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Researching classroom interaction: a student guide 课堂互动研究:学生指南
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1856698
Derya Duran
The book Researching Classroom Discourse: A Student Guide , by J. Jenks is a welcome addition to a growing body of studies that sheds light on the complex nature of classroom discourse (CD). The book in particular appeals to novice researchers writing theses/academic papers on CD, including step-by-step guidance for understanding the research process along with reflective questions and discourse examples. Comprising eight chapters, the book is grouped into three parts, (1) Planning, (2) Analysing, and (3) Understanding and Reporting. Such an approach is useful as the earlier chapters pave the way to the upcoming ones. Part I, which familiarises readers with the theoretical and empirical issues related to CD and discourse analysis, consists of two chapters. The first chapter provides a holistic approach to understanding CD, addressing the concepts of ‘classrooms’ and ‘discourse’ separately. In the ‘classrooms’ section, the distinction between setting and context as well as the discourse in traditional and nontraditional classrooms are given in light of exemplary studies. In the ‘discourse’ section, putting types of classroom discourse (i.e. discourse actions and orientations to discourse structures) in a figure, the author briefly explains them, supporting with additional readings and references to the upcoming chapters where those issues will be handled more comprehensively. As the book is mostly intended for CD researchers relying on discourse analytic approaches, the chapter continues with a basic explanation of discourse analysis, ‘the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used’ (McCarthy 1991, 5). The chapter concludes with a research outline, which points to the exact chapters that correlate to the issues raised in the figure, thereby highlighting the cohesion of the whole book. The second chapter scrutinises logistical issues in CD research, including the complexities and challenges of recording and transcribing classroom interaction data. First, practical considerations such as access to data, time, technology, ethics and empirical issues are handled. Then, collection, manage-ment and familiarisation of data are provided. The chapter ends by discussing different types and practices
J.詹克斯所著的《课堂话语研究:学生指南》一书是对课堂话语复杂性研究的一个可喜的补充(CD)。这本书特别吸引新手研究人员在CD上写论文/学术论文,包括逐步指导理解研究过程以及反思性问题和话语示例。本书由八章组成,分为三个部分,(1)计划,(2)分析,(3)理解和报告。这种方法是有用的,因为前面的章节为接下来的章节铺平了道路。第一部分由两章组成,主要介绍与CD和话语分析相关的理论和实证问题。第一章提供了理解CD的整体方法,分别讨论了“教室”和“话语”的概念。在“教室”部分,根据典型研究给出了设置和上下文之间的区别,以及传统和非传统教室中的话语。在“话语”部分,作者将课堂话语的类型(即话语行为和话语结构的取向)放在一个图表中,简要解释它们,并提供额外的阅读和参考资料,以支持即将到来的章节,这些章节将更全面地处理这些问题。由于本书主要是为依赖话语分析方法的CD研究人员准备的,本章继续对话语分析进行基本解释,即“研究语言与使用语言的语境之间的关系”(McCarthy 1991,5)。本章最后给出了一个研究大纲,指出了与图中提出的问题相关的确切章节,从而突出了整本书的凝聚力。第二章详细分析了CD研究中的后勤问题,包括记录和转录课堂互动数据的复杂性和挑战。首先,处理了数据获取、时间、技术、伦理和经验问题等实际问题。然后,提供数据的收集、管理和熟悉。本章最后讨论了不同的类型和实践
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引用次数: 0
Conversational functions of ‘I know’, ‘you know’ and ‘we know’ in collaborative writing of primary school children “我知道”、“你知道”和“我们知道”在小学生协作写作中的会话功能
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-10-14 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1814368
Anke Herder, J. Berenst, K. de Glopper, T. Koole
ABSTRACT This paper discusses how primary school students, who are writing together in the context of inquiry learning, explicitly orient to knowing of oneself and others within the peer group. Using Conversation Analysis, we disclose the conversational functions of assertions holding ‘I know’, ‘you know’ and ‘we know’. First, students position themselves as knowledgeable, to (i) express a preannouncement of a proposal, (ii) respond to a request for information and (iii) reinforce an assertion with use of an evidential. Second, students claim equal epistemic access, as a response to an action that conveys epistemic authority of a peer. Third, students indicate shared knowledge with other participants, to (i) pursue agreement, (ii) check the epistemic status of a co-participant, (iii) reject a proposal for grounds of relevance and (iv) mark shared, newfound knowledge. The different practices are discussed in terms of epistemics in conversation and dialogic writing.
