistemological advances are just beginning to gain a foothold in Nordic historical research. Thus, the article concludes with ten recommendations to improve future research in Nordic climate history.","PeriodicalId":45280,"journal":{"name":"SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY","volume":"46 1","pages":"665 - 695"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/03468755.2021.1929455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49127442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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