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Meshovah niẓaḥat: Jewish-Christian Polemics in Kaf naki by Rabbi Khalifa Ben-Malka of Agadir Meshovah niẓaḥat:阿加迪尔的 Khalifa Ben-Malka 拉比所著的《Kaf naki 中的犹太教-基督教论战
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.2979/jss.00002
Michal Ohana

Abstract:

The fifth part of Rabbi Khalifa Ben-Malka's Kaf naki (Clean Hand), Meshovah niẓaḥat (Triumphant Response) portrays a series of interreligious disputations that he conducted with Christian colleagues in Agadir during the first half of the eighteenth century. A study of Meshovah niẓaḥat reveals that, while these debates represent a direct continuation of medieval interreligious polemic, occasionally the traditional arguments took on a new garb—for example, those proofs relying on the era's geographic or scientific discoveries. Ben-Malka was well-versed in the intricacies of theological debate and was familiar with the most sophisticated tools the medieval polemical tradition had to offer, as well as with post-medieval Jewish anti-Christian literature. His writing opens a window onto eighteenth-century Jewish-Moroccan intellectual history while simultaneously raising a number of questions. Further study will be necessary to paint a fuller and more diverse picture.

摘要:拉比-哈利法-本-马尔卡(Rabbi Khalifa Ben-Malka)的《干净的手》(Kaf naki)的第五部分《胜利的回应》(Meshovah niẓaḥat)描绘了十八世纪上半叶他在阿加迪尔与基督教同事进行的一系列宗教间争论。对 Meshovah niẓaḥat 的研究表明,虽然这些辩论是中世纪宗教间论战的直接延续,但传统的论点偶尔也会披上新的外衣--例如,那些依赖于时代的地理或科学发现的证明。本-马尔卡精通错综复杂的神学辩论,熟悉中世纪论战传统中最复杂的工具,也熟悉中世纪后犹太反基督教文学。他的著作为我们打开了一扇了解十八世纪犹太-摩洛哥思想史的窗口,同时也提出了许多问题。要描绘出更全面、更多样的图景,还需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Sociology against Zionism? The Thought of French Jewish Sociologist René Worms on Jews and Judaism at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 社会学反对犹太复国主义?法国犹太社会学家勒内-沃姆斯在二十世纪初关于犹太人和犹太教的思想
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.2979/jss.00003
Sébastien Mosbah-Natanson

Abstract:

Among French Jewish intellectuals who rejected Zionism in the early twentieth century was René Worms, a sociologist who used sociological theories as well as "francojudaïsme," the French-Jewish model of assimilation, to oppose it. In 1920–21, during debates organized by the Société de sociologie de Paris on the future of Palestine and Zionism, Worms used various theories to counter Jewish nationalism. Influenced by biology and race science, he began by denying the existence of a Jewish race, emphasizing the racial heterogeneity of modern Jews. His understanding of the evolution of modern religions toward universalism, influenced by Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim, also discredited Zionism. Finally, his sociology of nationality, interwoven with Ernest Renan's conception of the nation, precluded any national claim to Judaism. This article examines the arguments Worms made and compare them to those of other speakers in debates between sociologists in Paris.

摘要:在二十世纪初反对犹太复国主义的法国犹太知识分子中,社会学家勒内-沃尔姆斯(René Worms)利用社会学理论和 "法国犹太同化模式"(francojudaïsme)来反对犹太复国主义。1920-21 年,在巴黎社会学会组织的关于巴勒斯坦和犹太复国主义未来的辩论中,沃尔姆斯利用各种理论来反对犹太民族主义。受生物学和种族学的影响,他首先否认犹太种族的存在,强调现代犹太人的种族异质性。受奥古斯特-孔德(Auguste Comte)和埃米尔-杜克海姆(Émile Durkheim)的影响,他对现代宗教向普世主义演变的理解也使犹太复国主义失去了信誉。最后,他的民族社会学与欧内斯特-勒南的民族概念交织在一起,排除了犹太教的任何民族主张。本文探讨了沃尔姆斯提出的论点,并将其与巴黎社会学家辩论中其他发言人的论点进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
"The Last Act in the Tragedy of Judaism": Stalinist Antisemitism, the American Jewish Committee, and French Holocaust Memory in the Cold War "犹太教悲剧的最后一幕":斯大林反犹主义、美国犹太委员会和冷战时期的法国大屠杀记忆
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.2979/jss.00004
Emma Kuby

Abstract:

Beginning in 1952, the New York-based American Jewish Committee (AJC) spearheaded a transatlantic effort to stigmatize Stalinist antisemitism through direct historical comparison with the recent Nazi genocide of European Jewry. In France, home to the AJC's European headquarters, the project of tarring Stalin with Hitler's brush spurred an unprecedented flood of discourse about the Holocaust. However, the narrative that emerged among participating French intellectuals—Jewish and non-Jewish—elided the genocide's Western European dimensions. This article analyzes the AJC's French-language journal Évidences comparatively alongside its American sister journal, Commentary, and contextually against documentation from the AJC archives in order to argue that the politics of the early Cold War did not simply impede Holocaust memory in the West; rather, anti-totalitarian projects produced framings of the genocide that relied on and replicated the Cold War's own temporal and geographic logics.

