Abstract:Along with rapid population ageing and extensive policy changes, Chinese attitudes towards elderly care responsibility are shifting. Using nationally representative survey data, this study finds that the proportion of people holding the traditional view that children should be the main elderly care providers decreased from 57 per cent in 2010 to 50 per cent in 2015. Further analyses show that above and beyond individual factors such as gender, age and marital status, social policies and institutions have influenced people's attitudes. Pension coverage, an urban hukou (household registration), and employment in sectors that provide long-standing social programmes and higher pension benefits are factors that may increase people's likelihood to subscribe to an alternative view that the responsibility of elderly care should be shared equally among the government, the child(ren) and the elderly, or mainly undertaken by the government or by the elderly themselves.
{"title":"Filial Piety, Pension Policy and Changing Perceptions of Elderly Care Responsibility: Evidence from China","authors":"Litao Zhao, Jiwei Qian, W. Shan","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Along with rapid population ageing and extensive policy changes, Chinese attitudes towards elderly care responsibility are shifting. Using nationally representative survey data, this study finds that the proportion of people holding the traditional view that children should be the main elderly care providers decreased from 57 per cent in 2010 to 50 per cent in 2015. Further analyses show that above and beyond individual factors such as gender, age and marital status, social policies and institutions have influenced people's attitudes. Pension coverage, an urban hukou (household registration), and employment in sectors that provide long-standing social programmes and higher pension benefits are factors that may increase people's likelihood to subscribe to an alternative view that the responsibility of elderly care should be shared equally among the government, the child(ren) and the elderly, or mainly undertaken by the government or by the elderly themselves.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44142353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:In policy analyses, the mindset of policymakers is crucial to determine the governing culture, incentivise stakeholders and assess the policy outcomes. By examining the policies associated with community-based care, this article analyses how policymakers have responded to the needs of old age care in China. The research establishes that China has shifted from a fixed to a growth mindset, which anticipates a growing investment in community-based old age care services. However, after the initial excitement, the growth mindset, being fixated on the economic perspectives of the old age care service system, has become a constraint, especially if the performance indicators are not set to improve the quality of care and the development of human resources in age care. It is time to move one step further to adopt a "benefit mindset" that is centred around addressing the needs of older people.
{"title":"The Mindset: Tackling The Challenges of Old Age Care in Communities in China","authors":"Bingqin Li, Jiwei Qian, Sisi Yang","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In policy analyses, the mindset of policymakers is crucial to determine the governing culture, incentivise stakeholders and assess the policy outcomes. By examining the policies associated with community-based care, this article analyses how policymakers have responded to the needs of old age care in China. The research establishes that China has shifted from a fixed to a growth mindset, which anticipates a growing investment in community-based old age care services. However, after the initial excitement, the growth mindset, being fixated on the economic perspectives of the old age care service system, has become a constraint, especially if the performance indicators are not set to improve the quality of care and the development of human resources in age care. It is time to move one step further to adopt a \"benefit mindset\" that is centred around addressing the needs of older people.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41244538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article uses local official archives of three effluent pollution cases in Hubei in the 1960s–1980s to examine early regulatory failures of industrial waste control. With many unpublished records of official responses, these effluent cases received first exposure in semi-public discourses, while public voices in Hubei protested against the pollution which arose because of the conflicting interests of industrial sectors. In defusing public pressures from pollution, local agencies continually interacted with intricate bureaucratic channels. Experiments with policy enforcement, still prevalent today, had created poor regulatory effects in containing illegal emission incidents initially and in regularising pollution penalties subsequently.
