Abstract:The concept of social protection and its analytical framework have gradually become important tools for analysing the development of social policies globally. However, few studies have examined social protection issues in Chinese megacities. This article uses the social protection index developed by the Asian Development Bank to analyse the development of social protection in Guangzhou, a megacity. Results have shown that between 2013 and 2015, Guangzhou's soaring social protection expenditures and the ongoing improvement of social protection have significantly improved people's standard of living. Despite the narrowing gap in gross domestic product per capita between Guangzhou and developed countries, there is still a huge gap in social protection. In addition, since social policy is heavily biased towards social insurance and social assistance in Chinese megacities, there are far fewer labour market programmes developed for poor people, compared to other developed countries. The authors recommend that Guangzhou increases its social expenditures and focuses on restructuring its social protection system.
{"title":"Conceptualising a Social Protection Index Framework for a Megacity in China from the Evidence of Guangzhou","authors":"Jianfeng Feng, L. Liao, Kinglun Ngok","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The concept of social protection and its analytical framework have gradually become important tools for analysing the development of social policies globally. However, few studies have examined social protection issues in Chinese megacities. This article uses the social protection index developed by the Asian Development Bank to analyse the development of social protection in Guangzhou, a megacity. Results have shown that between 2013 and 2015, Guangzhou's soaring social protection expenditures and the ongoing improvement of social protection have significantly improved people's standard of living. Despite the narrowing gap in gross domestic product per capita between Guangzhou and developed countries, there is still a huge gap in social protection. In addition, since social policy is heavily biased towards social insurance and social assistance in Chinese megacities, there are far fewer labour market programmes developed for poor people, compared to other developed countries. The authors recommend that Guangzhou increases its social expenditures and focuses on restructuring its social protection system.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45441795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chronology of Events: April 2022 to June 2022","authors":"Juan Chen","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41736751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Chinese diasporic newspapers are distributed in more than 63 countries. How can they survive in the social media age? A five-year investigation into 169 Chinese diasporic newspapers across 42 countries revealed five factors: elderly and Chinese audiences unfamiliar with host-land languages are at the core of readership; editors are enthusiastic about their careers; advertisers subsidise these newspapers to reach ethnic Chinese markets; media convergence keeps some newspapers alive; and some newspapers improve content quality to adapt to the social media age. Finally, this research conceptualises two survival paradigms, unveiling how these special media interact with diasporic communities and mainstream societies in a global arena.
{"title":"Two Survival Paradigms for \"Flowers\": A Global Investigation into Chinese Diasporic Newspapers across 42 Countries","authors":"Jack Liu","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Chinese diasporic newspapers are distributed in more than 63 countries. How can they survive in the social media age? A five-year investigation into 169 Chinese diasporic newspapers across 42 countries revealed five factors: elderly and Chinese audiences unfamiliar with host-land languages are at the core of readership; editors are enthusiastic about their careers; advertisers subsidise these newspapers to reach ethnic Chinese markets; media convergence keeps some newspapers alive; and some newspapers improve content quality to adapt to the social media age. Finally, this research conceptualises two survival paradigms, unveiling how these special media interact with diasporic communities and mainstream societies in a global arena.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46324375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:China's New-type Urbanisation Plan has greatly impacted hundreds of millions of rural citizens. This article provides a comprehensive review on recent urbanisation trends with respect to the Chinese rural population. It offers three key findings: (i) the actual progress of current urbanisation is significant yet still limited; (ii) the reform strategies of rural land marketisation and restructuring urbanisation finance are innovative yet largely unrealised; and (iii) the goals of growth and citizenship embedded in reform strategies may be inconsistent and contradictory. Despite reflecting a significant rural-to-urban demographic transformation, China's new-type urbanisation trajectory is a long-drawn-out process.