摘要:从1952年开始,总部设在纽约的美国犹太人委员会(AJC)率先发起了一场跨大西洋的努力,通过将斯大林的反犹太主义与最近纳粹对欧洲犹太人的种族灭绝进行直接的历史比较,来丑化斯大林的反犹太主义。在美国犹太人委员会欧洲总部所在地法国,将斯大林与希特勒相提并论的计划引发了前所未有的关于大屠杀的讨论。然而,在参与其中的法国知识分子--犹太人和非犹太人--中出现的叙述却忽略了种族灭绝的西欧层面。本文分析了法国犹太人委员会的法文期刊《Évidences》与其美国姊妹期刊《Commentary》的比较,并结合法国犹太人委员会档案中的文献资料,以论证冷战早期的政治并没有简单地阻碍西方对大屠杀的记忆;相反,反极权主义项目产生的种族灭绝框架依赖并复制了冷战自身的时间和地理逻辑。
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引用次数: 0
"Like Salt in Water": Toward a History of Jewish Immigrants' Suicide in Urban America, 1890–1910 “像水中的盐”:1890-1910年美国城市犹太移民自杀史
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910386
Yael Levi
Abstract: During the early twentieth century, suicide among Jewish immigrants in the United States was hardly uncommon. The American Yiddish press regularly reported on suicide cases, and Jewish public figures acknowledged the phenomenon's frequency. Uncovering this forgotten chapter in American Jewish history and drawing on immigrants' letters, reports from the Yiddish press, burial records, and autobiographies, this article explores patterns of despair and self-violence among eastern European Jewish immigrants and their reflections in the American Jewish press, specifically in Yiddish. It traces expressions of immigrant suffering and identifies patterns of cultural failure to revisit the emotional and cultural dynamics of east European Jewish immigration to the United States in the age of mass migration. By focusing on marginal cases in American Jewish history, this article highlights a broad cultural spectrum of immigrant experiences.
摘要:20世纪初,美国犹太移民的自杀现象并不少见。美国意第绪语媒体定期报道自杀案件,犹太公众人物也承认这种现象的频率。本文揭示了美国犹太人历史上这一被遗忘的篇章,并借鉴了移民的信件、意第绪语媒体的报道、埋葬记录和自传,探讨了东欧犹太移民的绝望和自我暴力模式,以及他们在美国犹太媒体,特别是意第绪语媒体上的反映。它追溯了移民痛苦的表达,并确定了文化失败的模式,以重新审视在大规模移民时代东欧犹太移民到美国的情感和文化动态。通过关注美国犹太人历史上的边缘案例,本文突出了移民经历的广泛文化范围。
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引用次数: 0
"To the East"? Israeli Soccer's Asian Period and Debates about the Jewish State's Cultural Affiliations with the Continent “去东方”?以色列足球的亚洲时期及犹太国家与欧洲大陆文化联系的争论
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910390
Daniel Mahla
Abstract: For two decades, from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s, Israeli soccer players participated in Asian leagues and associations. During this period, they achieved much and celebrated significant athletic victories. But at the same time, they were met with hostility and boycotts and excluded from entire tournaments, until August 1976, when the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) officially expelled the Israeli Football Association (IFA) from its ranks. From the outset, the national team's activities in Asia elicited intense discussions about Israel's membership in the AFC that went far beyond the weighing of practical and athletic issues. By tracing these debates as they raged in the Israeli press, in this article I demonstrate that the question of the IFA's regional affiliation was a platform for deeper deliberations about the country's very place on the Asian continent. The highly ambivalent attitudes that emerged, I argue, reflected deep insecurities about the Jewish state's geo-cultural belonging and self-perception that are best understood against the backdrop of Israeli political realities of the 1960s and 70s and in the context of early twentieth-century debates about the orientation of the Zionist movement.
摘要:从20世纪50年代中期到70年代中期,以色列足球运动员参加了亚洲联赛和协会。在此期间,他们取得了许多成就,并庆祝了重大的运动胜利。但与此同时,他们遭遇了敌意和抵制,并被排除在整个锦标赛之外,直到1976年8月,亚洲足球联合会(AFC)正式将以色列足球协会(IFA)从其队伍中驱逐出去。从一开始,国家队在亚洲的活动就引发了关于以色列加入亚足联的激烈讨论,这远远超出了实际和体育问题的权衡。通过追踪这些在以色列媒体上激烈的辩论,我在这篇文章中表明,IFA的地区归属问题是一个对该国在亚洲大陆上的位置进行更深入思考的平台。我认为,出现的高度矛盾的态度反映了对犹太国家地缘文化归属和自我认知的深刻不安全感,这种不安全感最好是在20世纪60年代和70年代以色列政治现实的背景下以及20世纪初关于犹太复国主义运动方向的辩论的背景下理解的。