{"title":"Groping for Stones to Cross the River: Early Local Lessons from Three Effluent Pollution Cases in Hubei in the 1960s–1980s","authors":"Yun Liu","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article uses local official archives of three effluent pollution cases in Hubei in the 1960s–1980s to examine early regulatory failures of industrial waste control. With many unpublished records of official responses, these effluent cases received first exposure in semi-public discourses, while public voices in Hubei protested against the pollution which arose because of the conflicting interests of industrial sectors. In defusing public pressures from pollution, local agencies continually interacted with intricate bureaucratic channels. Experiments with policy enforcement, still prevalent today, had created poor regulatory effects in containing illegal emission incidents initially and in regularising pollution penalties subsequently.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66579345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The work and retirement behaviour of older people in East and Southeast Asia is a major social and economic policy issue. The region currently has a relatively strong labour force participation and intensity of work at older ages, although with variations across location, gender and education. Labour income remains the dominant source of elderly income, in part due to underdeveloped social protection systems. The drivers of work and retirement behaviour include health status, access to pensions, care responsibilities and retirement decisions of spouses. There is potential for public policy to extend productive working lives, while mitigating social impacts. This includes extending pension coverage, removing policy barriers to longer and flexible work, building formal care systems, strengthening lifelong learning, and addressing negative societal attitudes. There is also a need for evidence on the productivity of older workers, cost-effectiveness of policy interventions, and the optimal roles of state, markets and households in employment outcomes of older people.
{"title":"Ageing, Work and Retirement in China, East and Southeast Asia","authors":"P. O'Keefe, J. Giles, Yang-hua Huang","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The work and retirement behaviour of older people in East and Southeast Asia is a major social and economic policy issue. The region currently has a relatively strong labour force participation and intensity of work at older ages, although with variations across location, gender and education. Labour income remains the dominant source of elderly income, in part due to underdeveloped social protection systems. The drivers of work and retirement behaviour include health status, access to pensions, care responsibilities and retirement decisions of spouses. There is potential for public policy to extend productive working lives, while mitigating social impacts. This includes extending pension coverage, removing policy barriers to longer and flexible work, building formal care systems, strengthening lifelong learning, and addressing negative societal attitudes. There is also a need for evidence on the productivity of older workers, cost-effectiveness of policy interventions, and the optimal roles of state, markets and households in employment outcomes of older people.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49559674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Demographic and technological changes are two megatrends set to transform labour markets around the world. These shifts are already under way and are expected to accelerate, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which is home to the world's oldest and fastest-ageing societies and a region with an enviable pace of economic development. Yet for some countries, demographic ageing is coinciding with a slowdown in productivity and economic growth. While each of these phenomena has been extensively researched, the study of the interactions between them is often incidental and rarely carried out in the Asian setting. This article explores the plausible channels of these interactions and assembles evidence of links between age and productivity at the individual, firm and country levels, drawn from both Asian and global settings. Findings have shown that there are many knowledge gaps, both in data and modelling, which need to be addressed to inform the major policy interventions required to successfully manage these transitions.
{"title":"Population Ageing, Productivity and Technological Change in Asia","authors":"Rafal Chomik, J. Piggott","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Demographic and technological changes are two megatrends set to transform labour markets around the world. These shifts are already under way and are expected to accelerate, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, which is home to the world's oldest and fastest-ageing societies and a region with an enviable pace of economic development. Yet for some countries, demographic ageing is coinciding with a slowdown in productivity and economic growth. While each of these phenomena has been extensively researched, the study of the interactions between them is often incidental and rarely carried out in the Asian setting. This article explores the plausible channels of these interactions and assembles evidence of links between age and productivity at the individual, firm and country levels, drawn from both Asian and global settings. Findings have shown that there are many knowledge gaps, both in data and modelling, which need to be addressed to inform the major policy interventions required to successfully manage these transitions.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46090580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Yi Nao describes a type of organised disturbance in Chinese hospitals. This study seeks to examine yi nao as a locally determined, radical expression of medical grievances. It is first argued that yi nao actors (usually the relatives of patients and sometimes professional yi nao gangs) have exploited the contradictions in the hospitals' stability maintenance policies, thereby complicating the resolution of medical disputes. Second, yi nao incidents feature a "performative" quality. Lacking professional power in the Chinese context, doctors are often passive sufferers of yi nao violence. However, this study examines some outliers wherein doctors were mobilised to resist yi nao.