{"title":"Urbanisation of the Chinese Rural Population: A Literature Review of China's New-type Urbanisation","authors":"Yue Gong, Yanning Wei, Jingling Gu","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:China's New-type Urbanisation Plan has greatly impacted hundreds of millions of rural citizens. This article provides a comprehensive review on recent urbanisation trends with respect to the Chinese rural population. It offers three key findings: (i) the actual progress of current urbanisation is significant yet still limited; (ii) the reform strategies of rural land marketisation and restructuring urbanisation finance are innovative yet largely unrealised; and (iii) the goals of growth and citizenship embedded in reform strategies may be inconsistent and contradictory. Despite reflecting a significant rural-to-urban demographic transformation, China's new-type urbanisation trajectory is a long-drawn-out process.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45742269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Why do migrants choose some destinations over others? This study explores government language policy and the role of language differences in migration decisions. While governments can use language policy to reduce communication barriers, vernaculars remain critical in terms of regional communication and identity recognition. Using a survey experiment and econometric analyses of nationally representative data from China, the authors examine the communication and cultural roles of language in migration decisions in the context of a unifying common national language. The empirical tests find that migrants prefer destinations where local vernacular languages are more similar to their own, despite a common national language. Once migrants have moved, a common national language helps migrants communicate and therefore remain in their migration destinations, but it does not eliminate the role of the local vernacular as a cultural marker. The result is that both the common language and local vernacular matter for domestic migration, even in a country where the government has promoted a single common language for six decades. The findings have far-reaching implications for migration policy and citizenship management in general.
{"title":"Breaking Through the Language Barrier: The Role of Language Policy in Migration Decisions","authors":"Yue Hu, Elise Pizzi","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Why do migrants choose some destinations over others? This study explores government language policy and the role of language differences in migration decisions. While governments can use language policy to reduce communication barriers, vernaculars remain critical in terms of regional communication and identity recognition. Using a survey experiment and econometric analyses of nationally representative data from China, the authors examine the communication and cultural roles of language in migration decisions in the context of a unifying common national language. The empirical tests find that migrants prefer destinations where local vernacular languages are more similar to their own, despite a common national language. Once migrants have moved, a common national language helps migrants communicate and therefore remain in their migration destinations, but it does not eliminate the role of the local vernacular as a cultural marker. The result is that both the common language and local vernacular matter for domestic migration, even in a country where the government has promoted a single common language for six decades. The findings have far-reaching implications for migration policy and citizenship management in general.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42015287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Important Documents: April 2022 to June 2022","authors":"Juan Chen","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47821498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina Lai, Yue Hu, Elise Pizzi, Jack Liu, Sheng Lin, Trent Bax, Ling Yao, Talia Ye Tao, Cynthia R. Jasper, B. Gustafsson, Sai Ding, Jianfeng Feng, L. Liao, Kinglun Ngok, Mingwei Liu, Xiaomeng Wu, Celeste Tien-hsin Wang, Yue Gong, Yanning Wei, Jingling Gu, Juan Chen
Abstract:The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was established in 2014 to fund infrastructure plans and enhance economic development in Asia. As a founding member, China's strong presence raises the question of whether Beijing is selectively using institutions to promote its interests, or if it genuinely sees itself as a responsible power in the international community. This also leads to an empirical puzzle: What are China's strategies in maintaining a new institution? How can Beijing assure others and gain more influence in global economic governance? This study challenges the views on China's hegemonic ambitions in creating the AIIB, and suggests that Beijing's experience of socialisation in international organisations has positively contributed to China's institutional strategy. The author engages the current "China threat" debates in the literature of international relations and highlights that China's maintenance of both its benign image and its institutional strategy remains an understudied area. The author proposes a normative perspective to highlight Beijing's strategy in responding to the "China threat" theory. China's rise indeed offers both challenges and opportunities to the current world order.