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引用次数: 0
When Hermann Cohen Cried: Zionism, Culture, and Emotion 《当赫尔曼·科恩哭泣:犹太复国主义、文化与情感
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910388
James Loeffler
Abstract: In this article, I examine a curious chapter in the history of modern Jewish culture: the 1914 Berlin meeting of Zionist musician Avraham Zvi Idelsohn with the philosopher Hermann Cohen. A shared belief in the redemptive power of aesthetics and the unique character of Jewish music briefly drew the two men together. Each saw in sound an unparalleled means by which to recalibrate Jewish difference in relation to Western civilization. Each identified music as the key to large-scale cultural and emotional Jewish renewal in the face of European modernity. Yet their ensuing argument revealed not only the political fissures in European Jewry but also the deeper philosophical contradictions within each man's respective theories and, more broadly, the unstable relationship between aesthetics and affect in modern Jewish culture.
摘要:在本文中,我研究了现代犹太文化史上一个奇怪的篇章:1914年犹太复国主义音乐家亚伯拉罕·兹维·伊德尔森与哲学家赫尔曼·科恩在柏林的会面。对美学救赎力量的共同信念和犹太音乐的独特性格使两人短暂地走到了一起。每个人都在声音中看到了一种无与伦比的方式,通过这种方式来重新校准犹太人与西方文明之间的差异。他们都认为音乐是犹太人在面对欧洲现代性时进行大规模文化和情感复兴的关键。然而,他们随后的争论不仅揭示了欧洲犹太人的政治分歧,也揭示了两人各自理论中更深层次的哲学矛盾,更广泛地说,揭示了现代犹太文化中美学与情感之间不稳定的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Jews and Education in Modern Iran: The "Threat of Assimilation" and Changing Educational Landscapes 现代伊朗的犹太人和教育:“同化的威胁”和不断变化的教育景观
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910391
Daniella Farah
Abstract: In the 1960s and 70s, several transnational Jewish organizations—the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Ozar Hatorah, and the Jewish Agency—expressed dire concern over the purported assimilation of Jews into Iranian society, claiming that it stemmed from their upward mobility and increasing enrollment in non-Jewish schools. Drawing on previously untapped archival documents, printed materials, and oral histories in Persian, French, Hebrew, and English, I argue that it was mainly foreign Jews, and not Iranian Jews themselves, who feared the specter of assimilation. In fact, Iranian Jewish parents viewed their children's attendance in non-Jewish schools as integral to their economic and social prosperity in a Muslim-majority country. Ultimately, because Iranian Jews were not as preoccupied with assimilation as their non-Iranian coreligionists, I suggest that an examination of assimilation in the Iranian context can help us complicate the importance of this concept in modern Jewish historical scholarship.
摘要:在20世纪60年代和70年代,几个跨国犹太组织——美国犹太人联合分配委员会、以色列普世主义联盟、Ozar Hatorah和犹太机构——对犹太人被伊朗社会同化的说法表示了严重担忧,声称这源于他们的向上流动和非犹太学校入学率的增加。根据以前未开发的档案文件、印刷材料和波斯语、法语、希伯来语和英语的口述历史,我认为主要是外国犹太人,而不是伊朗犹太人自己,害怕同化的幽灵。事实上,在这个穆斯林占多数的国家,伊朗的犹太父母把孩子在非犹太学校上学视为他们经济和社会繁荣的组成部分。最后,因为伊朗犹太人不像他们的非伊朗同教者那样专注于同化,我建议在伊朗背景下对同化的研究可以帮助我们复杂化这个概念在现代犹太历史学术中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
How the Locals Grew an Accent: The Sounds of Modern Hebrew in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine 当地人是如何形成口音的:20世纪早期巴勒斯坦的现代希伯来语的声音
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910389
Caroline Kahlenberg
Abstract: Early twentieth-century Palestine was a noisy place. Urban streets echoed with the cries of hawkers, the songs of nationalists, and the whistles of trains announcing their arrival. Conversations in Arabic, Turkish, Yiddish, English, Ladino, French, Hebrew, and other languages reverberated in the soundscape. In this article, I explore how Palestine's residents made sense of what they heard, focusing on one type of sound in particular: Hebrew-language accents. Building on the work of sensory historians, and focusing on Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, I investigate the following questions: How did Palestine's residents use accents to mark identity, belonging, and exclusion? What were the stakes of sounding different? And what did it mean to sound "native"?