{"title":"A Sociopolitical Analysis of Yi Nao: Public Disruption, Performativity and the Power of Doctors in Chinese Medical Disputes","authors":"Tianyang Liu, Xiao Tan","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Yi Nao describes a type of organised disturbance in Chinese hospitals. This study seeks to examine yi nao as a locally determined, radical expression of medical grievances. It is first argued that yi nao actors (usually the relatives of patients and sometimes professional yi nao gangs) have exploited the contradictions in the hospitals' stability maintenance policies, thereby complicating the resolution of medical disputes. Second, yi nao incidents feature a \"performative\" quality. Lacking professional power in the Chinese context, doctors are often passive sufferers of yi nao violence. However, this study examines some outliers wherein doctors were mobilised to resist yi nao.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46413276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Does economic inequality in China have political repercussions? While China scholars have approached this question in various ways, few studies have directly tested the relationship between people's perceptions of income inequality and political support in China. This article examines the direct relationship between perceptions of income inequality, especially the perception of fairness in income distribution, on the one hand, and people's subjective support for China's political regime, on the other. By drawing data from the 2016 Asian Barometer Survey, the authors employ factor analysis, multiple imputation for missing values, and ordinary least squares regression analysis to estimate the relationship between perceptions of income inequality and political support. Results have consistently shown that the perceived unfairness of income distribution overshadows the perceived level of income disparity in influencing people's regime support. Chinese respondents who think income distribution is unfair tend to show weak political support for the political regime in China. These findings suggest that even though some Chinese people may be tolerant of the widening income gap in China, the perceived unfairness in the income gap poses a potential threat to the Chinese government.
{"title":"Unevenness vs. Unfairness: Perceptions of Economic Inequality and Political Support in China","authors":"Yu Yan, Yushan Zhong","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Does economic inequality in China have political repercussions? While China scholars have approached this question in various ways, few studies have directly tested the relationship between people's perceptions of income inequality and political support in China. This article examines the direct relationship between perceptions of income inequality, especially the perception of fairness in income distribution, on the one hand, and people's subjective support for China's political regime, on the other. By drawing data from the 2016 Asian Barometer Survey, the authors employ factor analysis, multiple imputation for missing values, and ordinary least squares regression analysis to estimate the relationship between perceptions of income inequality and political support. Results have consistently shown that the perceived unfairness of income distribution overshadows the perceived level of income disparity in influencing people's regime support. Chinese respondents who think income distribution is unfair tend to show weak political support for the political regime in China. These findings suggest that even though some Chinese people may be tolerant of the widening income gap in China, the perceived unfairness in the income gap poses a potential threat to the Chinese government.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43809165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study analyses how China has engaged and aligned with a new foreign interest in renminbi internationalisation through global allocations in onshore Chinese financial assets, thereby increasing global acceptance of the renminbi as a potential investment and capital currency. The analysis has two major implications. First, the expanding offshore renminbi investment infrastructure, namely Stock Connect and Bond Connect, has enabled China to accommodate large-scale global portfolio investments in its domestic financial markets, without relinquishing its fixed exchange rate regime or having to make various concessions to align with the domestic financial market. Second, the pull effect of index inclusion attracts an expanding base of international investors to Chinese financial assets, from which the process of renminbi internationalisation has benefited. However, geopolitical tensions between China and the home states of the leading foreign portfolio investors could well disrupt the market forces supporting such coordination between China as a currency-issuing state and foreign investors as private currency users, the disturbance of which has increasingly extended to the capital markets.