{"title":"If It Is Not Socialisation, Then What? China's Institutional Statecraft in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank","authors":"Christina Lai, Yue Hu, Elise Pizzi, Jack Liu, Sheng Lin, Trent Bax, Ling Yao, Talia Ye Tao, Cynthia R. Jasper, B. Gustafsson, Sai Ding, Jianfeng Feng, L. Liao, Kinglun Ngok, Mingwei Liu, Xiaomeng Wu, Celeste Tien-hsin Wang, Yue Gong, Yanning Wei, Jingling Gu, Juan Chen","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was established in 2014 to fund infrastructure plans and enhance economic development in Asia. As a founding member, China's strong presence raises the question of whether Beijing is selectively using institutions to promote its interests, or if it genuinely sees itself as a responsible power in the international community. This also leads to an empirical puzzle: What are China's strategies in maintaining a new institution? How can Beijing assure others and gain more influence in global economic governance? This study challenges the views on China's hegemonic ambitions in creating the AIIB, and suggests that Beijing's experience of socialisation in international organisations has positively contributed to China's institutional strategy. The author engages the current \"China threat\" debates in the literature of international relations and highlights that China's maintenance of both its benign image and its institutional strategy remains an understudied area. The author proposes a normative perspective to highlight Beijing's strategy in responding to the \"China threat\" theory. China's rise indeed offers both challenges and opportunities to the current world order.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45233290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study investigates how monetary policies impacted China’s capital (stock and bond) markets during 2010–16 by employing the dynamic conditional correlation GARCH (DCC-GARCH) model. The results indicate that both the 2013 credit crisis and the 2015 stock market crash are closely related to monetary policies. In 2013, excessive lending in the banking sector and the government’s monetary policies affected the bond market. Consequently, the credit crisis occurred in the bond market and then expanded to the stock market. To solve the problem of money shortages, the government began to use traditional monetary policies and new monetary instruments to frequently release liquidity. The released liquidity quickly entered capital markets, causing an investment frenzy on the stock market, increasing risk and eventually resulting in a stock market crash. Furthermore, although the co-movement between capital markets changed over time, it would maintain positive or negative correlation for a period. Therefore, when the government implements policies in either of the markets, these policies not only affect the target market, but also impact the other market through their co-movement.
{"title":"The Impact of Monetary Policy on China’s Stock and Bond Markets","authors":"Yang‐Chao Wang, Jui‐Jung Tsai, Jingsi Xu","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study investigates how monetary policies impacted China’s capital (stock and bond) markets during 2010–16 by employing the dynamic conditional correlation GARCH (DCC-GARCH) model. The results indicate that both the 2013 credit crisis and the 2015 stock market crash are closely related to monetary policies. In 2013, excessive lending in the banking sector and the government’s monetary policies affected the bond market. Consequently, the credit crisis occurred in the bond market and then expanded to the stock market. To solve the problem of money shortages, the government began to use traditional monetary policies and new monetary instruments to frequently release liquidity. The released liquidity quickly entered capital markets, causing an investment frenzy on the stock market, increasing risk and eventually resulting in a stock market crash. Furthermore, although the co-movement between capital markets changed over time, it would maintain positive or negative correlation for a period. Therefore, when the government implements policies in either of the markets, these policies not only affect the target market, but also impact the other market through their co-movement.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48496849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China–ASEAN Relations January 2022 to March 2022: Chronology of Events","authors":"Juan Chen","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49259039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Political connections are often utilised by private enterprises to obtain easy financing in China. However, past research on the financial benefits from such utilisation has yielded inconsistent findings. This can be explained from the perspectives of nonlinear effect and of optimal level of political connections, which have not yet been explored. This article aims to estimate the “optimal” level of political connections using the non-linear specifications on a sample of Chinese private-listed enterprises. Findings have shown that political connections reduce enterprises’ financial constraints only to a certain extent and over-connecting politically could be dysfunctional. The Chinese approach in utilising political connections should aim to attain an optimal balance between maintaining a political relationship and building firms’ capability. The findings provide further evidence that enriches the understanding of China’s unique socialism with Chinese characteristics.
{"title":"Chinese Private Listed Enterprises’ Political Connections and Financial Constraints Reduction: A Non-linear Effect and Optimal Level Perspective","authors":"Hongbo Duan, H. Lim, L. Thi","doi":"10.1353/chn.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Political connections are often utilised by private enterprises to obtain easy financing in China. However, past research on the financial benefits from such utilisation has yielded inconsistent findings. This can be explained from the perspectives of nonlinear effect and of optimal level of political connections, which have not yet been explored. This article aims to estimate the “optimal” level of political connections using the non-linear specifications on a sample of Chinese private-listed enterprises. Findings have shown that political connections reduce enterprises’ financial constraints only to a certain extent and over-connecting politically could be dysfunctional. The Chinese approach in utilising political connections should aim to attain an optimal balance between maintaining a political relationship and building firms’ capability. The findings provide further evidence that enriches the understanding of China’s unique socialism with Chinese characteristics.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44008845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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