Abstract:This article employs the gravity model of trade to examine how political relations have impacted international trade in the Chinese context, specifically by incorporating discussion of China's political relations with its major trading partners. Using data from China's trading partners obtained between 1990 and 2019, the article uses the generalised method of moments (GMM) and lagged vector autoregression (VAR) model to investigate whether the associated geopolitical risks appear to be temporary or enduring. Empirical results have shown that political conflicts present lagged effects (three months later) on China's exports to other countries and total trade volume with other countries, but have instantaneous effects on China's imports from other countries. Additionally, Chinese President Xi Jinping has much greater political influence on trade compared to his two predecessors (Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao). Such an increased level of power is due to a diplomatic policy shift in which the nation has moved away from "keeping a low profile" (taoguang yanghui) to focus on the "rise of great power" (daguo jueqi). The escalation of political tension between China and its major trading partners will continue to have negative impacts on trade until hegemony is fully realised.
{"title":"How the \"Rise of Great Power\" Restrains Bilateral Trade Flows: Evidence from China and its Trading Partners","authors":"Jing Wang, Xuan Zhou, C. Choi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4045816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4045816","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article employs the gravity model of trade to examine how political relations have impacted international trade in the Chinese context, specifically by incorporating discussion of China's political relations with its major trading partners. Using data from China's trading partners obtained between 1990 and 2019, the article uses the generalised method of moments (GMM) and lagged vector autoregression (VAR) model to investigate whether the associated geopolitical risks appear to be temporary or enduring. Empirical results have shown that political conflicts present lagged effects (three months later) on China's exports to other countries and total trade volume with other countries, but have instantaneous effects on China's imports from other countries. Additionally, Chinese President Xi Jinping has much greater political influence on trade compared to his two predecessors (Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao). Such an increased level of power is due to a diplomatic policy shift in which the nation has moved away from \"keeping a low profile\" (taoguang yanghui) to focus on the \"rise of great power\" (daguo jueqi). The escalation of political tension between China and its major trading partners will continue to have negative impacts on trade until hegemony is fully realised.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43850539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898342
Marina Svensson
Abstract:This article addresses the development under Xi Jinping of ideological and political education at the university level. It provides an overview of trends among youth, major policies and recent developments, and an analysis of how ideological and political education is organised at universities and incorporated into the curricula. It also argues that ideological and political education targeting youth needs to be understood within the wider context of the Communist Party of China’s (CPC) ideological work and legitimacy concerns. Xi Jinping and the CPC leadership view youth as central for both the Party’s survival and China’s future, but at the same time new values and ideals among youth are a concern which they want to counteract.
{"title":"Chinese Youth and the Communist Party of China: Cultivating a Loyal Generation through Ideological and Political Education","authors":"Marina Svensson","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898342","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article addresses the development under Xi Jinping of ideological and political education at the university level. It provides an overview of trends among youth, major policies and recent developments, and an analysis of how ideological and political education is organised at universities and incorporated into the curricula. It also argues that ideological and political education targeting youth needs to be understood within the wider context of the Communist Party of China’s (CPC) ideological work and legitimacy concerns. Xi Jinping and the CPC leadership view youth as central for both the Party’s survival and China’s future, but at the same time new values and ideals among youth are a concern which they want to counteract.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47362805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898344
Zhongyuan Wang
Abstract:The legitimacy and vitality of all political regimes require the presence of linkages between rulers and their citizens. Current scholarship has identified different modes of political linkages and focused mainly on liberal-democratic countries, neglecting studies of non-Western regimes which also construct dynamic linkages to remain responsive to citizen demands and mobilise political support. This article addresses the critical question of why and how parties that do not have to compete for power establish linkages with their citizens. China presents a crucial case in this inquiry, since the Communist Party of China (CPC) strategically diversifies and creatively upgrades linkage relationships with its citizens beyond Western-style competitive elections. With first-hand data collected from 11 fieldwork sites across eastern, middle and western China, this article examines the linkage strategies, mechanisms and tactics the CPC has employed to respond to an increasingly complex society and to serve multiple purposes. This research attempts to offer a new conceptual framework for understanding party regime resilience, provide insights into the general theory of party linkage, and to encourage comparative studies of party linkage across different regime types.