摘要本文讨论了在探究性学习背景下共同写作的小学生如何明确地定位于了解同伴群体中的自己和他人。通过会话分析,我们揭示了包含“我知道”、“你知道”和“我们知道”的断言的会话功能。首先,学生将自己定位为知识渊博的人,以(i)预先宣布一个提议,(ii)回应一个信息请求,(iii)用证据来强化一个断言。其次,学生要求平等的知识获取,作为对传达同伴知识权威的行为的回应。第三,学生指出与其他参与者共享的知识,以(i)寻求一致,(ii)检查共同参与者的认知状态,(iii)拒绝相关的建议,以及(iv)标记共享的新发现的知识。从对话和对话写作的认识论角度讨论了不同的实践。
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引用次数: 4
East Asian perspectives on silence in English language education 从东亚视角看英语语言教育中的沉默
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-10-08 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1832899
S. Looney
Many of us recall being taught during our teacher training programmes that silence was something we would encounter in classrooms, particularly when working with East Asian students. It would be ou...
我们中的许多人都记得,在教师培训项目中,老师告诉我们,在课堂上,我们会遇到沉默,尤其是在与东亚学生打交道时。那将是你……
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引用次数: 0
The dialectical unfolding of paradigmatic and narrative thinking in a Chinese-as-a-foreign-language classroom 范式思维与叙事思维在对外汉语课堂中的辩证展开
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2019.1633550
Sheng-Hsun Lee
ABSTRACT How do language instructors fulfill institutional mandates while also nurturing students’ interest? What becomes of this process when it unfolds not in one class meeting but in a series of pedagogical events? Classroom research has suggested the importance of integrating authentic, conversational, and rapport-building talk with instructional practices. What remains unknown but central to classroom practices is the temporal, institutional, and psychological underpinnings this integration entails. This ethnographic study explores the dialectical unfolding of paradigmatic and narrative thinking in a course of domestic U.S. students and international Korean students. Paradigmatic thought is concerned with truth, scientific logic and categorization, which are essential for explaining language features. Narrative thought ‘strives to put its timeless miracles into the particulars of experience, and to locate that experience in time and place.’ Drawing on classroom recordings, participant interviews, and instructional artifacts, the study shows that ordinary materials designated by the institution to underscore paradigmatic thinking were rendered extraordinary when the instructor and students collaboratively transformed them with interpersonally and interculturally meaningful stories across a chain of pedagogical encounters.
语言教师如何在满足机构要求的同时培养学生的兴趣?当这个过程不是在一次课堂上展开,而是在一系列的教学活动中展开时,它会变成什么呢?课堂研究表明,将真实的、对话式的、建立融洽关系的谈话与教学实践相结合是很重要的。课堂实践的核心是这种整合所需要的时间、制度和心理基础,这是未知的。本民族志研究在美国国内学生和韩国留学生的课程中探讨了范式思维和叙事思维的辩证展开。范式思维关注的是真理、科学逻辑和分类,这是解释语言特征所必需的。叙事思想力求将其永恒的奇迹融入经验的细节中,并将经验定位于时间和地点。根据课堂录音、参与者访谈和教学文物,该研究表明,当教师和学生在一系列教学遭遇中通过人际关系和跨文化意义的故事合作转化时,学校指定的强调范式思维的普通材料变得非凡。
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引用次数: 2
Teachers’ pass-on practices in whole-class discussions: how teachers return the floor to their students 教师在课堂讨论中的传递实践:教师如何将讲台还给学生
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2019.1585890
Annerose Willemsen, Myrte N. Gosen, T. Koole, K. de Glopper
ABSTRACT This paper reports on a conversation analytic study into the pass-on turns that teachers produce to return the floor to the class following one student’s contribution, in the context of whole-class discussions around texts in 4th grade history and geography lessons. These pass-on turns are remarkable, as the teachers take the turn in order to convey that they will not be responding, but are instead giving their students the opportunity to do so. Our bottom-up analyses allowed us to identify different practices and their projections, and revealed their effects on the ensuing responses. Whereas minimal pass-on practices do not alter the sequential implications of the preceding student turn and typically lead to responses to the student turn, more elaborate practices do slightly alter the sequential implications and mostly lead to responses to the pass-on turn itself, or to an earlier turn produced by the teacher. The analyses show that, although the pass-on turns seem to sustain the Teacher-Student-Teacher-Student participation pattern, this does not hinder the activity of having a whole-class discussion in which students discuss the topic at hand and critically consider and challenge the contributions of their classmates.