摘要:20世纪初的巴勒斯坦是一个嘈杂的地方。城市街道上回荡着小贩的叫卖声、民族主义者的歌声和宣布他们到达的火车的汽笛声。阿拉伯语、土耳其语、意第绪语、英语、拉迪诺语、法语、希伯来语和其他语言的对话在音景中回响。在这篇文章中,我探讨了巴勒斯坦居民是如何理解他们所听到的,特别关注一种声音:希伯来语口音。以感官历史学家的工作为基础,并专注于Sephardi和Mizrahi犹太人,我调查了以下问题:巴勒斯坦居民如何使用口音来标记身份,归属和排斥?听起来与众不同的风险是什么?那么“native”是什么意思呢?
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引用次数: 0
Documenting Scholarly Dishonesty in Hyman Berman's 1976 Jewish Social Studies Article, "Political Antisemitism in Minnesota during the Great Depression," and Some of Its Political Consequences 在海曼·伯曼1976年的犹太社会研究文章《大萧条时期明尼苏达州的政治反犹主义》中记录学术不诚实及其一些政治后果
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910392
Riv-Ellen Prell
Abstract: This article draws attention to the distortions and falsehoods that appear in the 1976 Jewish Social Studies article "Political Antisemitism in Minnesota during the Great Depression" by Hyman Berman. It identifies and corrects the many errors on two of its pages. In addition, the role of Berman's article in a student movement at the University of Minnesota to remove names on four campus buildings of administrators who engaged in racist and antisemitic policies is explored. Berman's work was both a catalyst for an exhibition about this period, which inspired the movement, and then when its flagrant errors were brought to light, was used to try to discredit it. The consequences of Berman's misconduct had consequences more than forty years after its publication.
摘要:本文关注海曼·伯曼(Hyman Berman) 1976年犹太社会研究论文《大萧条时期明尼苏达州的政治反犹主义》中出现的扭曲和谬误。它识别并纠正了其中两页上的许多错误。此外,本文还探讨了伯曼的文章在明尼苏达大学学生运动中所起的作用,该运动旨在删除四栋校园建筑上参与种族主义和反犹政策的管理人员的名字。伯曼的作品既是一个关于这一时期的展览的催化剂,激发了这一运动,然后当它的明显错误被曝光时,被用来试图诋毁它。伯曼不当行为的后果在其出版40多年后仍在产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Feeling Familial Separation: Emotions, Agency, and Holocaust Refugee Youths 感受家庭分离:情感、代理和大屠杀难民青年
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2979/jss.2023.a910385
Daniella Doron
Abstract: During the years of the Nazi regime, well over 1,000 European Jewish youths migrated to the United States in organized unaccompanied child migration schemes. These youths left an abundant, and largely untapped, trove of sources in which they constructed narratives of their lives and emotions to their parents in letters, to their social workers in their various interactions, and to themselves in their diaries. Though refugee youths undeniably felt a range of emotions, in this article I suggest that emotional expression tells us less about the emotional inner lives of youths than the attempt to exert and subvert control and power in a topsy-turvy world. By drawing attention to the language of emotions, their inherent power dynamics, and the potential gulf between emotions and experience, this article opens a conversation about our capacity to document children's agency and to study emotions to explain decision-making and experience.
摘要:在纳粹统治时期,超过1000名欧洲犹太青年通过有组织的无人陪伴儿童移民计划移民到美国。这些年轻人留下了丰富的、基本上尚未开发的资源宝库,他们在信中给父母、在各种互动中给社会工作者、在日记中给自己讲述自己的生活和情感。虽然难民青年不可否认地感受到一系列的情感,但在本文中,我认为情感表达与其说是告诉我们年轻人的情感内心生活,不如说是试图在一个颠倒的世界中施加和颠覆控制和权力。通过关注情感的语言,其内在的动力,以及情感和经验之间的潜在鸿沟,这篇文章开启了一场关于我们记录儿童能动性和研究情感以解释决策和经验的能力的对话。
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引用次数: 0
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JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES
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