{"title":"Remaking Bonds: Adaptive Party Linkage-building in Contemporary China","authors":"Zhongyuan Wang","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898344","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The legitimacy and vitality of all political regimes require the presence of linkages between rulers and their citizens. Current scholarship has identified different modes of political linkages and focused mainly on liberal-democratic countries, neglecting studies of non-Western regimes which also construct dynamic linkages to remain responsive to citizen demands and mobilise political support. This article addresses the critical question of why and how parties that do not have to compete for power establish linkages with their citizens. China presents a crucial case in this inquiry, since the Communist Party of China (CPC) strategically diversifies and creatively upgrades linkage relationships with its citizens beyond Western-style competitive elections. With first-hand data collected from 11 fieldwork sites across eastern, middle and western China, this article examines the linkage strategies, mechanisms and tactics the CPC has employed to respond to an increasingly complex society and to serve multiple purposes. This research attempts to offer a new conceptual framework for understanding party regime resilience, provide insights into the general theory of party linkage, and to encourage comparative studies of party linkage across different regime types.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49143252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898350
Ryan Ho
{"title":"China–Asean Relations January 2023 To March 2023: Important Documents","authors":"Ryan Ho","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898350","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41681617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898339
Lance L. P. Gore
Abstract:For a long time, people outside China often forgot that China is a communist state. In many ways it was more capitalistic than some paragons of capitalism—for example, the United States and Great Britain. However, since 2012, the Communist Party of China (CPC) under General Secretary Xi Jinping’s stewardship has abruptly—seemingly—reverted to the grand tradition of communism. Ideology and politics once again take command in China. Unlike the half-hearted efforts of his predecessors Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping has given top priority to Party rectification, integrating it within his grand plan for “socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era”. This ideological and policy turn has strained China’s relationship with liberal democracies and brought China to the brink of a new Cold War with the United States and some US allies. Arguably, it has also contributed to the drastic slowdown of the Chinese economy. Why did the CPC make such a move that appears detrimental to China’s rise?
{"title":"Leninism for the 21st Century: Xi Jinping’s Ideological Party-building","authors":"Lance L. P. Gore","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898339","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:For a long time, people outside China often forgot that China is a communist state. In many ways it was more capitalistic than some paragons of capitalism—for example, the United States and Great Britain. However, since 2012, the Communist Party of China (CPC) under General Secretary Xi Jinping’s stewardship has abruptly—seemingly—reverted to the grand tradition of communism. Ideology and politics once again take command in China. Unlike the half-hearted efforts of his predecessors Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, Xi Jinping has given top priority to Party rectification, integrating it within his grand plan for “socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era”. This ideological and policy turn has strained China’s relationship with liberal democracies and brought China to the brink of a new Cold War with the United States and some US allies. Arguably, it has also contributed to the drastic slowdown of the Chinese economy. Why did the CPC make such a move that appears detrimental to China’s rise?","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48333871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898349
Ryan Ho
{"title":"China–Asean Relations January 2023 to March 2023: Chronology of Events","authors":"Ryan Ho","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898349","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46472436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898348
Guiwu Chen, Jiaqing Huang, Hu Hu
Abstract:Whether China can address its environmental problems remains a heated debate in the literature. Illustrated with a case of industrial pollution control in Guangzhou municipality, this article examines how China under the Xi Jinping administration enhances regulatory enforcement by adopting an institution of Central Environmental Inspection (CEI). The essence of CEI represents a new enforcement mechanism of responsive authoritarianism, which combines and integrates national authority embedded within the role of the Party and political responsibility with citizen engagement in the process of policy implementation and thus ensures that local governments effectively fulfil their environmental responsibility. This suggests that although China’s Party-state system remains basically unchanged, the specific institutions, mechanisms and the roles of participants have undergone substantial change, making the system more responsive to societal demands.