摘要:本文以四年级历史和地理课的课文为背景,对教师在学生发言后将发言权归还给班级的行为进行了对话分析研究。这种轮流提问的方式非常引人注目,因为老师们轮流提问是为了传达他们不会回应,而是给学生机会去回应。自下而上的分析使我们能够识别不同的实践和它们的预测,并揭示它们对后续响应的影响。然而,最小的传递练习不会改变前一个学生转身的顺序含义,并且通常会导致对学生转身的反应,更详细的练习会稍微改变顺序含义,并且大多数会导致对传递转身本身的反应,或者对老师制作的更早的转身的反应。分析表明,虽然传递回合似乎维持了教师-学生-教师-学生的参与模式,但这并不妨碍进行全班讨论的活动,在全班讨论中,学生讨论手头的话题,批判性地思考和挑战同学的贡献。
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引用次数: 10
Setting the group agenda: negotiating deontic rights through directives in a task-based, oral, L2, group assessment 设定小组议程:在任务型、口头、第二语言、小组评估中,通过指令协商义务权利
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2019.1651750
M. Stephenson
ABSTRACT The use of group-based, task-oriented, peer interaction formats in classroom and public L2 speaking tests has grown in recent years. However, these assessments have received comparatively little attention when compared to other formats such as the oral proficiency interview (OPI). In order to better understand the local exigencies of this group-based, peer interaction format, the current paper, using a Conversation Analytic (CA) methodology, explores the mechanisms through which consequences are brought about in such highly task-oriented, collaborative discourse. In doing so, I report on examinees’ use of directives to shape the emerging interactional agenda and so negotiate deontic rights relative to their co-participants. There is a focus, in particular, on the turn design and sequential placement of these directives and, from this, it is shown how different linguistic formats correlate to a propensity for recipients to either endorse (that is, enact) or circumvent (ignore, challenge) the interactional agenda imposed by said directive. Finally, this paper discusses some of the implications these findings have in terms of learner and assessor training.
近年来,以小组为基础、以任务为导向、同伴互动形式在课堂和公共场合的第二语言口语测试中得到了越来越多的应用。然而,与口头能力面试(OPI)等其他形式相比,这些评估受到的关注相对较少。为了更好地理解这种基于群体的同伴互动格式的局部紧急情况,本论文使用对话分析(CA)方法,探讨了在这种高度任务导向的协作话语中产生后果的机制。在此过程中,我报告了考生使用指令来塑造新兴的互动议程,从而与他们的共同参与者协商道义权利。特别关注这些指令的回合设计和顺序放置,并从中显示不同的语言格式如何与接受者赞同(即制定)或规避(忽视,挑战)所述指令所施加的互动议程的倾向相关联。最后,本文讨论了这些发现对学习者和评估者培训的一些启示。
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引用次数: 7
The turn of the page: spoken quotation in shared reading 翻页:共享阅读中的口语引用
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2019.1665562
John Gordon
ABSTRACT This article examines spoken quotation in literary study during discussion of novels in junior and senior classrooms. It focusses on teachers’ third-turn exposition for literary-critical talk, a space where the modality of texts is transformed from print to oral expression. Teachers’ spoken quotation develops students’ sensitivity to how literary texts position their readerly perspective and response. Purposed to disciplinary pedagogic goals, spoken quotation itself has positioning influence, as teachers of literature guide students through multiple orientations to text even within single conversational turns. Methodological innovation adapts conversation analysis to account for the introduction of study texts to talk, the turn of the page as embedded quotation. Called QuoTE analysis, it draws on Bakhtin’s dialogic concept of heteroglossia to demonstrate how spoken quotation in exposition performs, foregrounds and invites changing reader-orientations. Analysis of transcript data additionally finds that teachers’ exposition positions students’ readings explicitly and tacitly, using the modal resources of spoken quotation with methodic subtlety.