{"title":"China's Pivot to Global Portfolio Investments through Index Inclusion: A New Chapter of Currency Internationalisation","authors":"Zhenzhen Chen, Xuanming Pan","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study analyses how China has engaged and aligned with a new foreign interest in renminbi internationalisation through global allocations in onshore Chinese financial assets, thereby increasing global acceptance of the renminbi as a potential investment and capital currency. The analysis has two major implications. First, the expanding offshore renminbi investment infrastructure, namely Stock Connect and Bond Connect, has enabled China to accommodate large-scale global portfolio investments in its domestic financial markets, without relinquishing its fixed exchange rate regime or having to make various concessions to align with the domestic financial market. Second, the pull effect of index inclusion attracts an expanding base of international investors to Chinese financial assets, from which the process of renminbi internationalisation has benefited. However, geopolitical tensions between China and the home states of the leading foreign portfolio investors could well disrupt the market forces supporting such coordination between China as a currency-issuing state and foreign investors as private currency users, the disturbance of which has increasingly extended to the capital markets.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The successful negotiation of the Paris Agreement, and its subsequent signing and adoption in 2016, marked a new landmark in global climate governance. However, the viability of the agreement was questioned particularly after the United States announced its withdrawal in 2017, pointing to certain institutional deficiencies in the overall agreement. The signing of the agreement would not have been possible without the initial joint commitment of both China and the United States, the world's two largest greenhouse gas emitters. Despite China's official claims of steadfast compliance with the agreement, the country's capacity to fulfil its commitment remains unclear. This study aims to first determine the constitutional deficiencies of the agreement that spurred America's withdrawal and the impacts. Second, it evaluates China's compliance capacity in the post-Paris Agreement era without America's involvement. The outcomes of this study provide some useful insights into preventing other countries from following the US example and better understanding China's position and capacity in keeping climate governance on the right track.
{"title":"Institutional Deficiencies of the Paris Agreement and China's Compliance Capacity: An Evaluation after US Withdrawal","authors":"Xiaolong Zou","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The successful negotiation of the Paris Agreement, and its subsequent signing and adoption in 2016, marked a new landmark in global climate governance. However, the viability of the agreement was questioned particularly after the United States announced its withdrawal in 2017, pointing to certain institutional deficiencies in the overall agreement. The signing of the agreement would not have been possible without the initial joint commitment of both China and the United States, the world's two largest greenhouse gas emitters. Despite China's official claims of steadfast compliance with the agreement, the country's capacity to fulfil its commitment remains unclear. This study aims to first determine the constitutional deficiencies of the agreement that spurred America's withdrawal and the impacts. Second, it evaluates China's compliance capacity in the post-Paris Agreement era without America's involvement. The outcomes of this study provide some useful insights into preventing other countries from following the US example and better understanding China's position and capacity in keeping climate governance on the right track.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43200800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The US–China relationship is experiencing its worst period of tension since the normalisation of relations more than 40 years ago. The world is now entering a "decade of living dangerously", in which conflict between the two great powers is no longer unthinkable. What does this growing competition mean for the rest of Asia? This article traces the reality of the regional impact of the last four years of US–China relations under the Xi Jinping and Trump administrations before looking ahead to what the next four years of a Biden administration may bring for the Indo-Pacific. It concludes with reflections on the region's independence and agency, what can be done to strengthen regional multilateralism, and the how and why of building a genuine regional security architecture.
{"title":"The Decade of Living Dangerously: The Impact of US–China Strategic Competition on Asia","authors":"Kevin Rudd","doi":"10.1353/chn.2021.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2021.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The US–China relationship is experiencing its worst period of tension since the normalisation of relations more than 40 years ago. The world is now entering a \"decade of living dangerously\", in which conflict between the two great powers is no longer unthinkable. What does this growing competition mean for the rest of Asia? This article traces the reality of the regional impact of the last four years of US–China relations under the Xi Jinping and Trump administrations before looking ahead to what the next four years of a Biden administration may bring for the Indo-Pacific. It concludes with reflections on the region's independence and agency, what can be done to strengthen regional multilateralism, and the how and why of building a genuine regional security architecture.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43228365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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