{"title":"When Top-down Meets Bottom-up: Understanding the Logic and Dynamics of Responsive Authoritarianism, based on Central Environmental Inspection in China","authors":"Guiwu Chen, Jiaqing Huang, Hu Hu","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898348","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Whether China can address its environmental problems remains a heated debate in the literature. Illustrated with a case of industrial pollution control in Guangzhou municipality, this article examines how China under the Xi Jinping administration enhances regulatory enforcement by adopting an institution of Central Environmental Inspection (CEI). The essence of CEI represents a new enforcement mechanism of responsive authoritarianism, which combines and integrates national authority embedded within the role of the Party and political responsibility with citizen engagement in the process of policy implementation and thus ensures that local governments effectively fulfil their environmental responsibility. This suggests that although China’s Party-state system remains basically unchanged, the specific institutions, mechanisms and the roles of participants have undergone substantial change, making the system more responsive to societal demands.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43209895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898346
Jaw-Nian Huang
Abstract:This article constructs a theory of sharp power based on the realist view of international relations to explain how Chinese authoritarianism fosters the government’s external sharp power propaganda targeting Taiwan. The case studies examine China’s long-established financial operations and more recent disinformation operations against Taiwan to show that the propaganda has (i) created asymmetric exchanges of capital and information between China and Taiwan; (ii) mobilised local Taiwanese collaborators with both economic incentives and biased information; and (iii) promoted the viewpoint that authoritarianism is superior to democracy.
{"title":"China’s Propaganda and Disinformation Operations in Taiwan: A Sharp Power Perspective","authors":"Jaw-Nian Huang","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898346","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article constructs a theory of sharp power based on the realist view of international relations to explain how Chinese authoritarianism fosters the government’s external sharp power propaganda targeting Taiwan. The case studies examine China’s long-established financial operations and more recent disinformation operations against Taiwan to show that the propaganda has (i) created asymmetric exchanges of capital and information between China and Taiwan; (ii) mobilised local Taiwanese collaborators with both economic incentives and biased information; and (iii) promoted the viewpoint that authoritarianism is superior to democracy.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46866423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898340
W. Shan, Yongxin Gu, Juan Chen
Abstract:This article argues that ideological changes of the Communist Party of China follow a layering model, whereby a new discourse developed by each top leader adds a fresh layer to the existing ideological system. Computerised text analysis of college materials for ideology courses from 1978 to 2018 lends support to this model, quantifying the changes over time in the prevalence of each layer in the Party’s ideology. Marxism, Maoism and Dengism have remained as the foundational and dominant components of the ideological system, even during the ascent of Xi Jinping Thought and nationalistic narratives.
{"title":"Layering Ideologies from Deng Xiaoping to Xi Jinping: Tracing Ideological Changes of the Communist Party of China Using Text Analysis","authors":"W. Shan, Yongxin Gu, Juan Chen","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898340","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article argues that ideological changes of the Communist Party of China follow a layering model, whereby a new discourse developed by each top leader adds a fresh layer to the existing ideological system. Computerised text analysis of college materials for ideology courses from 1978 to 2018 lends support to this model, quantifying the changes over time in the prevalence of each layer in the Party’s ideology. Marxism, Maoism and Dengism have remained as the foundational and dominant components of the ideological system, even during the ascent of Xi Jinping Thought and nationalistic narratives.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41384397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.1353/chn.2023.a898347
Conghui Cheng, Qingqing Chu, Junhua Guo
Abstract:This article uses evolutionary game theory to demonstrate a logically consistent explanation for the strategies of both superior and subordinate governments in different scenarios during the implementation of matching fund policy aimed at supporting the innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. Through a case study of Shanghai, the article constructs a political interest–fiscal opportunity cost–manpower input cost model to explain the gaming behaviour of superior and subordinate governments. It further identifies a new form of project alienation in which subordinate governments conspire with enterprises to avoid providing matching funds and the causes of such alienation.
{"title":"Contrasting Vertical Intergovernmental Interactions in Matching Fund Policy Implementation to Support Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China","authors":"Conghui Cheng, Qingqing Chu, Junhua Guo","doi":"10.1353/chn.2023.a898347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2023.a898347","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article uses evolutionary game theory to demonstrate a logically consistent explanation for the strategies of both superior and subordinate governments in different scenarios during the implementation of matching fund policy aimed at supporting the innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. Through a case study of Shanghai, the article constructs a political interest–fiscal opportunity cost–manpower input cost model to explain the gaming behaviour of superior and subordinate governments. It further identifies a new form of project alienation in which subordinate governments conspire with enterprises to avoid providing matching funds and the causes of such alienation.","PeriodicalId":45391,"journal":{"name":"China-An International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43518157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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