摘要本文探讨了初高中课堂小说讨论中文学学习中的口语引用。它侧重于教师对文学批评谈话的第三轮阐述,这是一个文本形式从印刷到口头表达转变的空间。教师的口头引用培养了学生对文学文本如何定位读者视角和反应的敏感性。出于学科教学的目的,口语引语本身具有定位影响,因为文学教师引导学生即使在单一的会话回合中也能通过多种取向进入文本。方法上的创新,适应了对话分析,以解释研究文本的介绍,以谈话,翻页作为嵌入引文。这种方法被称为引用分析,它借鉴了巴赫金关于异语的对话概念,来展示口头引用在论述中是如何表现、突出和吸引不断变化的读者取向的。对文本数据的分析还发现,教师的阐述明确而含蓄地定位了学生的阅读内容,使用了口语引用的模态资源,方法巧妙。
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引用次数: 4
An analysis of repair practices in L2 Spanish listening comprehension materials with implications for teaching interactional competence 二语西班牙语听力材料的修复实践分析与互动能力教学的启示
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1810724
Jaume Batlle, M. Suárez
ABSTRACT Listening materials are commonly developed so students show their understanding of a specific oral discourse. Oral interactions provided in textbooks are resources in which different interactional practices are involved, repair practices being one of these. This article seeks to explore, first, the types of repair practices found in Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) textbook listening interactions and, second, the relationship between repairs and other characteristics of the interactions to determine to what extent SFL listening practices are appropriate resources to show examples of repair work and to develop the students’ Interactional Competence. Following a Conversation Analysis perspective, 109 repairs in 504 SFL audiotaped listening materials from 18 textbooks are analysed. The results show that repairs are not a common practice in listening materials, other-initiated self-repairs being the most common type of repair work. A disparity is also observed in establishing repair through listening materials depending on the textbook. Some of them include self-repairs together with other interactional features, such as overlapped turns, articulated pauses or response tokens, while other textbooks rarely present any repair work. These findings improve our understanding of the degree of authenticity of listening materials, which might help students develop their interactional competence.
听力材料的开发通常是为了让学生展示他们对特定口语话语的理解。教科书中提供的口头互动是涉及不同互动实践的资源,修复实践是其中之一。本文旨在探讨,首先,在西班牙语教材听力互动中发现的修复练习的类型,其次,修复与互动的其他特征之间的关系,以确定在多大程度上,外语听力练习是展示修复工作实例和培养学生互动能力的合适资源。本文从会话分析的角度,分析了18本教材中504份外语听力录音材料的109个修复问题。结果表明,听力材料的自我修复并不常见,他人发起的自我修复是最常见的修复工作类型。根据教科书的不同,通过听力材料建立的补习也存在差异。其中一些包括自我修复以及其他交互功能,如重叠转弯、铰接停顿或响应标记,而其他教科书很少介绍任何修复工作。这些发现提高了我们对听力材料真实性程度的理解,这可能有助于学生发展他们的互动能力。
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引用次数: 1
Towards a shared vision of language, language learning, and a school project in emergence 对语言、语言学习和学校项目的共同愿景
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-09-08 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1808495
Riikka Tumelius, Leena Kuure
ABSTRACT Technology development allows new ways of communication, learning and collaboration. This is reflected in the professional scenarios of language teaching. Modern curricula value participants’ interest and meaningful (inter)action as a basis for learning. Sensitivity is important in anticipating participants’ changing needs in modern learning environments, characterised by linguistic and technological hybridity, as well as novel pedagogical approaches. Language students, more familiar with teaching in the traditional classroom, need to appropriate new practices to orchestrate learning in settings requiring multiple activities simultaneously. This study explores how language students learn to manage complex pedagogical situations during a university course in which they create an online project for school children. During online chat sessions administered for the school pupils, the university lecturer’s office was an important site for negotiating and acting on pedagogical issues as well as practical matters arising from the work at hand. Nexus analysis was used as a research approach. Primary research materials include video recordings from the university lecturer’s office, chatlogs and reflection papers from students. The study is relevant for reconceptualising the changing roles of (language) teachers and provides new perspectives for language teacher education in a technology-rich world.
技术的发展为交流、学习和协作提供了新的途径。这体现在语言教学的专业场景中。现代课程重视参与者的兴趣和有意义的(相互)行动作为学习的基础。在以语言和技术混杂为特征的现代学习环境以及新颖的教学方法中,敏感性对于预测参与者不断变化的需求非常重要。语言专业的学生更熟悉传统课堂教学,他们需要适当的新实践,在需要同时进行多种活动的环境中协调学习。这项研究探讨了语言学生如何在大学课程中学习管理复杂的教学情况,他们为在校儿童创建了一个在线项目。在为学生管理的在线聊天课程中,大学讲师的办公室是一个重要的场所,可以就教学问题以及手头工作中出现的实际问题进行谈判和采取行动。采用Nexus分析法作为研究方法。主要的研究资料包括大学讲师办公室的录像、学生的聊天记录和反思论文。这项研究与重新定义(语言)教师不断变化的角色有关,并为技术丰富的世界中的语言教师教育提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 4
Subject literacy in culturally diverse secondary schools: supporting EAL learners 多元文化中学的学科素养:支持EAL学习者
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-07-27 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1797844
K. Frantz
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引用次数: 1
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Classroom Discourse
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